Laptops in 21st century are an integral part of every professional in vivid fields. Off late there has been
emergence of several ergonomic injuries such as repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) due to extensive usage of
laptops, which can be closely linked with applied force and postures. This study investigated the effect of
various angles of keyboard on the applied force and motor action plus response time while performing five
distinct tasks. On the basis of literature two different laptops were selected for performing different tasks. For
each case the three levels of platform angle were considered as 0°, 5°, and 10°. Male subjects were selected to
perform five distinct tasks for each platform angle for both laptops. The force applied (in milli-volts) and the
motor action plus response time (milli-seconds) were recorded using an oscilloscope. The data collected were
analyzed through ANOVA using MINITAB software. The abduction angle with the least mean response time
and applied force were considered as the best from ergonomics viewpoint. The ANOVA results showed that the
angle of abduction for both laptops (small and large) do have significant effect on applied force but not on motor
action plus response time. The analysis of results indicate that 10° angle of abduction in case of small laptops
should be applied to minimize musculoskeletal disorder and repetitive strain injuries.
Research relevance: This work suggests that those responsible for the function and operation of laptops would
have to redesign the system to reduce injuries, as far as musculoskeletal disorder, repetitive strain injuries and
other related problems are concerned. The present work can be quite useful for the system designers of
tomorrow.
This document outlines an option in the Diploma Program called "Human Factors Design". It involves analyzing interactions between humans and elements of a system to maximize well-being and performance through principles of design. The option covers topics like ergonomics, human factors data collection, research and testing models, health and safety legislation, and design for usability. It aims to ensure products, environments and systems are compatible with human needs and abilities.
SuperBreak is a software package that provides interactive activities during typing breaks to encourage users to take more frequent breaks and improve the benefits of those breaks. It schedules breaks based on keyboard and mouse usage and offers activities during breaks such as a vision-based game that encourages stretching, a document reader controlled by gestures, and passive activities like viewing videos. A field study of 26 knowledge workers found that 85% preferred SuperBreak with interactive breaks over a traditional break reminder system, and on average participants took a higher percentage of suggested interactive breaks. The results highlight how interactivity can improve adoption of ergonomic break practices.
Cognitive ergonomics presentation master copyHiren Shah
The document discusses cognitive ergonomics and its goals and principles. It defines cognitive ergonomics as the study of cognition in work settings to optimize human and system performance. It focuses on the fit between human cognitive abilities and limitations and tasks, machines, and environments. The goals of cognitive ergonomics include enhancing cognitive task performance through user-centered design of human-machine interactions and developing training programs. It also discusses various cognitive processes and models of cognitive ergonomics involving usefulness, usability, and acceptance.
Top Cited Article in Informatics Engineering Research: October 2020ieijjournal
Informatics is rapidly developing field. The study of informatics involves human-computer interaction and how an interface can be built to maximize user-efficiency. Due to the growth in IT, individuals and organizations increasingly process information digitally. This has led to the study of informatics to solve privacy, security, healthcare, education, poverty, and challenges in our environment. The Informatics Engineering, an International Journal (IEIJ) is a open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Informatics. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on the human use of computing fields such as communication, mathematics, multimedia, and human-computer interaction design and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The Effects Of Exercise And Rest Breaks On Musculoskeletal Discomfort During ...stevelowney
This document reviews research on the effects of exercise and rest breaks on musculoskeletal discomfort during computer use. It assigns grades of evidence to exercise (Grade C) and rest breaks (Grade C) based on 15 relevant studies. The evidence supports that both exercise and rest breaks can reduce musculoskeletal discomfort, and research found no additional benefits of exercise over rest breaks alone. These findings concur with clinical guidelines from organizations like OSHA.
Awareness of Construction Workers on Occupational Hazards, Illness and Injuri...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Obtrusiveness of smartphone applications for sleep healthIJECEIAES
Unobtrusiveness is one of the main issues concerning health-related systems. Many developers affirm that their systems do not burden users; however, this is not always achieved. This article evaluates the obtrusiveness of various systems developed to improve sleep quality. The systems analyzed are related to sleep hygiene, since it has become an interesting topic for researchers, physicians and people in general, mainly because it has become part of the methods used to estimate a persons’ health status A set of design elements are presented as keys to achieving unobtrusiveness. We propose a scale to measure the level of unobtrusiveness and use it to evaluate several systems, with a focus on smartphone applications.
This document outlines an option in the Diploma Program called "Human Factors Design". It involves analyzing interactions between humans and elements of a system to maximize well-being and performance through principles of design. The option covers topics like ergonomics, human factors data collection, research and testing models, health and safety legislation, and design for usability. It aims to ensure products, environments and systems are compatible with human needs and abilities.
SuperBreak is a software package that provides interactive activities during typing breaks to encourage users to take more frequent breaks and improve the benefits of those breaks. It schedules breaks based on keyboard and mouse usage and offers activities during breaks such as a vision-based game that encourages stretching, a document reader controlled by gestures, and passive activities like viewing videos. A field study of 26 knowledge workers found that 85% preferred SuperBreak with interactive breaks over a traditional break reminder system, and on average participants took a higher percentage of suggested interactive breaks. The results highlight how interactivity can improve adoption of ergonomic break practices.
Cognitive ergonomics presentation master copyHiren Shah
The document discusses cognitive ergonomics and its goals and principles. It defines cognitive ergonomics as the study of cognition in work settings to optimize human and system performance. It focuses on the fit between human cognitive abilities and limitations and tasks, machines, and environments. The goals of cognitive ergonomics include enhancing cognitive task performance through user-centered design of human-machine interactions and developing training programs. It also discusses various cognitive processes and models of cognitive ergonomics involving usefulness, usability, and acceptance.
Top Cited Article in Informatics Engineering Research: October 2020ieijjournal
Informatics is rapidly developing field. The study of informatics involves human-computer interaction and how an interface can be built to maximize user-efficiency. Due to the growth in IT, individuals and organizations increasingly process information digitally. This has led to the study of informatics to solve privacy, security, healthcare, education, poverty, and challenges in our environment. The Informatics Engineering, an International Journal (IEIJ) is a open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Informatics. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on the human use of computing fields such as communication, mathematics, multimedia, and human-computer interaction design and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The Effects Of Exercise And Rest Breaks On Musculoskeletal Discomfort During ...stevelowney
This document reviews research on the effects of exercise and rest breaks on musculoskeletal discomfort during computer use. It assigns grades of evidence to exercise (Grade C) and rest breaks (Grade C) based on 15 relevant studies. The evidence supports that both exercise and rest breaks can reduce musculoskeletal discomfort, and research found no additional benefits of exercise over rest breaks alone. These findings concur with clinical guidelines from organizations like OSHA.
Awareness of Construction Workers on Occupational Hazards, Illness and Injuri...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Obtrusiveness of smartphone applications for sleep healthIJECEIAES
Unobtrusiveness is one of the main issues concerning health-related systems. Many developers affirm that their systems do not burden users; however, this is not always achieved. This article evaluates the obtrusiveness of various systems developed to improve sleep quality. The systems analyzed are related to sleep hygiene, since it has become an interesting topic for researchers, physicians and people in general, mainly because it has become part of the methods used to estimate a persons’ health status A set of design elements are presented as keys to achieving unobtrusiveness. We propose a scale to measure the level of unobtrusiveness and use it to evaluate several systems, with a focus on smartphone applications.
Usability engineering of games a comparative analysis of measuring excitement...ijujournal
Usability engineering and usability testing are concepts that continue to evolve. Interesting research studies and new ideas come up every now and then. This paper tests the hypothesis of using an EDA-based physiological measurements as a usability testing tool by considering three measures; which are observers‟ opinions, self-reported data and EDA-based physiological sensor data. These data were analyzed comparatively and statistically. It concludes by discussing the findings that has been obtained from those subjective and objective measures, which partially supports the hypothesis.
Usability engineering of games a comparative analysis of measuring excitement...ijujournal
Usability engineering and usability testing are concepts that continue to evolve. Interesting research studies and new ideas come up every now and then. This paper tests the hypothesis of using an EDA-based physiological measurements as a usability testing tool by considering three measures; which are observers‟ opinions, self-reported data and EDA-based physiological sensor data. These data were analyzed comparatively and statistically. It concludes by discussing the findings that has been obtained from those subjective and objective measures, which partially supports the hypothesis.
Top cited computer science and engineering survey research articles from 2016...IJCSES Journal
The AIRCC's International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Survey (IJCSES) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Engineering surveys, tutorials and overviews. The IJCSES is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The journal will publish research surveys, tutorials and expository overviews in computer science and engineering. Articles from supplementary fields are welcome, as long as they are relevant to computer science and engineering.
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKING.
FIRST STEP TO KNOWLEDGE IS TO KNOW THAT we are ignorant
Knowledge in medical field is characterized by uncertanity and vagueness
Historically as well as currently this fact remains a motivation for the development of medical decision support system are based on fuzzy logics
Greek philosopher visualized a basic model of brain function as early as 300 bc
Till date nervous system is not completely understood to human kind.
Shot-Net: A Convolutional Neural Network for Classifying Different Cricket ShotsMohammad Shakirul islam
This document describes a convolutional neural network called Shot-Net that was developed to classify different types of cricket shots. The document provides an overview of related work on sports activity recognition and cricket shot classification. It then describes the proposed Shot-Net methodology, including the dataset used, data preprocessing steps, model architecture, training process, and evaluation of the model's performance through classification reports and confusion matrices. The document concludes by discussing the model's results and proposing areas for future work, such as enriching the dataset and developing applications.
MODEL MONITORING PHYSICAL EXERCISE HEART RATE USING INTERNET OF THINGS (MMPEH...ijait
The document describes a proposed model called Model Monitoring Physical Exercise Heart Rate Using Internet of Things (MMPEH-IOT). The model was designed to monitor heart rate during physical exercise using IoT devices. It consists of six main components: a SmartHeart device to collect heart rate data, a wireless network to transmit data, a SoftAPP to analyze data, a knowledgebase to store data, a server to facilitate user requests, and a user interface. The model aims to prevent health risks from vigorous exercise and promote healthy living by monitoring individuals' heart rates during physical activity.
Development of a Home-based Wrist Rehabilitation System IJECEIAES
There are several factors that may result to wrist injuries such as athlete injuries and stroke. Most of the patients are unable to undergo rehabilitation at healthcare providers due to cost and logistic constraint. To solve this problem, this project proposes a home-based wrist rehabilitation system. The goal is to create a wrist rehabilitation device that incorporates an interactive computer game so that patients can use it at home without assistance. The main structure of the device is developed using 3D printer. The device is connected to a computer, where the device provides exercises for the wrist, as the user completes a computer game which requires moving a ball to four target positions. Data from an InvenSense MPU-6050 accelerometer is used to measure wrist movements. The accelerometer values are read and used to control a mouse cursor for the computer game. The pattern of wrist movements can be recorded periodically and displayed back as sample run for analysis purposes. In this paper, the usefulness of the proposed system is demonstrated through preliminary experiment of a subject using the device to complete a wrist exercise task based on the developed computer game. The result shows the usefulness of the proposed system.
Ergonomics (A safer and healthier environment practise for workers)SAAD ARIF
ergonomics give you the basic working practices by which any person can work efficiently with increased productivity. it also renders your body parts, muscles, tendons, nerves, bones etc a safer and healthier environment so you can not be injured, broken or stressed by working conditions.
This document presents a research paper that aims to develop a model for error verification and prediction in smart medical devices (SMDs) used in cyber-physical systems. The paper focuses on SMDs used in healthcare, including thermometers, sphygmomanometers, infusion pumps, and insulin pumps. Data on readings from these devices is collected and compared to standard benchmarks to identify any errors. A mathematical model using Euler's method is developed and an algorithm is created to optimize the model's performance. The model is implemented in Java and results show it can predict errors in SMD measurements with 98.1-99.9% accuracy for different medical conditions. The paper concludes the model provides a way to verify errors in SMD
A Study on Relationship between Employee Satisfaction and Its DeterminantsIJERA Editor
Satisfaction refers to the level of fulfillment of one needs, wants and desire. Satisfaction
dependsbasicallyuponwhatanindividual wants from the world, and what he gets. Employee satisfaction is a
measure of how happy workers are with their job and working environment and may be many factors affecting
the organizational effectiveness and one of them is the employee satisfaction. Effective organizations should
have a culture that encourages the employee satisfaction. Many measures support that employee satisfaction is a
factor in employee motivation, employee goal achievement and positive employee morale in the work place. So
the present study to explain the relationship between employee satisfaction and its determinants by using
statistical tools.
The document summarizes the closure of the Old Coal House site on St. George Island in Alaska. It provides background on the site identification and previous investigations that found low levels of PAHs including a single detection of benzo(a)pyrene that exceeded EPA standards. Based on the investigation results and low likelihood of exposure pathways, the Department determined that no further action was needed beyond the site investigation. The decision was made to assign a "No Further Action" determination for the site, but to notify the landowner of the single exceedance for future land use considerations.
Veeba’s offers best onion sauce; this sweet onion sauce has perfect mix of quality onions and other herbs giving it a sweet tint. Mix this sauce with your favorite green veggie salads and even fruit salads to get a perfect twist in flavour.
Este documento ofrece consejos sobre la ropa, el maquillaje y el peinado que mejor se adapta a diferentes tipos de cuerpo, tonos de piel y características faciales. Recomienda para un cuerpo triangular invertido resaltar la parte inferior con pantalones de volumen y evitar ropa llamativa arriba. Para piel clara y fría aconseja colores fríos como blanco, negro, púrpura y azul. Finalmente, para un rostro alargado sugiere cortes de cabello por los hombros o bob que añ
Este documento contiene planos y diseños de departamentos decorados, áreas comunes y proyectos para un complejo inmobiliario llamado Jardim das Orquídeas. Incluye layouts de departamentos, plantas bajas, cortes y diseños detallados de diferentes ambientes como cocinas, baños, terrazos y más. También presenta diseños para salas de cine, pet care, bicicletario y halls de acceso al complejo.
Joshua W. Self is a detailed-oriented individual with strong communication skills and experience in administrative and client services roles. He has over 4 years of experience in human resources, facilities coordination, shipping, and administrative support. His resume lists positions at Advantage xPO, the Casting House, Pangea Real Estate, DDB Chicago, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Ajilon Professional Staffing where he gained skills in customer service, software systems, facilities maintenance, order processing, and administrative tasks. He holds a high school diploma from Seymour High School.
Multi-Response Ergonomic Evaluation of Higher Age Group CNC Machine OperatorsIJERA Editor
This work contributes to research on improving performance in a human-CNC machine interface (HCMI) environment. A salient contribution of this study is the use of a load cell to measure human performance. The developed novel system can measure cognitive and motor action responses simultaneously. The performance measurement system designed for this work may be used in other fields where systems are operated using control panels and for observing and evaluating the responses of mentally retarded persons (or persons with symptoms of Alzheimer‟s disease). The search time, motor action time and applied force were selected as response variables to accurately evaluate a computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine operator‟s performance. Based on a Taguchi experimental design, a full factorial design consisting of 27 (33) experiments was used to collect data on human performance. The collected data were analyzed using grey relational analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the F-test. ANOVA was performed using Design-Expert software. The designed research was shown to have a reasonable degree of validity via a confirmation test. This study represents an effective approach for the optimization of a higher age group operator-CNC machine interface environment with multi-performance characteristics based on a combination of the Taguchi method and grey relational analysis.
Effect of wrist abduction on force applied and response time during touch scr...IJERA Editor
This study investigated the effect of wrist abduction on force applied and response time while performing the distinct tasks using touch screen mobile phone. For this study, a questionnaire was designed and subjects were asked to answer the questions on the basis of daily use of their touch screen mobile phones. On the basis of survey, the two most frequently used postures (one- handed and two handed operation of touch screen mobile phone) were selected for this study. For each case (one handed and two handed posture), three levels of wrist abduction i.e. 00 (neutral posture), 100 , and 200 were taken. Human performance as force applied and motoraction response time was recorded using oscilloscope. These observations were taken for both postures (one handed and two handed). The experimental results were analysed using ANOVA and SPSS software. The ANOVA result shows that wrist abduction angle for both postures (one- handed and two handed) has a significant effect on performance of touch screen mobile phone users. Analysis of results indicates that the two handed posture with wrist abduction 0 o offers optimum performance in this environment
Multi-Response Research Methodology for Ergonomic Design of Human-CNC Machine...IJERA Editor
This work is aimed at enriching a research theme, focused on exploiting the performance in a human-CNC
machine interface (HCMI) environment. A salient contribution of this research effort is focused on adopting the
concept of load cell for the system of human-performance measurement. The developed novel system is capable
of measuring cognitive and motor action responses simultaneously. The performance measurement system
designed for this work may be replicated for other fields where systems are operated through control panels and
also where responses of mentally retarded human-beings (or the human beings with the symptoms of Alzheimer
disease) are to be observed and evaluated.
Research relevance: The research methodology designed in this work can be directly applied to the practical
field to evaluate the performance in various human- panel operated system interface environments. This work
suggests that those responsible for the function and operation of CNC-machines workstations would have to
redesign the system to reduce injuries, as far as musculoskeletal and other related problems are concerned. The
present work can be quite useful for the system designers of tomorrow.
Usability engineering of games a comparative analysis of measuring excitement...ijujournal
Usability engineering and usability testing are concepts that continue to evolve. Interesting research studies and new ideas come up every now and then. This paper tests the hypothesis of using an EDA-based physiological measurements as a usability testing tool by considering three measures; which are observers‟ opinions, self-reported data and EDA-based physiological sensor data. These data were analyzed comparatively and statistically. It concludes by discussing the findings that has been obtained from those subjective and objective measures, which partially supports the hypothesis.
Usability engineering of games a comparative analysis of measuring excitement...ijujournal
Usability engineering and usability testing are concepts that continue to evolve. Interesting research studies and new ideas come up every now and then. This paper tests the hypothesis of using an EDA-based physiological measurements as a usability testing tool by considering three measures; which are observers‟ opinions, self-reported data and EDA-based physiological sensor data. These data were analyzed comparatively and statistically. It concludes by discussing the findings that has been obtained from those subjective and objective measures, which partially supports the hypothesis.
Top cited computer science and engineering survey research articles from 2016...IJCSES Journal
The AIRCC's International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Survey (IJCSES) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Engineering surveys, tutorials and overviews. The IJCSES is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The journal will publish research surveys, tutorials and expository overviews in computer science and engineering. Articles from supplementary fields are welcome, as long as they are relevant to computer science and engineering.
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKING.
FIRST STEP TO KNOWLEDGE IS TO KNOW THAT we are ignorant
Knowledge in medical field is characterized by uncertanity and vagueness
Historically as well as currently this fact remains a motivation for the development of medical decision support system are based on fuzzy logics
Greek philosopher visualized a basic model of brain function as early as 300 bc
Till date nervous system is not completely understood to human kind.
Shot-Net: A Convolutional Neural Network for Classifying Different Cricket ShotsMohammad Shakirul islam
This document describes a convolutional neural network called Shot-Net that was developed to classify different types of cricket shots. The document provides an overview of related work on sports activity recognition and cricket shot classification. It then describes the proposed Shot-Net methodology, including the dataset used, data preprocessing steps, model architecture, training process, and evaluation of the model's performance through classification reports and confusion matrices. The document concludes by discussing the model's results and proposing areas for future work, such as enriching the dataset and developing applications.
MODEL MONITORING PHYSICAL EXERCISE HEART RATE USING INTERNET OF THINGS (MMPEH...ijait
The document describes a proposed model called Model Monitoring Physical Exercise Heart Rate Using Internet of Things (MMPEH-IOT). The model was designed to monitor heart rate during physical exercise using IoT devices. It consists of six main components: a SmartHeart device to collect heart rate data, a wireless network to transmit data, a SoftAPP to analyze data, a knowledgebase to store data, a server to facilitate user requests, and a user interface. The model aims to prevent health risks from vigorous exercise and promote healthy living by monitoring individuals' heart rates during physical activity.
Development of a Home-based Wrist Rehabilitation System IJECEIAES
There are several factors that may result to wrist injuries such as athlete injuries and stroke. Most of the patients are unable to undergo rehabilitation at healthcare providers due to cost and logistic constraint. To solve this problem, this project proposes a home-based wrist rehabilitation system. The goal is to create a wrist rehabilitation device that incorporates an interactive computer game so that patients can use it at home without assistance. The main structure of the device is developed using 3D printer. The device is connected to a computer, where the device provides exercises for the wrist, as the user completes a computer game which requires moving a ball to four target positions. Data from an InvenSense MPU-6050 accelerometer is used to measure wrist movements. The accelerometer values are read and used to control a mouse cursor for the computer game. The pattern of wrist movements can be recorded periodically and displayed back as sample run for analysis purposes. In this paper, the usefulness of the proposed system is demonstrated through preliminary experiment of a subject using the device to complete a wrist exercise task based on the developed computer game. The result shows the usefulness of the proposed system.
Ergonomics (A safer and healthier environment practise for workers)SAAD ARIF
ergonomics give you the basic working practices by which any person can work efficiently with increased productivity. it also renders your body parts, muscles, tendons, nerves, bones etc a safer and healthier environment so you can not be injured, broken or stressed by working conditions.
This document presents a research paper that aims to develop a model for error verification and prediction in smart medical devices (SMDs) used in cyber-physical systems. The paper focuses on SMDs used in healthcare, including thermometers, sphygmomanometers, infusion pumps, and insulin pumps. Data on readings from these devices is collected and compared to standard benchmarks to identify any errors. A mathematical model using Euler's method is developed and an algorithm is created to optimize the model's performance. The model is implemented in Java and results show it can predict errors in SMD measurements with 98.1-99.9% accuracy for different medical conditions. The paper concludes the model provides a way to verify errors in SMD
A Study on Relationship between Employee Satisfaction and Its DeterminantsIJERA Editor
Satisfaction refers to the level of fulfillment of one needs, wants and desire. Satisfaction
dependsbasicallyuponwhatanindividual wants from the world, and what he gets. Employee satisfaction is a
measure of how happy workers are with their job and working environment and may be many factors affecting
the organizational effectiveness and one of them is the employee satisfaction. Effective organizations should
have a culture that encourages the employee satisfaction. Many measures support that employee satisfaction is a
factor in employee motivation, employee goal achievement and positive employee morale in the work place. So
the present study to explain the relationship between employee satisfaction and its determinants by using
statistical tools.
The document summarizes the closure of the Old Coal House site on St. George Island in Alaska. It provides background on the site identification and previous investigations that found low levels of PAHs including a single detection of benzo(a)pyrene that exceeded EPA standards. Based on the investigation results and low likelihood of exposure pathways, the Department determined that no further action was needed beyond the site investigation. The decision was made to assign a "No Further Action" determination for the site, but to notify the landowner of the single exceedance for future land use considerations.
Veeba’s offers best onion sauce; this sweet onion sauce has perfect mix of quality onions and other herbs giving it a sweet tint. Mix this sauce with your favorite green veggie salads and even fruit salads to get a perfect twist in flavour.
Este documento ofrece consejos sobre la ropa, el maquillaje y el peinado que mejor se adapta a diferentes tipos de cuerpo, tonos de piel y características faciales. Recomienda para un cuerpo triangular invertido resaltar la parte inferior con pantalones de volumen y evitar ropa llamativa arriba. Para piel clara y fría aconseja colores fríos como blanco, negro, púrpura y azul. Finalmente, para un rostro alargado sugiere cortes de cabello por los hombros o bob que añ
Este documento contiene planos y diseños de departamentos decorados, áreas comunes y proyectos para un complejo inmobiliario llamado Jardim das Orquídeas. Incluye layouts de departamentos, plantas bajas, cortes y diseños detallados de diferentes ambientes como cocinas, baños, terrazos y más. También presenta diseños para salas de cine, pet care, bicicletario y halls de acceso al complejo.
Joshua W. Self is a detailed-oriented individual with strong communication skills and experience in administrative and client services roles. He has over 4 years of experience in human resources, facilities coordination, shipping, and administrative support. His resume lists positions at Advantage xPO, the Casting House, Pangea Real Estate, DDB Chicago, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Ajilon Professional Staffing where he gained skills in customer service, software systems, facilities maintenance, order processing, and administrative tasks. He holds a high school diploma from Seymour High School.
Multi-Response Ergonomic Evaluation of Higher Age Group CNC Machine OperatorsIJERA Editor
This work contributes to research on improving performance in a human-CNC machine interface (HCMI) environment. A salient contribution of this study is the use of a load cell to measure human performance. The developed novel system can measure cognitive and motor action responses simultaneously. The performance measurement system designed for this work may be used in other fields where systems are operated using control panels and for observing and evaluating the responses of mentally retarded persons (or persons with symptoms of Alzheimer‟s disease). The search time, motor action time and applied force were selected as response variables to accurately evaluate a computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine operator‟s performance. Based on a Taguchi experimental design, a full factorial design consisting of 27 (33) experiments was used to collect data on human performance. The collected data were analyzed using grey relational analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the F-test. ANOVA was performed using Design-Expert software. The designed research was shown to have a reasonable degree of validity via a confirmation test. This study represents an effective approach for the optimization of a higher age group operator-CNC machine interface environment with multi-performance characteristics based on a combination of the Taguchi method and grey relational analysis.
Effect of wrist abduction on force applied and response time during touch scr...IJERA Editor
This study investigated the effect of wrist abduction on force applied and response time while performing the distinct tasks using touch screen mobile phone. For this study, a questionnaire was designed and subjects were asked to answer the questions on the basis of daily use of their touch screen mobile phones. On the basis of survey, the two most frequently used postures (one- handed and two handed operation of touch screen mobile phone) were selected for this study. For each case (one handed and two handed posture), three levels of wrist abduction i.e. 00 (neutral posture), 100 , and 200 were taken. Human performance as force applied and motoraction response time was recorded using oscilloscope. These observations were taken for both postures (one handed and two handed). The experimental results were analysed using ANOVA and SPSS software. The ANOVA result shows that wrist abduction angle for both postures (one- handed and two handed) has a significant effect on performance of touch screen mobile phone users. Analysis of results indicates that the two handed posture with wrist abduction 0 o offers optimum performance in this environment
Multi-Response Research Methodology for Ergonomic Design of Human-CNC Machine...IJERA Editor
This work is aimed at enriching a research theme, focused on exploiting the performance in a human-CNC
machine interface (HCMI) environment. A salient contribution of this research effort is focused on adopting the
concept of load cell for the system of human-performance measurement. The developed novel system is capable
of measuring cognitive and motor action responses simultaneously. The performance measurement system
designed for this work may be replicated for other fields where systems are operated through control panels and
also where responses of mentally retarded human-beings (or the human beings with the symptoms of Alzheimer
disease) are to be observed and evaluated.
Research relevance: The research methodology designed in this work can be directly applied to the practical
field to evaluate the performance in various human- panel operated system interface environments. This work
suggests that those responsible for the function and operation of CNC-machines workstations would have to
redesign the system to reduce injuries, as far as musculoskeletal and other related problems are concerned. The
present work can be quite useful for the system designers of tomorrow.
Healthy Tips Associated To Computer UseWaqas Tariq
This document summarizes a study on computer usage and ergonomics conducted with 90 students in Oman. A survey assessed students' knowledge of health risks from prolonged computer use and ergonomic postures. Most students (76.7%) had inadequate knowledge. The researchers developed a self-instruction module on ergonomics including exercises to educate students. The results showed a need to increase ergonomic awareness among computer users in Oman to improve health and work/study environments.
This document summarizes research on improving workplace ergonomics in modern organizations. It discusses how industrial work environments are becoming more complex, integrating new technologies and supporting diverse work styles. This poses challenges for maintaining employee health and performance. The document reviews literature on ergonomic injuries like musculoskeletal disorders and their relationship to seating, posture and workstation design. It then evaluates different tools for assessing ergonomic risks in the workplace, prioritizing issues, and applying ergonomic guidelines to modify equipment and work areas. Finally, it discusses innovative approaches organizations are taking to workplace ergonomics, such as engaging employees, integrating ergonomics into design processes, and addressing unique challenges of office environments.
Ergonomic risk assessment using postural analysis tools in a bus body buildin...Alexander Decker
This study assessed ergonomic risks for workers in a bus body manufacturing company using three assessment tools: RULA, REBA, and QEC. Video and photos were taken of 38 workers in different processes to analyze their postures. RULA found 31.57% of workers at high risk, 28.95% at medium risk, and 28.95% at lower risk. REBA found 26.32% at very high risk, 23.68% at high risk, and 42.10% at medium risk. QEC found 10.53% needing no changes, 31.58% needing further investigation, and 34.21% at high risk requiring immediate changes. The results show many workers are at
Ergonomics is the study of human capabilities in relationship to work demands. It refers to the interaction between the worker, the work being done, and the workspace environment. The goal of ergonomics is to improve this interaction by designing the job, tools, and workspace to fit the worker in order to reduce physical stress and prevent injuries. A brief history of ergonomics discussed its origins in fitting tasks to workers and improving human-machine interaction, as well as more recent focus areas like cognitive and system ergonomics.
Minimizing Musculoskeletal Disorders in Lathe Machine WorkersWaqas Tariq
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Ergonomics is the scientific study of human interactions with elements of a work system to optimize human well-being and system performance. Poor ergonomics in offices can cause repetitive strain injuries from tasks like computer use. Common risk factors are repetition, sustained postures, awkward postures, and contact stress. Improving ergonomics reduces injuries and improves productivity. Recommendations include adjustable seating and workstations, taking breaks, avoiding strain, and controlling lighting, temperature, humidity, and noise.
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This document summarizes a research article that evaluates a workstation to improve worker productivity by reducing musculoskeletal disorders like back pain and shoulder injuries. The researchers conducted surveys and interviews with workers at a transformer manufacturing plant to understand common issues. They used tools like RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) to analyze worker postures and identify risks. Finally, they developed a new, ergonomic workstation design with features like adjustable seating and back support to address issues and improve posture. Testing of the new workstation found it reduced postural stress and risks of musculoskeletal disorders, helping to improve both worker health and productivity.
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Ergonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops Environment
1. Imtiaz Ali Khan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.01-08
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Ergonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops
Environment
Imtiaz Ali Khan*
, Adil A, Khan S, and Imadullah S.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (U.P.) 202002, India.
Abstract
Laptops in 21st
century are an integral part of every professional in vivid fields. Off late there has been
emergence of several ergonomic injuries such as repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) due to extensive usage of
laptops, which can be closely linked with applied force and postures. This study investigated the effect of
various angles of keyboard on the applied force and motor action plus response time while performing five
distinct tasks. On the basis of literature two different laptops were selected for performing different tasks. For
each case the three levels of platform angle were considered as 0°, 5°, and 10°. Male subjects were selected to
perform five distinct tasks for each platform angle for both laptops. The force applied (in milli-volts) and the
motor action plus response time (milli-seconds) were recorded using an oscilloscope. The data collected were
analyzed through ANOVA using MINITAB software. The abduction angle with the least mean response time
and applied force were considered as the best from ergonomics viewpoint. The ANOVA results showed that the
angle of abduction for both laptops (small and large) do have significant effect on applied force but not on motor
action plus response time. The analysis of results indicate that 10° angle of abduction in case of small laptops
should be applied to minimize musculoskeletal disorder and repetitive strain injuries.
Research relevance: This work suggests that those responsible for the function and operation of laptops would
have to redesign the system to reduce injuries, as far as musculoskeletal disorder, repetitive strain injuries and
other related problems are concerned. The present work can be quite useful for the system designers of
tomorrow.
Keywords: ANOVA, Laptops, Force applied, Motor action time, Response time, Abduction angle.
I. Introduction
Laptops are nowadays commonly used in a
variety of settings, such as at work, in education, and
for personal multimedia. When it comes to laptops,
the number of them in use has risen in India over the
last few years. Almost one-half of American adults
own a laptop computer. In contrast to desktop
computers, which are typically utilized in a seated
position, the portable nature of laptop computers
allows for a variety of postures during usage. Given
the popularity of the laptops, many researchers have
analyzed its usability, including comparing the
performance of operating tasks, different sized
laptops, different age groups, and the design
considerations for laptops. With the convenience of
laptops increasing frequency and duration of use, the
design characteristics of the laptops give rise to
concerns regarding their impact upon body
mechanics and the musculoskeletal system. The
nature of laptop use may facilitate the potential for
the development of the musculoskeletal symptoms.
With more and more people owning laptops and
spending greater amounts of time emailing, surfing
the net and e-reading, physiotherapists have seen a
significant increase in hand held device related
injuries.
The posture often assumed while using a laptop
is unnatural and can result in number of overuse and
posture-related aches and pains. The spine in not
designed to be held in awkward postures for long
periods of time, in such small area. It is important to
be aware of the risks associated with using the laptop
to take healthy steps and safety measures to avoid
potential injury. Many ergonomically designed
products are also used or recommended to treat or
prevent such disorders, and to treat pressure-
related chronic pain. One of the most prevalent types
of work-related injuries is musculoskeletal disorder.
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD)
result in persistent pain, loss of functional capacity
and work disability, but their initial diagnosis is
difficult because they are mainly based on complaints
of pain and other symptoms. Cognitive ergonomics is
concerned with mental processes, such as perception,
memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they
affect interactions among humans and other elements
of a system.
Anthropometry is an important field used in
ergonomics. Ergonomists use anthropometric factors
such as angle of abduction to optimize human
interaction with equipment and workplace.
Anthropometry can be referred to as the measurement
of the human individual. An early tool of physical
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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anthropology, it has been used for identification, for
the purpose of understanding human physical
variations, in palaeoanthropology and in various
attempts to correlate physical with racial and
psychological traits. Today anthropometry plays an
important role in industrial design, clothing design,
and architecture where statistical data about the
distribution of body dimensions in the population are
used to optimize products. Changes in lifestyles,
nutrition, and ethnic composition of populations lead
to changes in the distribution of body dimensions
(e.g. the obesity epidemic), and require regular
updating of anthropometric data collections. Today,
anthropometry is performed by several measuring
instruments like 3-D scanners, baropodographic
devices and neuro imaging.
Text entry is a fairly complex process, involving
visual, tactile, motion, memory, learning, and other
cognitive functions. Moreover, they belong to
different levels of cognitive processing. The process
of text entry is subject to the biomechanical
constraints of the hand. Whether perceptual and
cognitive concepts are suitable will dominantly affect
the user‟s final performance, such as the response
time and accuracy rate (Khan 2014a; Khan 2014b;
Khan; 2014c; Khan 2014d; Khan and Asghar 2011;
Khan and Asghar 2010). Therefore, if a new input
method is to be designed, ergonomically designed
operation and cognitive compatibility must be
emphasized. According to Fitts‟ law concerning
motion execution (Fitts, 1954), the keyboard layout
should be arranged so that a finger travels the
minimum distance necessary, allowing text entry
efficiency to be improved. Realizing that the
procedural memory has a subtle effect on users, many
researchers have employed the transfer effect of
learning to conduct relevant designs or studies
(Carey, 2001; Jacob and Brad, 2008; Liang and
Chang, 2009). Further, according to the findings
regarding the stimulus-response compatibility effect
(SRC effect), different hand postures will affect
encoding patterns, which will vary with the
relationship between visual stimulus and finger
reaction (Ehrenstein et al., 1989; Lyons et al., 2004;
Lyons et al., 2006). Input accuracy is critical to
usability of laptops because people frequently use
them for a variety of purposes such as personal
information organizers, communicators, business
appliances, and entertainment devices. High input
accuracy enables users to finish their tasks quickly
with few errors. Thumb length might affect users`
reach ability of the keys whereas users with large
thumbs might find it cumbersome keying in messages
via the tiny keys (Balakrishnan and Yeow, 2008).
Work-related Musculo-Skeletal Disorders (WMSDs)
result in considerable costs to industry annually
(Khan 2012). Various studies shows that risks of
WMSDs are associated with certain jobs and certain
work related factors compared with other population
groups not exposed to risk factors. It is necessary to
study repetitive exertions combined with tapping
force for wrist abduction angle. So, the present study
was designed to look at the effects of repetitive force
exertion for abducted wrist postures.
II. Problem formulation
On the basis of the literature reviewed, it can be
observed that majority of the people using laptop feel
discomfort irrespective of its size. In the past studies,
ergonomists studied different postures while using
laptop that are suitable as well as comfortable to fit
the body and the mind of the user. In this study, it
was observed that the angle of abduction and
different tasks performed while using the small and
large laptops are the important parameters that affect
the human performance in terms of response time and
the applied force. In this work two sets of studies
were undertaken on both (small and large size) the
laptops. Based upon surveys, three angles of
abductions 00
, 50
and 100
were considered for
developing an ergonomic database. The studies have
been formulated as follows:
In terms of null hypothesis, the problem could be
formulated as:
a. The angle given to the laptop base does not have
a significant effect on laptop users‟ performance
in terms of response time.
b. The angle given to the laptop base does not have
a significant effect on laptop users‟ performance
in terms of force applied.
c. The two laptop sizes do not have a significant
effect on laptop users‟ performance in terms of
response time.
d. The two laptop sizes do not have a significant
effect on laptop users‟ performance in terms of
force applied.
III. Methodology
The experimental hypothesis stated in section 2
was tested through a set of experimental
investigations. For conducting the investigations, an
experimental setup (figure 1) was designed which is
summarized as follows:
Experimental investigations were conducted in an
isolated environment. The light intensity level was
kept in the range of 85 lux. The setup comprised of
the following sub system:
a. Large Laptop (LL) (HP Pavilion g series, 15.6”)
b. Small Laptop (LL) ( Acer Aspire One ZE7
10.1”)
c. Mica plate with piezo-electric sensor attached
d. Oscilloscope
e. Wooden angle wedges
One of the important requirements for
conducting the experimental investigation was the
selection of subjects participating in the study. The
3. Imtiaz Ali Khan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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present experimental investigation was carried out
with a group of 10 subjects of the same finger, wrist
and elbow lengths and the same age group. All the
subjects had prior experience with using a laptop.
The wooden wedges were used to give the angle to
the laptop base and thus variable wrist abduction
angles (figures 2 and 3). Performance of each subject
was recorded on the basis of response variables i.e.
force applied and motor action response time through
oscilloscope. Mica plate attached with piezoelectric
sensor was used to station the laptops for measuring
the human performance (figure 4) at different angle
of abductions provided through angle wooden
wedges.
Figure 1: Experimental setup
Figure 2: Wooden wedges for 50
wrist abduction
Figure 3: Wooden wedges for 100
wrist abduction
Figure 4: Oscilloscope readings showing force
applied on Y-axis and response time on X-axis
To evaluate the laptop users‟ performance in
context with the wrist abduction angle for both small
and large laptops, a set of experimental investigations
were carried out as follows:
a. The angle of the base of the laptop was varied by
changing the inclination of mica plate with the
help of wooden wedges.
b. The laptop was placed above the sensor point
connected to the mica plate.
c. The subjects were asked to keep their fingers at
the initial reference point i.e. „ctrl‟ key.
d. A pre-recorded voice signal „start‟ was given to
the subject to perform each task by moving the
forefinger from the reference point. The five
target keys for the respective five tasks were „P‟,
„Q‟, „Z‟, „?‟ and „G‟ respectively.
e. After completion of each task i.e. key press, the
force applied and motor action response time
was recorded through the oscilloscope.
f. The performance of each subject was recorded
separately at angle of abductions 00
, 50
and 100
at
five distant tasks for both small and large
laptops.
g. Each of the subjects was imparted instructions so
as to get complete familiarity with the tasks and
postures for using both small and large laptops.
The collected data through the experimental
observations were analyzed by analysis of variance
(ANOVA) using the MINITAB software and is
presented in the next section.
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IV. Experimentation and Results
Tables 1 through 6 presents the average force
applied in milli-volts and average motor action
response time in milli-seconds for large laptop (LL)
and small laptop (SL) at three wrist abduction angles
namely 00
, 50
and 100
respectively.
4.1 Large laptop
Table 1 -Experimental observations for 0o
angle of
abduction for five different tasks
Subject
Force applied
(mean) (in
milli-volts)
Motor action
response time
(mean) (in milli-
seconds)
1 240 382
2 312 408
3 536 352
4 444 380
5 476 432
6 536 444
7 304 400
8 420 444
9 336 448
10 328 444
Mean 393.2 413.4
Table 2 -Experimental observations for 5o
angle of
abduction for five different tasks
Subject Force applied
(mean)
( in milli-volts)
Motor action
response time (mean)
(in milli-seconds)
1 184 368
2 304 388
3 584 328
4 444 418
5 552 460
6 600 432
7 368 380
8 296 464
9 320 452
10 472 476
Mean 412.4 416.6
Table 3 -Experimental observations for 10o
angle of
abduction for five different tasks
Subject Force applied
(mean) (in
milli-volts)
Motor action
response time (mean)
(in milli-seconds)
1 272 404
2 584 404
3 624 356
4 360 388
5 496 440
6 424 520
7 256 364
8 472 436
9 296 450
10 504 312
Mean 428.8 407.4
4.2 Small laptop
Table 4 -Experimental observations for 0o
angle of
abduction for five different tasks
Subject Force applied
(mean) (in
milli-volts)
Motor action response
time (mean) (in milli-
seconds)
1 164 360
2 176 368
3 196 280
4 280 368
5 280 408
6 100 408
7 92 316
8 220 468
9 148 328
10 156 440
Mean 181.2 374.4
Table 5 -Experimental observations for 5o
angle of
abduction for five different tasks
Subject Force applied
(mean)
( in milli-volts)
Motor action
response time (mean)
(in milli-seconds)
1 116 360
2 212 368
3 352 336
4 140 356
5 328 436
6 160 316
7 120 324
8 100 412
9 276 380
10 234 400
Mean 203.8 368.8
Table 6 -Experimental observations for 10o
angle of
abduction for five different tasks
Subject Force applied
(mean)
( in milli-volts)
Motor action
response time (mean)
(in milli-seconds)
1 112 320
2 236 300
3 308 280
4 164 432
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5 200 456
6 156 540
7 116 348
8 120 372
9 152 384
10 236 388
Mean 180.0 382.0
Figures 5 through 8 presents bar graphs for mean
response time and mean applied force for two
experimental considerations interms of large and
small laptops.
Figure 5: Bar graph showing mean response time on
Y-axis for large laptop (LL) at angles of abductions
00
, 50
and 100
respectively
Figure 6: Bar graph showing mean applied force on
Y-axis for large laptop (LL) at angles of abductions
00
, 50
and 100
respectively
Figure 7: Bar graph showing mean response time on
Y-axis for small laptop (SL) at angles of abductions
00
, 50
and 100
respectively
Figure 8: Bar graph showing mean applied force on
Y-axis for small laptop (SL) at angles of abductions
00
, 50
and 100
respectively
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out
to know the significant effect of wrist abduction
angle for both the small and large laptops over force
applied and reaction time. For analysis, the force
applied and response time were the response
variables and six different conditions as given in
table 7 were considered. The conditions were for the
three abduction angles namely 00
, 50
and 100
. Further
ANOVA was applied for checking the significance of
the abduction angle with respect to the size of the
laptops used (table 7). Over here also, the force
applied and response time were the response
variables.
402
404
406
408
410
412
414
416
418
L L 0 L L 5 L L 10
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
L L 0 L L 5 L L 10
362
364
366
368
370
372
374
376
378
380
382
S L 0 S L 5 S L 10
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
S L 0 S L 5 S L 10
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Table 7 –Showing six conditions with three
abduction angles and two conditions with two types
of laptops with their degrees of freedom
N
Conditions
L L 0
L L 5
L L 10
S L 0
S L 5
S L 10
30
30
30
30
30
30
Laptops L L
S L
60
60
Table 8: ANOVA table for force applied at six
different conditions
Sum of
Squares
Degree of
freedom
Mean
Square
F Sig.
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
756773
574127
1330899
5
54
59
151355
10632
14.24 .000
Significance level at 0.05
Table 8 shows the ANOVA result through
MINITAB software at six different conditions with
force applied as response variable. Through analysis,
the following conclusions are drawn:
(i) Null hypothesis has been rejected because the
aggregate does not have the same force applied
at the six different conditions considered (L L 00
,
L L 50
, L L 100
, S L 00
, S L 50
, S L 100
).
(ii) Null hypothesis has been rejected because Fov=
14.24 isgreater than [F0.05 (5, 54)] ; cv = 2.393
obtained from using the values of degree of
freedom (5, 54) [where ov = observed value and
cv = critical value].
(iii) Null hypothesis has been rejected because P-
value for F-value = 14.24 is found to be less than
the set significance level i.e. a = 0.05.
(iv) The above results indicate that the null
hypothesis was rejected and it was found that the
different wrist abduction angles for both small
and large laptops have a significant effect on the
human performance interms of the force
applied.
Table 9: ANOVA table for response time at six
different conditions
Source Sum of
Squares
Degree
of
freedom
Mean
Square
F Sig.
Factor
Error
Total
22296
161241
183537
5
54
59
4459
2986
1.49 0.207
Significance level at 0.05
Table 9 presents the ANOVA result through
MINITAB software at six different conditions with
response time as output variable. Through analysis,
the following conclusions are drawn:
(i) The aggregate does not have the same response
time at the six different conditions considered (L
L 00
, L L 50
, L L 100
, S L 00
, S L 50
, S L 100
).
(ii) Null hypothesis has been accepted because Fov=
1.49 is lesser than [F0.05 (5, 54)] cv = 2.393
obtained from using the values of degree of
freedom (5, 54) [where ov = observed value and
cv = critical value].
(iii) Null hypothesis has been accepted because P-
value for F-value = 1.49 is found to be greater
than the set significance level i.e. α = 0.05.
The above results indicate that the null
hypothesis was accepted and it was found that the
different wrist abduction angles for both small and
large laptops do not have significant effect on the
human performance interms of response time.
Table 10: ANOVA table for response time at three
abduction angles with respect to type of laptops
Source Sum of
Squares
Degree
of
freedom
Mean
Square
F Sig.
Factor
Error
Total
20981
162555
183537
1
58
59
20981
2803
7.49 0.008
Significance level at 0.05
Table 10 shows the ANOVA results for various
conditions interms of response time. Through
analysis, the following conclusions are drawn:
(i) Null hypothesis has been rejected because the
aggregate does not have the same response time
at the six different conditions considered (L L 00
,
L L 50
, L L 100
, S L 00
, S L 50
, S L 100
).
(ii) Null hypothesis has been rejected because Fov=
7.49 is greater than [F0.05 (1, 58)] cv = 4.009
obtained from using the values of degree of
freedom (1, 58) [where ov = observed value and
cv = critical value].
(iii) Null hypothesis has been rejected because P-
value for F-value = 7.49 is found to be less than
the set significance level i.e. α = 0.05.
The above results indicate that the null
hypothesis was rejected and it was found that the
different wrist abduction angles for both small and
large laptops do have a significant effect on human
performance interms of the response time.
Table 11 : ANOVA table for force applied at three
abduction angles with respect to type of laptops
Source Sum of
Squares
Degree
of
freedom
Mean
Square
F Sig.
Factor
Error
Total
746827
584072
1330899
1
58
59
746827
10070
74.16 0.000
Significance level at 0.05
7. Imtiaz Ali Khan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.01-08
www.ijera.com 7|P a g e
Table 11 presents the ANOVA results for
various conditions interms of force applied. Through
analysis, the following conclusions are drawn:
(i) Null hypothesis has been rejected because the
aggregate does not have the same response time
at the six different conditions considered (L L 00
,
L L 50
, L L 100
, S L 00
, S L 50
, S L 100
).
(ii) Null hypothesis has been rejected because Fov=
74.16 is greater than [F0.05 (1, 58)] cv = 4.009
obtained from using the values of degree of
freedom (1, 58) [where ov =
(iii) Null hypothesis has been rejected because P-
value for F-value = 74.16 is found to be less than
the set significance level i.e. α = 0.05.
The above results indicate that the null
hypothesis was rejected and it was found that the
different wrist abduction angles for both small and
large laptops do have a significant effect on human
performance interms of the force applied.
V. Conclusion
Through the set of experimental investigations,
an attempt has been made to develop a better
understanding of human performance with respect to
anthropometric factors and postures while interacting
with a laptop. The first study explored the effect of
wrist abduction angle having a significant effect on
two performance parameters i.e. response time and
force applied for both small and large laptops. The
second study investigated the effect of two different
laptops generally used while performing various
tasks. In both the studies, performance of the laptop
user was in terms of response time and force applied.
On the basis of results obtained the following
concluding remarks are drawn:
(i) The angle of wrist abduction while using laptops
has a significant effect over the force applied.
(ii) The results obtained for the large laptop was
significantly different from small laptop for
different abduction angles in terms of
performance parameters, response time and force
applied.
(iii) For large laptop, force applied was found to be
least for 00
angle of abduction while response
time was found to be minimum at 100
wrist
abduction angle.
(iv) For small laptop, force applied was found to be
least for 100
angle of abduction while response
time was found to be minimum at 50
wrist
abduction angle.
(v) Comparision of results indicate that the
minimum applied force at keys was observed for
small laptop with the angle of abduction 100
and
minimum response time was observed for small
laptop at 50
angle of abduction.
On the basis of experimental investigation, it is
explored that the users should use small laptop at 100
abduction angle for ergonomically better
performance and to minimize musculoskeletal
disorder and repetitive strain injuries. Small laptop
should be preferred over large laptops for better
efficiency in use as investigated interms of response
time. The results of this work may be directly applied
to the practical field. Further studies may be
considered using parameters like more wrist
abductions, elbow abductions, and arm abductions
and other anthropometric and environmental
considerations.
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