This frequency selective wave analyser has a narrow pass band filter that can be precisely tuned to measure the amplitude of a single frequency component in the audio range of 20Hz to 20KHz. Precision potentiometers tune the filter to the desired frequency, while close tolerance capacitors select the frequency range. The instrument drives the selected signal to a meter circuit and optional buffer amplifier, and has a very narrow 1% bandwidth for accurate measurement.
RF Carrier oscillator
To generate the carrier signal.
Usually a crystal-controlled oscillator is used.
Buffer amplifier
Low gain, high input impedance linear amplifier.
To isolate the oscillator from the high power amplifiers.
Modulator : can use either emitter collector modulation
Intermediate and final power amplifiers (pull-push modulators)
Required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope
Coupling network
Matches output impedance of the final amplifier to the transmission line/antenn
Applications are in low-power, low-capacity systems : wireless intercoms, remote control units, pagers and short-range walkie-talkie
Modulating signal is processed similarly as in low-level transmitter except for the addition of power amplifier
Power amplifier
To provide higher power modulating signal necessary to achieve 100% modulation (carrier power is maximum at the high-level modulation point).
Same circuit as low-level transmitter for carrier oscillator, buffer and driver but with addition of power amplifier
RF Carrier oscillator
To generate the carrier signal.
Usually a crystal-controlled oscillator is used.
Buffer amplifier
Low gain, high input impedance linear amplifier.
To isolate the oscillator from the high power amplifiers.
Modulator : can use either emitter collector modulation
Intermediate and final power amplifiers (pull-push modulators)
Required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope
Coupling network
Matches output impedance of the final amplifier to the transmission line/antenn
Applications are in low-power, low-capacity systems : wireless intercoms, remote control units, pagers and short-range walkie-talkie
Modulating signal is processed similarly as in low-level transmitter except for the addition of power amplifier
Power amplifier
To provide higher power modulating signal necessary to achieve 100% modulation (carrier power is maximum at the high-level modulation point).
Same circuit as low-level transmitter for carrier oscillator, buffer and driver but with addition of power amplifier
Originally presented at DesignCon 2013.
Jitter is a very important topic in signal integrity for high speed serial data links. The jitter performance of clock signals used in generating the serial data signal is critical to the overall performance of these signals.
Phase noise is the most sensitive and accurate measurement of the performance of precision clocks.
This presentation covers the theory and practice for making phase noise measurements on clock signals as well as the relationship between phase noise and total jitter, random jitter and deterministic jitter. Measurements on a typical clock signal is also included.
For more information, visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com or call (888) 837-8772 to speak to a local Rohde & Schwarz expert.
A wave analyzer is an instrument designed to measure relative amplitudes of single frequency components in a complex waveform. Basically, a wave instrument acts as a frequency selective voltmeter which is tuned to the frequency of one signal while rejecting all other signal components.
Signal Constellation, Geometric Interpretation of SignalsArijitDhali
This is a handy presentation consisting the graphical and geometrical representation. Describing about orthonormality in a brief, along with basic vector and signal space. Also describing the QPSK constellation diagram and types of QPSK.
In this presentation we discuss about a particular type of analog communication waves that is wideband frequency modulation. In this slide, its expression is discussed along with graphical visuals. Not forgetting its power and bandwidth as well. We also see the use of bessel function and the block diagrams that help to form this type of waves.
Originally presented at DesignCon 2013.
Jitter is a very important topic in signal integrity for high speed serial data links. The jitter performance of clock signals used in generating the serial data signal is critical to the overall performance of these signals.
Phase noise is the most sensitive and accurate measurement of the performance of precision clocks.
This presentation covers the theory and practice for making phase noise measurements on clock signals as well as the relationship between phase noise and total jitter, random jitter and deterministic jitter. Measurements on a typical clock signal is also included.
For more information, visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com or call (888) 837-8772 to speak to a local Rohde & Schwarz expert.
A wave analyzer is an instrument designed to measure relative amplitudes of single frequency components in a complex waveform. Basically, a wave instrument acts as a frequency selective voltmeter which is tuned to the frequency of one signal while rejecting all other signal components.
Signal Constellation, Geometric Interpretation of SignalsArijitDhali
This is a handy presentation consisting the graphical and geometrical representation. Describing about orthonormality in a brief, along with basic vector and signal space. Also describing the QPSK constellation diagram and types of QPSK.
In this presentation we discuss about a particular type of analog communication waves that is wideband frequency modulation. In this slide, its expression is discussed along with graphical visuals. Not forgetting its power and bandwidth as well. We also see the use of bessel function and the block diagrams that help to form this type of waves.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Control analysis of a high frequency resonant inverter for induction cooking ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Stability of three possible close-loop control of a series resonant inverter is studied for induction cooking application. Ultimately,
a single close-loop control technique is proposed in this work which can ensure both the power control as well as a satisfactory
zero voltage switching (ZVS) in a finite control range near the operating point. A phase shift controlled series resonant inverter is
used as a power supply for an induction cooking system. Its linearized model is developed for small signal analysis and a PID
controller is designed for the proposed close-loop control and its performances are judged under various operating conditions
using MATLAB/Simulink® platform.
Keywords: ZVS, linearization, bode plot, step response, PID control.
The object of this project is to determine and display the frequency of the input power. This is done by using 8051 microcontroller. The circuit of our designed frequency meter includes 8051 microcontroller, Liquid Crystal Display(LCD), Cathode Ray Oscilloscope(CRO) and variable power supply unit.
what is Band pass filter (low and high pass) application, working and output voltages values on CRO with different frequencies as well as Picture of PSpice software (output).
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Wave analyser
type
• It of two type
• Resonant
• Frequency selective wave analyser
USE
• It is voltmeter which can accurately
tuned to measure amplitude of
single frequency component
3. Use:
This wave analyser is used for measurement in audio
frequency range (from 20Hz to 20KHz).
This wave analyser has a filter section with a very narrow
pass band which can be tuned to the frequency of interest.
4.
5. Precision Potentiometer are used to tune the filter to any desired
frequency within the selection pass band.
Close tolerance polystyrene capacitors are generally used for selecting the
frequency range.
Driver amplifier feeds the attenuated waveform to a high Q active filter.
The filter consist of cascaded arrangement of RC resonant section and
filter amplifier
Input apply to attenuator is set by the meter range switch on front panel.
This act as range mutliplier and permits large range of signal amplitude to
be analysed without loading the amplifier
6. Final amplifier stage supplies selected
signal to the meter circuit and to an
untuned buffer amplifier.
Buffer amplifier can be used to drive
a recorder or an electronic counter.
Meter is driven by an average type
detector and usually has several
voltage ranges as well as a decibel
scale.
Bandwidth of instrument is very
narrow, about 1% of selected
frequency.