This document describes the design and fabrication of a wind-solar hybrid microgrid model. The model combines wind power generation from a small wind turbine and solar power generation from photovoltaic panels to charge a lead-acid battery. It then uses the stored energy to power a motor and LED lighting. The objectives are to generate power from wind and solar sources, store the solar energy in a battery using a suitable charger circuit, and display the electrical power output. Methodology, components, experimental results and specifications are provided for both the wind and solar subsystems as well as the overall hybrid system.

1. DESIGN & FABRICATION OF WIND-SOLAR HYBRID
MICROGRID MODEL
PRESENTED BY:
K .BALA SRIRAM (13K81A0222)
S .SAI SRIRAMYA (13K81A0247)
S .VIJAY KUMAR (13K81A0241)
T .NAVEEN (14K85A0204)
PROJECT GUIDE
BABITHA NANDA(PH.D)
EEE DEPARTMENT

2. ABSTRACT
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Wind power generation and solar power generation are combined to make a WIND-
SOLAR HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEM. A 12v, 5Ah lead-acid battery is
used to store solar power and charging is controlled by a charger circuit which has been
discussed here. Power output of this hybrid system is 12 watts (9VDC, 0.77A DC) .

3. INTRODUCTION
HYBRID MICROGRIDS:
Hybrid microgrid means we can generate
energy from two and more energy resources.
In this project we are using “Photovoltaic
cell” and “Wind energy” for generation of
energy (Hybrid power).
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4. OBJECTIVES
In brief, the objectives are:
 Wind power generation
 Solar power generation
 Storage for generated solar power
 To design a suitable charger for battery
 Make a Wind-Solar hybrid micro-grid
 Display electrical power out using LED lighting system & small
motor
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5. AN OVERVIEW OFWHOLE PROCESS
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Wind turbine Solar panel
Lead Acid
battery
Motor
LED
Lighting system
Charge
controller

6. METHODOLOGY
WIND POWER GENERATION:
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There are basically 2-types of wind turbines are available-
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine(VAWT)
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine(HAWT)
For wind power generation in our project we are using HAWT type windmill .
The output power of the wind turbine can be calculated by using
Formula:
P=0.5*ρ*A*𝑉3(in watts)
Where
P= Power
ρ=density of air (1.2kg/m3)
A=Area perpendicular to the flow of wind V=Wind velocity

7. Major components of HAWT
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8. Before going elaborate our project work, a short discussion on
the effect of the type of materials of blade, blade- size, blade
shape and the gear- arrangement have been represented here.
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Blade shape used
A B C D

9. EEE DEPARTMENT
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
VOLTAGE(V)
1 2 3 4
No. of Blades
A
B
C
D
Effect of Number of Blades and Blade Shape on Voltage

10. EEE DEPARTMENT
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
VOLTAGE(V)
A B C D
Blade Type
Geared
Non-Geared
Effect of Geared and Non-Geared Turbine’s on Voltage

11. EEE DEPARTMENT
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
VOLTAGE(V)
8 inches 12 inches 18 inches
Blade size
Blade size
Effect of Blade size on Voltage

12. EEE DEPARTMENT
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
VOLTAGE(V)
Cardboard Aluminum sheet PVC pipe
Blade size
Effect of Blade Material on Voltage

13. COMPONENTS FORWIND MILL
Here we used 4-PMDC motors to work as a generator.
PMDC motors ratings i.e. 12V,0.75Amps,2400rpm.
Four symmetrical 3- bladed set made up of aluminum used as a
turbine blades.
Height of the wind mill stand is about 12inches.
Distance between the turbines is 6 inches.
PVC pipes are used for making wind mill tower and stand.
Turbine holder diameter is 1.25 inches.
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14. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
On running condition open circuit voltage of each wind-turbine
is around 1.75V DC.
When connecting them in series, VOC becomes 7.06V.
An LED board has been connected to the system’s load terminal
and this LED board fully lighted up.
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4 Wind mills are connected in series
VOC = 7.06V
LED board

15. OUTPUTS OFWINDTURBINES
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GENERATOR VOC(VDC) ISC(IDC)
G1 1.85 0.46
G2 1.76 0.48
G3 1.80 0.45
G4 1.65 0.50
G= G1+G2+G3+G4 7.06 1.89

16. SOLAR POWER GENERATION
METHODOLOGY
WORKING OF SOLAR CELL
The system which converts sunlight to electrical energy is called Solar Cell. It is
basically a photo-voltaic cell or PV cell which is photo sensitive.
When sunlight falls on the ‘N’ side, the free electron flows from ‘N’ to ‘P’. As the
electron get enough energy to breakdown the bond and flow through the load. So
current flows in opposite direction. This is the main operating principle of solar cell.
Storage of Generated Solar Power:
For storing the solar energy we will use a battery. The battery will be charged during
the day. At night it will supply the loads. The load can be supplied during the
charging time if –
The storage energy in battery > Energy required to drive the load
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17. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF SOLAR CELL
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MATLAB REPRESENTATION
OF SOLAR CELL

18. TYPES OF SOLAR PANELS
There are three types of solar modules. They are :-
Mono crystalline,
Poly crystalline,
Amorphous thin film.
In our project we are using POLY/MUTLI CRYSTALLINE
PANEL.
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19. DIFFERENT TYPES OF PANELS
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20. IMPORANCE OF POLYCRYSTALLINE
ADVANTAGES :-
The process used to make polycrystalline silicon is simpler
less expensive than mono crystalline because in the use less
silicon.
Better efficiency.
The amount of waste silicon is less compared to mono crystalline.
These tends to have slightly lower heat tolerance than others.
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21. Suitable Charging Circuit for Battery-Backup:
The charger will charge any 6V lead acid battery including flooded, gel
and AGM. It is fully automatic and will charge at a rate up to about 4A
until the battery voltage reaches a preset point at which it will switch to a
very low current float charge.
If the battery voltage drops again the charger will begin charging until
the voltage once again reaches the cut off point. In this way it can be left
connected to a battery indefinitely to maintain full charge without
causing damage.
A set of Green & Red LEDs indicate when the battery is fully charged &
it’s charging state.
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22. FACTORSTHAT AFFECT SOLAR PANEL EFFICIENCY
There are mainly four factors affecting the solar panel. They are
1. Sky condition,
2. Positioning,
3. Temperature ,
4. Shade.
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23. SPECIFICATIONS OF SOLAR PANEL
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SPECIFICATION
Rated power maximum 5W
Open circuit voltage (Voc) 22.41V
Maximum peak voltage (Vmp) 17.9V
Short circuit current (Isc) 0.3A
Maximum peak current (Imp) 0.28A
Output Tolerance ±3%
Efficiency 1.02%

24. CHARGING METHADOLOGY
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25. BATTERY CHARGING
The power generated from PV cells and wind turbines is fed to a
battery through charge controllers.
The period between 10:00 AM and 2:00 PM offers peak solar
radiation and the bulk of the photovoltaic-accessible energy.
Because charging occurs, at most, for only a quarter of the day, we
should stuff as much power as possible into the cells during that
period.
A dead lead-acid battery will accept a very heavy initial charge with
little trouble . . . but only at first.
When 70 to 80 percent of the total capacity has been placed in the
cells, the electricity being forced in will begin to decompose the water
inside the battery . . . breaking it down into its elemental components
of hydrogen and oxygen leading to a condition called “Boiling”.
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26. SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER
A solar charging system is not complete without a charge controller.
The charge controller takes the energy from the solar panels or wind
turbine and converts the voltage so it’s suitable for battery charging.
The supply voltage for a 12V battery bank is about 16V. This allows
charging lead acid to 14.40V and Li-ion to 12.60V.
Charge controller has basic function is that it control the source which
is to be active or inactive. It simultaneously charge battery and also
gives power to the load.
The controller has over-charge protection, short-circuit protection,
pole confusion protection and automatic Dump-load function
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27. BLOCK DIAGRAM
Solar charger is designed to charge any standard 12v lead acid
battery in any areas where mains power is un-available. It is
ideal for remote data acquisition ,caravans ,boat’s etc.,
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Charge controller circuit

28. LEAD-ACID STORAGE CELL CHARGER CIRCUIT
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29. COMPONENTS
RESISTORS SEMI-CONDUCTORS CAPACITORS
RR1 1K IC SOCKET 8 PIN IC BASE C1 33uF/25V
R2,R5 10K IC1 CMOS-555 TIMER C2 47nF
R3 56K Q1 BC547 C3 47uF/63V
R4 1K8 D1,D2,D3 1N4002/1N4004 C4 220uF/35V
ZD1,ZD2 1N5352
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30. EEE DEPARTMENT
It operates from a wide range of power supplies ranging from + 5 Volts to +
18 Volts supply voltage. Sinking or sourcing 200mA of load current.
It is basically a monolithic timing circuit that produces accurate and highly
stable time delays or oscillation. When compared to the applications of an
op-amp in the same areas, the 555IC is also equally reliable and is cheap in
cost.

31. EEE DEPARTMENT
BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A
transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is
commonly used to amplify current. A small
current at its base controls a larger current at
collector & emitter terminals.
TRANSISTOR BC547
DIODES
ZENER DIODE
CAPACITORS

32. WORKING
When solar cell voltage >> battery voltage, current flows from solar cell into the
battery .All components are present solely.
During light failure the biggest danger is that the battery will discharge through the
circuit/solar cell.D3 protects against this situation.
If battery might alredy be fully charged ,there is a need of over charge protection .This
can be achieved by zener diode ZD2.
When solar cell voltage is below the battery voltage , but not zero , the unit will still
charge . the rest of the circuit covers this eventuality.
The heart of the circuit is a voltage doubler built around the 555 and the two
capacitors C3 and C4.
Well, there are expenses associated with a solar charge controller and that’s the only
disadvantage this device has. If you are using solar energy for your business or
household, this is almost a necessity for you now.
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33. FUTURE SCOPE BASED ON PRESENT DESIGN
Management of power in hybrid microgrids.
The hybrid microgrid can be connected in an islanded or isolated or
autonomous and grid connected modes.
This project model can be implemented in rural areas where power cut-off is
regular.
With some modifications in wind-turbine part and increasing the no. of solar
panels & wattage this model can be utilized as stand-alone system specially in
offshore-onshore where speed of the wind is adequate.
By using Power Converting Unit( PCU) this model can be utilized as a grid
tie power system.
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34. FUTURE SCOPE BASED ON DESIGN MODIFICATION
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SOLAR MILLS

35. THANK YOU
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