This document summarizes the design, development, and implementation of a temperature sensor using Zigbee concepts. The temperature sensor senses the temperature using an LM35 temperature sensor and transmits the data via a Zigbee module. The data is received by another Zigbee module and displayed on an LCD. The system was designed to be accurate, fast, and effective in sensing and transmitting temperature data wirelessly using Zigbee technology. A PIC microcontroller was used to control the temperature sensing, data transmission, and display.
Design Efficient Wireless Monitoring Platform for Recycling Point SpotsIJMTST Journal
There is a growing demand for low cost, very low power and reduced size monitoring systems with
wireless communications, to be used in different kinds of industrial environments. In several countries waste
separation and recycling is a major issue. Consequently, the number of recycling spots has been steadily
increasing. In order to ensure that recycle bins are properly maintained, several monitoring solutions have
been proposed. These still have several limitations, such as requiring wires for power and/or communications
and not being able to fit in all existing types of bins. This paper presents WECO, a wireless embedded solution
for monitoring the level of the bins located in recycling spots. The proposed system automatically alerts a
remote central station when a bin reaches a programmable filling level, thus avoiding the need to spot check
if the bin is full and ensuring that the recycling spot is kept clean. The developed prototype required
hardware-software co-design and aimed to meet the above mentioned requirements, resorting to the IEEE
802.15.4 protocol for wireless communications between all nodes in the network, each based on a
System-On-Chip CC2530 from Texas Instruments. Due to its wireless nature, the architecture requires a
battery for power supplying the nodes, with a life time of at least six years. The filling level readings of each
bin in a recycling spot are made using an ultrasonic sensor. The data collected by the monitoring platform is
then sent to the remote central station that processes it in order to optimize routes and establish a scheduled
collection of the recycling spots.
This document describes a design for a PIC microcontroller-based Ethernet interface to control industrial parameters. The design consists of three main modules: an SPI communication module to interface sensors to the PIC, a controller module using the PIC microcontroller, and an Ethernet interface module using an ENC28J60 Ethernet controller chip. The sensor data is read using SPI, converted to ASCII format by the PIC, and transmitted over Ethernet to allow monitoring via a PC. This network interface allows existing SPI devices to be integrated into an industrial monitoring system and transmit sensor data remotely over a local area network.
Biomedical Parameter Transfer Using Wireless Communicationijsrd.com
In spite of the improvement of communication link and despite all progress in advanced communication technologies, there are still very few functioning commercial wireless monitoring systems, which are most off-line, and there are still a number of issues to deal with. Therefore, there is a strong need for investigating the possibility of design and implementation of an interactive real-time wireless communication system. In this paper, a generic real-time wireless communication system was designed and developed for short and long term remote patient-monitoring applying wireless protocol. The primary function of this system is to monitor the temperature and Heart Beat of the Patient and the Data collected by the sensors are sent to the Microcontroller. The Microcontroller transmits the data over the air. At the receiving end a receiver is used to receive the data and it is decoded and fed to Microcontroller, which is then displayed over the LCD display. If there is a dangerous change in patient's status an alarm is also sounded. The paper deals with the design and development of hardware and software for temperature and heartbeat measurement of a patient over LCD.
IRJET- Industrial Safety Device for Employees in Overhead Bridge Crane us...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed industrial safety device for overhead bridge cranes using RF modules. It aims to reduce accidents caused by cranes, which account for around 70% of industrial accidents. The proposed system uses a wireless remote control with an RF transmitter and receiver to control the crane movements like forward, reverse, and emergency stop. It is powered by an ATMEGA328 microcontroller and consists of a transmitter section with buttons and an encoder and a receiver section with a decoder. The receiver decodes the radio signals and controls motors to move the crane. This wireless system is intended to improve safety compared to wired controls by reducing risks of short circuits or line of sight issues.
The multiple applications (Forest, Industrial, Home) sector being the backbone of the security system. Security systems which are being used now a day are not smart enough to provide real time notification after sensing the problem. This Project is very useful in industrial monitoring system, forest safety and controlling an application. The Processing Sensor analysis of PIR sensors, Fire, air, temp sensors based multiple sector Analysis industrial, human identification and Any Identification Indicate LCD Display and Web camera Based Any Problem Capture Stored Image Data base. In the present work a PIC Microcontroller based the remote irrigation system is developing for the multiple process. The microcontroller use to controlling and displaying the resultant sensor values LCD Display Identifying System.
Application of Microcontroller in Transmitter Section of Wireless Systemijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
A microprocessor uses binary, representing numbers as combinations of 0s and 1s, to avoid errors from electrical noise. If it counted using varying voltage levels like a decimal system, small fluctuations in voltage could cause incorrect results. For example, 4 + 4 could be incorrectly calculated as 7.5 due to noise. Microprocessors instead use two distinct voltage levels, high and low, to represent the binary digits 1 and 0 with no ambiguity between levels. This ensures calculations are noise-immune.
wind based measurement and uncertainity using kalman filteringPrasanna Nataraj
This document describes a project report on wind-based measurement and uncertainty analysis using Kalman filtering. It includes an introduction, block diagram, block diagram description, circuit diagram, circuit description, PCB design description, software tools used, advantages, conclusion, bibliography, project estimation, and appendix. The block diagram description explains the microcontroller, windmill, sensors, and other components. The circuit diagram description explains the power supply, LCD interface, relay, and other circuits.
Design Efficient Wireless Monitoring Platform for Recycling Point SpotsIJMTST Journal
There is a growing demand for low cost, very low power and reduced size monitoring systems with
wireless communications, to be used in different kinds of industrial environments. In several countries waste
separation and recycling is a major issue. Consequently, the number of recycling spots has been steadily
increasing. In order to ensure that recycle bins are properly maintained, several monitoring solutions have
been proposed. These still have several limitations, such as requiring wires for power and/or communications
and not being able to fit in all existing types of bins. This paper presents WECO, a wireless embedded solution
for monitoring the level of the bins located in recycling spots. The proposed system automatically alerts a
remote central station when a bin reaches a programmable filling level, thus avoiding the need to spot check
if the bin is full and ensuring that the recycling spot is kept clean. The developed prototype required
hardware-software co-design and aimed to meet the above mentioned requirements, resorting to the IEEE
802.15.4 protocol for wireless communications between all nodes in the network, each based on a
System-On-Chip CC2530 from Texas Instruments. Due to its wireless nature, the architecture requires a
battery for power supplying the nodes, with a life time of at least six years. The filling level readings of each
bin in a recycling spot are made using an ultrasonic sensor. The data collected by the monitoring platform is
then sent to the remote central station that processes it in order to optimize routes and establish a scheduled
collection of the recycling spots.
This document describes a design for a PIC microcontroller-based Ethernet interface to control industrial parameters. The design consists of three main modules: an SPI communication module to interface sensors to the PIC, a controller module using the PIC microcontroller, and an Ethernet interface module using an ENC28J60 Ethernet controller chip. The sensor data is read using SPI, converted to ASCII format by the PIC, and transmitted over Ethernet to allow monitoring via a PC. This network interface allows existing SPI devices to be integrated into an industrial monitoring system and transmit sensor data remotely over a local area network.
Biomedical Parameter Transfer Using Wireless Communicationijsrd.com
In spite of the improvement of communication link and despite all progress in advanced communication technologies, there are still very few functioning commercial wireless monitoring systems, which are most off-line, and there are still a number of issues to deal with. Therefore, there is a strong need for investigating the possibility of design and implementation of an interactive real-time wireless communication system. In this paper, a generic real-time wireless communication system was designed and developed for short and long term remote patient-monitoring applying wireless protocol. The primary function of this system is to monitor the temperature and Heart Beat of the Patient and the Data collected by the sensors are sent to the Microcontroller. The Microcontroller transmits the data over the air. At the receiving end a receiver is used to receive the data and it is decoded and fed to Microcontroller, which is then displayed over the LCD display. If there is a dangerous change in patient's status an alarm is also sounded. The paper deals with the design and development of hardware and software for temperature and heartbeat measurement of a patient over LCD.
IRJET- Industrial Safety Device for Employees in Overhead Bridge Crane us...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed industrial safety device for overhead bridge cranes using RF modules. It aims to reduce accidents caused by cranes, which account for around 70% of industrial accidents. The proposed system uses a wireless remote control with an RF transmitter and receiver to control the crane movements like forward, reverse, and emergency stop. It is powered by an ATMEGA328 microcontroller and consists of a transmitter section with buttons and an encoder and a receiver section with a decoder. The receiver decodes the radio signals and controls motors to move the crane. This wireless system is intended to improve safety compared to wired controls by reducing risks of short circuits or line of sight issues.
The multiple applications (Forest, Industrial, Home) sector being the backbone of the security system. Security systems which are being used now a day are not smart enough to provide real time notification after sensing the problem. This Project is very useful in industrial monitoring system, forest safety and controlling an application. The Processing Sensor analysis of PIR sensors, Fire, air, temp sensors based multiple sector Analysis industrial, human identification and Any Identification Indicate LCD Display and Web camera Based Any Problem Capture Stored Image Data base. In the present work a PIC Microcontroller based the remote irrigation system is developing for the multiple process. The microcontroller use to controlling and displaying the resultant sensor values LCD Display Identifying System.
Application of Microcontroller in Transmitter Section of Wireless Systemijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
A microprocessor uses binary, representing numbers as combinations of 0s and 1s, to avoid errors from electrical noise. If it counted using varying voltage levels like a decimal system, small fluctuations in voltage could cause incorrect results. For example, 4 + 4 could be incorrectly calculated as 7.5 due to noise. Microprocessors instead use two distinct voltage levels, high and low, to represent the binary digits 1 and 0 with no ambiguity between levels. This ensures calculations are noise-immune.
wind based measurement and uncertainity using kalman filteringPrasanna Nataraj
This document describes a project report on wind-based measurement and uncertainty analysis using Kalman filtering. It includes an introduction, block diagram, block diagram description, circuit diagram, circuit description, PCB design description, software tools used, advantages, conclusion, bibliography, project estimation, and appendix. The block diagram description explains the microcontroller, windmill, sensors, and other components. The circuit diagram description explains the power supply, LCD interface, relay, and other circuits.
Ijeee 33-36-surveillance system for coal mines based on wireless sensor networkKumar Goud
Abstract: The foremost critical task for coal mine is of keeping track of miners spread out across a large mining areas .It becomes even difficult when mine tunnels collapse. Many mines use a radio system to track miners, but when a collapse occurs, the base stations connected by a thin wire often are rendered useless. In this project to overcome the demerits of radio system we used wireless technology for tracking the miners. For this purpose a small RF transmitter module is equipped to each person entering a mine. Each transceiver placed in the mine look after the location of miners. The transceivers communicate with base stations through Zigbee module. In addition of tracking the location of miners we also include sensors such as temperature & humidity to intimate the base station & miners when some atmosphere changes occur. Mine operators are now able to monitor the real-time locations of each miner to better pinpoint their locations in the event of an emergency. Even after a full-day of use, mine operators can locate an individual miner within ten feet.
Key Words: Wireless sensor networks (WSN), ZIGBEE, and LPC2148.
The document describes the design of a wireless sensor network using an LPC2103 microcontroller. A wireless sensor node architecture is presented consisting of sensor, processing, communication, and power subsystems. The LPC2103 microcontroller is used as the processing subsystem. Wireless transceiver modules are used for wireless communication between sensor nodes and a wireless sensor interface connected to a PC. The design was implemented using firmware to transmit sensor data packets in real-time to a PC terminal for monitoring. Tests showed the wireless nodes successfully transmitted data as programmed.
IRJET- Ad-hoc Based Outdoor Positioning SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed ad-hoc based outdoor positioning system using wireless nodes. The system would allow nodes carried by people traveling in a group to communicate with each other and a receiver to track locations. Each node acts as both a master and slave and communicates wirelessly using Zigbee. If a node moves out of range of the receiver, an alert is sent to other nodes and the receiver. Temperature sensors on the nodes can also detect surrounding temperature and detect events like wildfires. The system provides an alternative to GPS for tracking locations outdoors and in all environments using less power. It was tested with nodes on trucks communicating alert messages to the receiver when out of range.
Micro controller and dsp processor, Microcontroller, What is Microcontroller , Features of a Microcontroller, Types of Microcontrollers, cisc, risc, Comparison between RISC and CISC, Harvard Memory Architecture Microcontroller, Von Neumann or Princeton Memory Architecture Microcontroller, External memory microcontroller, Embedded memory microcontroller, How does the microcontroller operate, Microcontroller architecture, Applications of Microcontroller, Microcontrollers used in , Various manufacturers of Microcontroller, Advantages and Disadvantages of Microcontroller, Comparing microcontroller and microprocessor, DSP Processor, Digital signal Processor, What is DPS Processor, Components of DSP, Architecture of DSP Processor, How DSP processor works, Advantages and disadvantages of DSP, Application of DSP, APPLICATIONS of DSP, MGCGV, Shubham Mishra
Internet enebled data acquisition and device controleSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents very simple and economical way to monitor and control boilers process used in chemical, pharmaceutical companies remotely with the help of internet. Microcontroller ATmega128 is used to which all sensors and devices are interfaced at its I/O pins. A Stand-Alone Ethernet Controller IC which handles most of the network protocol requirements ENC28J60 is interfaced to the microcontroller using SPI interface and acts as a communication media between microcontroller ATmega128 and remote user. The TCP/IP stack, application source code, and dynamic web page is stored in microcontroller ATmega128. Dynamic webpage is the key element which eliminates physical presence of user in the field and thus saves the labour time and money. Keywords: ATmega128, ENC28J60, TCP/IP, SPI interface, Dynamic webpage.
FPGA based synchronous multi-channel PWM generator for humanoid robot IJECEIAES
In this paper, synchronous multi-channel pulse width modulation (PWM) generator for driving servo motors of humanoid robot was proposed. In an application, the humanoid robot requires smooth and beautiful movement, therefore the PWM signal for each servo motor must be synchronized. Since microcontroller (slave) has no enough channels to generate synchronous PWMs for 32 servo motors, field programmable gate array (FPGA) was used as slave for the humanoid robot. The FPGA was controlled by microcontroller (master) using serial communication. Simulation results show the system can perform serial communication, synchronize, and convert data well. The system can also generate PWM simultaneously with accurate duty cycle and fix period of 20ms.
Low cost smart weather station using Arduino and ZigBeeTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents low cost-effective weather station with monitoring system by using ZigBee communication technique that serves as a communication channel by using hardware and sensors to transmit and receive data in the weather station system. Using ZigBee over the Bluetooth for the short coverage distance about (1-10 m) and over the (WLAN) (wireless local area network) or Wi-Fi, a WLAN has limitation like delay, lacking BW of the handover of a large amount of data, and some areas have no internet coverage. The system includes implementation and design for the weather station using Arduino Uno board and five sensors gives sixth reading data (rain state, wind level, air pressure, dust density, temperature and humidity). The data can be stored in SD card on receiving (clouding and main processing side) from more than one transmitter node (ZigBee Network). It can be retrieved the data in any time and date. Results showed the system has no delay and the data reputedly changing ever second with the new reading.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a wireless sensor network developed for temperature measurement using ARM architecture. Sensor nodes contain an ARM9 microprocessor, temperature sensor, and WiFi transmitter to acquire temperature readings and transmit them wirelessly. Readings are received by an ARM receiver and stored on an SD card. The network allows monitoring temperature information across an area. The system takes advantage of WiFi for wireless communication, SD cards for storage, and an ARM9 processor for control and processing. This wireless sensor network provides remote temperature monitoring for applications like vehicles.
Presentation on History of Microcontroller(Updated - 2)ALPESH MARU
The document provides a history of microcontrollers beginning with the development of the first microprocessor by Intel in the early 1970s. It then discusses how Texas Instruments engineer Gary Boone developed the first single-chip microcontroller called the TMS1802NC in the early 1970s. The document outlines some of the key developments in microcontrollers over subsequent decades, including Intel's 8048 and 8051 microcontrollers, the introduction of EEPROM and flash memory technologies, and modern microcontrollers used in various applications today.
GSM based agriculture monitoring systemIRJET Journal
This document describes an agriculture monitoring system that uses sensors to measure soil moisture and temperature, and sends alerts via SMS if the measurements exceed thresholds. The system includes an Arduino board connected to sensors for soil moisture and temperature, as well as a GSM module. The sensors continuously monitor conditions and transmit readings to users' phones via the GSM module if the moisture or temperature levels go above or below set points. This low-cost system allows small farmers to remotely monitor field conditions without expensive dedicated equipment.
This document describes a remote surveillance monitoring system that uses a programmable logic controller (PLC) to control a stepper motor with an IP wireless camera mounted on it. The PLC rotates the stepper motor to pan the camera and capture images of the remote area. The camera transmits the images over a wireless network to a personal computer for monitoring. The system allows real-time remote surveillance of a location through automated panning of the wireless camera controlled by the PLC and stepper motor.
Design of safety and surviellance system for underground coal mines using low...Mohd Faiz
The document describes a proposed safety and surveillance system for underground coal mines using low power wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The system would use sensors to monitor temperature, humidity, methane levels, and the number of personnel. If sensor readings exceed safety thresholds, the system would activate alarms and send urgent messages via Bluetooth to a ground control terminal to warn of dangerous conditions. The proposed system aims to improve safety monitoring and reduce accidents in underground coal mines through automatic detection and alerts.
Master slave autonomous surveillance bot for military applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Defense and surveillance are some of the most important aspects in today's society. In a place where knowledge translates to power, having a little more information can make a lot of difference in the outcome of any conflict. Therefore, the military is always looking for new technologies to improve their preparedness for any event. Knowing their surroundings and the battlefield well beforehand can turn the tables on the battlefront and can possibly save lives. In this paper, the protocol for detection and wireless transmission of this data has been illustrated and the various problem statements regarding locomotion, ranging, defense, temperature, moisture and various other parameters have been resolved and implemented. The intercommunication between master and slave bots is demonstrated and used to transmit and receive data and instructions to one another. The bots perform tasks that would normally be too extreme for humans to do. All the information is also stored as a database while some of the data can also be published for the information of the public. Keywords - Defense, surveillance, sensors communication, master-slave robots
Implementation of vehicle ventilation system using NodeMCU ESP8266 for remote...journalBEEI
In this paper, an implementation of vehicle ventilation system using microcontroller NodeMCU is described, as an internet of things (IoT) platform. A low-cost wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) microchip ESP8266 integrated with NodeMCU provides full-stack transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) to communicate between mobile applications. This chip is capable to monitor and control sensor devices connected to the IoT platform. In this reserach, data was collected from a temperature sensor integrated to the platform, which then monitored using Blynk application. The vehicle ventilation system was activated/deactivated through mobile application and controlled using ON/OFF commands sent to the connected devices. From the results, the vehicle ventilation system built using NodeMCU microcontroller is capable to provide near real-time data monitoring for temperature in the car before and after the ventilation system was applied.
My solution for this involves IoT device fixed on the safety jacket which is called Smart safety jacket.The Smart Safety Jacket enables complete safety of the employees working in mining and construction industries by installing a different type of sensors like Temperature sensor, Humidity sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, Motion sensor, Gas sensor, Sound sensor, RFID, Emergency Panel, and Notification Panel. These sensors connected to the network through Wi-Fi makes more relevant and valuable ever than before. In case of emergency, immediate notification will be sent to an admin who is monitoring entire miners in the mining industry and immediate action will be taken to rescue miner from the hazard.
The whole process can be stated in two points.
1. The miner has to wear the smart safety jacket (connected with the sensors) which is connected to the control room via a network.
2. A Monitor in the control room who is continuously monitoring the miners and the mining site should check the hazard status and alert and rescue the miners in case of any critical situation.
Thus the mining environment and miners will be protected from the hazard.
Development of Distributed Mains Monitoring and Switching System for Indus Co...iosrjce
Indus Complex at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) has two synchrotron
radiation sources, Indus-1 and Indus-2. Microtron is injector to both the machines which sends electron pulses
to the Booster. A new, microcontroller based, distributed mains monitoring and switching system is developed
for Indus complex. It facilitates remote monitoring and switching of AC power switches to various subsystems. It
includes interfacing with power switches/Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) of Indus machine subsystems. This
work involves development of hardware, firmware for microcontroller, implementation of communication
protocol; LabVIEW based server and client application. The developed system allows remote monitoring and
switching of MCBs from main control room.
Integrated Mine Safety Monitoring and Alerting System Using Zigbee & Can BusIOSR Journals
1. The document describes an integrated mine safety monitoring and alerting system that uses Zigbee and CAN bus technology.
2. The system aims to improve mine safety monitoring by integrating personnel positioning, gas detection, and other functions into a single wireless network.
3. Sensors attached to miners' helmets would detect environmental parameters like temperature, gas levels, and transmit data via Zigbee to a base station for monitoring and alerting purposes if thresholds are exceeded. CAN bus is used to improve communication speed between nodes.
The microprocessor is a chip that processes data using built-in transistors and cache. Microprocessors come in different types like CISC and RISC based on the number of instructions. Intel Pentium microprocessors power everyday applications while Intel Celeron microprocessors are more economical. Microprocessors connect to the motherboard via different sockets and slots and can be configured, upgraded, and troubleshot.
IRJET- Low Powered Radio Frequency and PIR Sensor based Security DeviceIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a low-powered wireless security device using a radio frequency (RF) transmitter and passive infrared (PIR) sensor. The system is divided into two hardware units - a sensor unit with PIR sensors interfaced to an RF transmitter, and a computational unit with a microcontroller interfaced to an RF receiver and alarm system. The microcontroller-based system detects intruders via the PIR sensors and wirelessly transmits a signal to trigger an alarm. It aims to provide security with low power consumption to operate on batteries for longer. The system was tested and able to detect movement at distances up to 7 meters with components operating between 4-12 volts and power consumption as low as 1.
Application of Zigbee in Smart Home with Dynamic Routing AlgorithmNooria Sukmaningtyas
In order to avoid damaging the walls and bore a hole through the walls, also to save the cost of
rewiring, low voltage power line can be used to implement the smart home. However, several difficult
problem must be solved at the same time , the most important are finding a technology method to
suppress the noise interference and resist the weaker signal. The smart home system is introduced in the
paper. During the design of Smart Home System adopting power line signal carrier, a dynamic routine
algorithm based on the idea of Genetic Algorithm is proposed to cope with the time-varying and random
feature of power line channel. Thus the system can find the transmission path in real time and dispatch the
signal carrier to transmit among the nodes. With this algorithm, the communication between a certain
group-controller and its terminal nodes or between the main-controller and the group-controllers is realized
successfully. In the proposed algorithm all nodes but the controller adopt same driver, therefore the plug
and play is realized for all nodes.
The document describes a new method for optimizing binary tree representations of logic functions to improve throughput. The method aims to reduce logic depth by minimizing delay through grouping Boolean terms with high literal matching. Experimental results on FPGA show the method achieves 10-13% higher maximum throughput and 44-45% lower resource usage compared to an existing method.
The document presents an aircraft gas turbine engine (GTE) condition monitoring system that uses fuzzy logic and neural networks. At the preliminary stage of monitoring, when data is limited and uncertain, fuzzy logic and neural networks are used to estimate GTE condition. Fuzzy multiple linear and nonlinear regression models are developed to more adequately model GTE technical condition. Skewness and kurtosis coefficients of the distributions of GTE operational parameters are analyzed, showing their fuzzy character. Fuzzy correlation and regression analyses are also used. The system provides stage-by-stage estimation of engine technical condition. Testing on a new operating engine estimated its temperature condition accurately.
Ijeee 33-36-surveillance system for coal mines based on wireless sensor networkKumar Goud
Abstract: The foremost critical task for coal mine is of keeping track of miners spread out across a large mining areas .It becomes even difficult when mine tunnels collapse. Many mines use a radio system to track miners, but when a collapse occurs, the base stations connected by a thin wire often are rendered useless. In this project to overcome the demerits of radio system we used wireless technology for tracking the miners. For this purpose a small RF transmitter module is equipped to each person entering a mine. Each transceiver placed in the mine look after the location of miners. The transceivers communicate with base stations through Zigbee module. In addition of tracking the location of miners we also include sensors such as temperature & humidity to intimate the base station & miners when some atmosphere changes occur. Mine operators are now able to monitor the real-time locations of each miner to better pinpoint their locations in the event of an emergency. Even after a full-day of use, mine operators can locate an individual miner within ten feet.
Key Words: Wireless sensor networks (WSN), ZIGBEE, and LPC2148.
The document describes the design of a wireless sensor network using an LPC2103 microcontroller. A wireless sensor node architecture is presented consisting of sensor, processing, communication, and power subsystems. The LPC2103 microcontroller is used as the processing subsystem. Wireless transceiver modules are used for wireless communication between sensor nodes and a wireless sensor interface connected to a PC. The design was implemented using firmware to transmit sensor data packets in real-time to a PC terminal for monitoring. Tests showed the wireless nodes successfully transmitted data as programmed.
IRJET- Ad-hoc Based Outdoor Positioning SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed ad-hoc based outdoor positioning system using wireless nodes. The system would allow nodes carried by people traveling in a group to communicate with each other and a receiver to track locations. Each node acts as both a master and slave and communicates wirelessly using Zigbee. If a node moves out of range of the receiver, an alert is sent to other nodes and the receiver. Temperature sensors on the nodes can also detect surrounding temperature and detect events like wildfires. The system provides an alternative to GPS for tracking locations outdoors and in all environments using less power. It was tested with nodes on trucks communicating alert messages to the receiver when out of range.
Micro controller and dsp processor, Microcontroller, What is Microcontroller , Features of a Microcontroller, Types of Microcontrollers, cisc, risc, Comparison between RISC and CISC, Harvard Memory Architecture Microcontroller, Von Neumann or Princeton Memory Architecture Microcontroller, External memory microcontroller, Embedded memory microcontroller, How does the microcontroller operate, Microcontroller architecture, Applications of Microcontroller, Microcontrollers used in , Various manufacturers of Microcontroller, Advantages and Disadvantages of Microcontroller, Comparing microcontroller and microprocessor, DSP Processor, Digital signal Processor, What is DPS Processor, Components of DSP, Architecture of DSP Processor, How DSP processor works, Advantages and disadvantages of DSP, Application of DSP, APPLICATIONS of DSP, MGCGV, Shubham Mishra
Internet enebled data acquisition and device controleSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents very simple and economical way to monitor and control boilers process used in chemical, pharmaceutical companies remotely with the help of internet. Microcontroller ATmega128 is used to which all sensors and devices are interfaced at its I/O pins. A Stand-Alone Ethernet Controller IC which handles most of the network protocol requirements ENC28J60 is interfaced to the microcontroller using SPI interface and acts as a communication media between microcontroller ATmega128 and remote user. The TCP/IP stack, application source code, and dynamic web page is stored in microcontroller ATmega128. Dynamic webpage is the key element which eliminates physical presence of user in the field and thus saves the labour time and money. Keywords: ATmega128, ENC28J60, TCP/IP, SPI interface, Dynamic webpage.
FPGA based synchronous multi-channel PWM generator for humanoid robot IJECEIAES
In this paper, synchronous multi-channel pulse width modulation (PWM) generator for driving servo motors of humanoid robot was proposed. In an application, the humanoid robot requires smooth and beautiful movement, therefore the PWM signal for each servo motor must be synchronized. Since microcontroller (slave) has no enough channels to generate synchronous PWMs for 32 servo motors, field programmable gate array (FPGA) was used as slave for the humanoid robot. The FPGA was controlled by microcontroller (master) using serial communication. Simulation results show the system can perform serial communication, synchronize, and convert data well. The system can also generate PWM simultaneously with accurate duty cycle and fix period of 20ms.
Low cost smart weather station using Arduino and ZigBeeTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents low cost-effective weather station with monitoring system by using ZigBee communication technique that serves as a communication channel by using hardware and sensors to transmit and receive data in the weather station system. Using ZigBee over the Bluetooth for the short coverage distance about (1-10 m) and over the (WLAN) (wireless local area network) or Wi-Fi, a WLAN has limitation like delay, lacking BW of the handover of a large amount of data, and some areas have no internet coverage. The system includes implementation and design for the weather station using Arduino Uno board and five sensors gives sixth reading data (rain state, wind level, air pressure, dust density, temperature and humidity). The data can be stored in SD card on receiving (clouding and main processing side) from more than one transmitter node (ZigBee Network). It can be retrieved the data in any time and date. Results showed the system has no delay and the data reputedly changing ever second with the new reading.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a wireless sensor network developed for temperature measurement using ARM architecture. Sensor nodes contain an ARM9 microprocessor, temperature sensor, and WiFi transmitter to acquire temperature readings and transmit them wirelessly. Readings are received by an ARM receiver and stored on an SD card. The network allows monitoring temperature information across an area. The system takes advantage of WiFi for wireless communication, SD cards for storage, and an ARM9 processor for control and processing. This wireless sensor network provides remote temperature monitoring for applications like vehicles.
Presentation on History of Microcontroller(Updated - 2)ALPESH MARU
The document provides a history of microcontrollers beginning with the development of the first microprocessor by Intel in the early 1970s. It then discusses how Texas Instruments engineer Gary Boone developed the first single-chip microcontroller called the TMS1802NC in the early 1970s. The document outlines some of the key developments in microcontrollers over subsequent decades, including Intel's 8048 and 8051 microcontrollers, the introduction of EEPROM and flash memory technologies, and modern microcontrollers used in various applications today.
GSM based agriculture monitoring systemIRJET Journal
This document describes an agriculture monitoring system that uses sensors to measure soil moisture and temperature, and sends alerts via SMS if the measurements exceed thresholds. The system includes an Arduino board connected to sensors for soil moisture and temperature, as well as a GSM module. The sensors continuously monitor conditions and transmit readings to users' phones via the GSM module if the moisture or temperature levels go above or below set points. This low-cost system allows small farmers to remotely monitor field conditions without expensive dedicated equipment.
This document describes a remote surveillance monitoring system that uses a programmable logic controller (PLC) to control a stepper motor with an IP wireless camera mounted on it. The PLC rotates the stepper motor to pan the camera and capture images of the remote area. The camera transmits the images over a wireless network to a personal computer for monitoring. The system allows real-time remote surveillance of a location through automated panning of the wireless camera controlled by the PLC and stepper motor.
Design of safety and surviellance system for underground coal mines using low...Mohd Faiz
The document describes a proposed safety and surveillance system for underground coal mines using low power wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The system would use sensors to monitor temperature, humidity, methane levels, and the number of personnel. If sensor readings exceed safety thresholds, the system would activate alarms and send urgent messages via Bluetooth to a ground control terminal to warn of dangerous conditions. The proposed system aims to improve safety monitoring and reduce accidents in underground coal mines through automatic detection and alerts.
Master slave autonomous surveillance bot for military applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Defense and surveillance are some of the most important aspects in today's society. In a place where knowledge translates to power, having a little more information can make a lot of difference in the outcome of any conflict. Therefore, the military is always looking for new technologies to improve their preparedness for any event. Knowing their surroundings and the battlefield well beforehand can turn the tables on the battlefront and can possibly save lives. In this paper, the protocol for detection and wireless transmission of this data has been illustrated and the various problem statements regarding locomotion, ranging, defense, temperature, moisture and various other parameters have been resolved and implemented. The intercommunication between master and slave bots is demonstrated and used to transmit and receive data and instructions to one another. The bots perform tasks that would normally be too extreme for humans to do. All the information is also stored as a database while some of the data can also be published for the information of the public. Keywords - Defense, surveillance, sensors communication, master-slave robots
Implementation of vehicle ventilation system using NodeMCU ESP8266 for remote...journalBEEI
In this paper, an implementation of vehicle ventilation system using microcontroller NodeMCU is described, as an internet of things (IoT) platform. A low-cost wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) microchip ESP8266 integrated with NodeMCU provides full-stack transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) to communicate between mobile applications. This chip is capable to monitor and control sensor devices connected to the IoT platform. In this reserach, data was collected from a temperature sensor integrated to the platform, which then monitored using Blynk application. The vehicle ventilation system was activated/deactivated through mobile application and controlled using ON/OFF commands sent to the connected devices. From the results, the vehicle ventilation system built using NodeMCU microcontroller is capable to provide near real-time data monitoring for temperature in the car before and after the ventilation system was applied.
My solution for this involves IoT device fixed on the safety jacket which is called Smart safety jacket.The Smart Safety Jacket enables complete safety of the employees working in mining and construction industries by installing a different type of sensors like Temperature sensor, Humidity sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, Motion sensor, Gas sensor, Sound sensor, RFID, Emergency Panel, and Notification Panel. These sensors connected to the network through Wi-Fi makes more relevant and valuable ever than before. In case of emergency, immediate notification will be sent to an admin who is monitoring entire miners in the mining industry and immediate action will be taken to rescue miner from the hazard.
The whole process can be stated in two points.
1. The miner has to wear the smart safety jacket (connected with the sensors) which is connected to the control room via a network.
2. A Monitor in the control room who is continuously monitoring the miners and the mining site should check the hazard status and alert and rescue the miners in case of any critical situation.
Thus the mining environment and miners will be protected from the hazard.
Development of Distributed Mains Monitoring and Switching System for Indus Co...iosrjce
Indus Complex at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) has two synchrotron
radiation sources, Indus-1 and Indus-2. Microtron is injector to both the machines which sends electron pulses
to the Booster. A new, microcontroller based, distributed mains monitoring and switching system is developed
for Indus complex. It facilitates remote monitoring and switching of AC power switches to various subsystems. It
includes interfacing with power switches/Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) of Indus machine subsystems. This
work involves development of hardware, firmware for microcontroller, implementation of communication
protocol; LabVIEW based server and client application. The developed system allows remote monitoring and
switching of MCBs from main control room.
Integrated Mine Safety Monitoring and Alerting System Using Zigbee & Can BusIOSR Journals
1. The document describes an integrated mine safety monitoring and alerting system that uses Zigbee and CAN bus technology.
2. The system aims to improve mine safety monitoring by integrating personnel positioning, gas detection, and other functions into a single wireless network.
3. Sensors attached to miners' helmets would detect environmental parameters like temperature, gas levels, and transmit data via Zigbee to a base station for monitoring and alerting purposes if thresholds are exceeded. CAN bus is used to improve communication speed between nodes.
The microprocessor is a chip that processes data using built-in transistors and cache. Microprocessors come in different types like CISC and RISC based on the number of instructions. Intel Pentium microprocessors power everyday applications while Intel Celeron microprocessors are more economical. Microprocessors connect to the motherboard via different sockets and slots and can be configured, upgraded, and troubleshot.
IRJET- Low Powered Radio Frequency and PIR Sensor based Security DeviceIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a low-powered wireless security device using a radio frequency (RF) transmitter and passive infrared (PIR) sensor. The system is divided into two hardware units - a sensor unit with PIR sensors interfaced to an RF transmitter, and a computational unit with a microcontroller interfaced to an RF receiver and alarm system. The microcontroller-based system detects intruders via the PIR sensors and wirelessly transmits a signal to trigger an alarm. It aims to provide security with low power consumption to operate on batteries for longer. The system was tested and able to detect movement at distances up to 7 meters with components operating between 4-12 volts and power consumption as low as 1.
Application of Zigbee in Smart Home with Dynamic Routing AlgorithmNooria Sukmaningtyas
In order to avoid damaging the walls and bore a hole through the walls, also to save the cost of
rewiring, low voltage power line can be used to implement the smart home. However, several difficult
problem must be solved at the same time , the most important are finding a technology method to
suppress the noise interference and resist the weaker signal. The smart home system is introduced in the
paper. During the design of Smart Home System adopting power line signal carrier, a dynamic routine
algorithm based on the idea of Genetic Algorithm is proposed to cope with the time-varying and random
feature of power line channel. Thus the system can find the transmission path in real time and dispatch the
signal carrier to transmit among the nodes. With this algorithm, the communication between a certain
group-controller and its terminal nodes or between the main-controller and the group-controllers is realized
successfully. In the proposed algorithm all nodes but the controller adopt same driver, therefore the plug
and play is realized for all nodes.
The document describes a new method for optimizing binary tree representations of logic functions to improve throughput. The method aims to reduce logic depth by minimizing delay through grouping Boolean terms with high literal matching. Experimental results on FPGA show the method achieves 10-13% higher maximum throughput and 44-45% lower resource usage compared to an existing method.
The document presents an aircraft gas turbine engine (GTE) condition monitoring system that uses fuzzy logic and neural networks. At the preliminary stage of monitoring, when data is limited and uncertain, fuzzy logic and neural networks are used to estimate GTE condition. Fuzzy multiple linear and nonlinear regression models are developed to more adequately model GTE technical condition. Skewness and kurtosis coefficients of the distributions of GTE operational parameters are analyzed, showing their fuzzy character. Fuzzy correlation and regression analyses are also used. The system provides stage-by-stage estimation of engine technical condition. Testing on a new operating engine estimated its temperature condition accurately.
This document summarizes an article that proposes an adaptive nonlinear filtering technique for image restoration. It begins by discussing common types of image noise and degradation models. It then discusses existing median filtering and adaptive filtering techniques that aim to remove noise while preserving edges. The paper proposes a new adaptive length median/mean algorithm that can simultaneously remove noise artifacts like impulses, strip lines, drop lines, band missing, and blotches. It detects corrupted pixels and evaluates new pixels to replace them. The algorithm switches between median and mean filtering depending on noise levels to better preserve details. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated based on metrics like mean square error and peak signal-to-noise ratio. The algorithm is found to outperform standard techniques in
This document describes e-collaborative learning circles, which are small, diverse groups of 8-10 people that meet regularly online over weeks or months to collaborate on educational projects. The key points are:
- E-collaborative learning circles allow global partners like teachers and students to work together online to improve research, learning, and teaching skills.
- They follow a process that includes preparing, opening, working/learning together, planning outcomes, and closing. Students communicate to discuss projects and provide feedback.
- The goals are to enhance learning through international understanding and cultural exchange, while also developing language and ICT skills.
This document summarizes the application of computational intelligence techniques like genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization for solving economic load dispatch problems. It first applies a real-coded genetic algorithm to minimize generation costs for a 6-generator test system with continuous fuel cost equations, showing superiority over quadratic programming. It then uses particle swarm optimization to minimize costs for a 10-generator system with each generator having discontinuous fuel options, showing better results than other published methods. The document provides background on economic load dispatch problems and optimization techniques like quadratic programming, genetic algorithms, and particle swarm optimization.
Mimo system-order-reduction-using-real-coded-genetic-algorithmCemal Ardil
This document describes a method for reducing the order of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems using real-coded genetic algorithms. The method aims to minimize the integral square error between the transient responses of the original and reduced order models. It treats both the numerator and denominator parameters of the reduced order model as free parameters to be optimized. A real-coded genetic algorithm is used to search for the parameter values that minimize the error. The method is illustrated with an example and shown to produce results comparable to other established order reduction techniques while guaranteeing stability of the reduced model.
A simplified-single-correlator-rake-receiver-for-cdma-communicationsCemal Ardil
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a simplified single correlator RAKE receiver for CDMA communications. The receiver uses a single correlator and code generator, rather than multiple correlators as in conventional RAKE receivers. It spreads data using modified Walsh-Hadamard codes, which provide better uncorrelation between multipath signals. Simulation results showed the proposed receiver achieves lower bit error rates than conventional RAKE receivers when receiving multiple multipath signals.
This document discusses using repeated simulations of a crisp neural network to obtain quasi-fuzzy weight sets (QFWS) that can be used to initialize fuzzy neural networks. The key points are:
1) A crisp neural network is repeatedly trained on input-output data to model an unknown function. The connection weights change with each simulation.
2) Recording the weights from multiple simulations produces quasi-fuzzy weight sets, where each weight is a fuzzy set rather than a single value.
3) These QFWS can provide initial solutions for training type-I fuzzy neural networks with reduced computational complexity compared to random initialization.
4) The QFWS follow fuzzy arithmetic and allow both numerical and linguistic data to
Development of-new-control-techniques-for-vibration-isolation-of-structures-u...Cemal Ardil
The document discusses the development of new control techniques for vibration isolation of structures using smart materials. It summarizes previous research that showed isolation reduces acceleration and forces in structures but increases sliding displacement at low excitation frequencies. The paper then presents a study of a space frame structure on sliding bearings with a restoring force device. The results show the restoring force device reduces displacement of the structure and peak acceleration, bending moment, and base shear values compared to a structure without the device. The simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the developed isolation method.
What is Microcontroller, Microcontroller vs Microprocessor, Development/Classication of microcontrollers, Harvard vs. Princeton Architecture, RISC AND CISC CONTROLLERS
Features of RISC, Microcontroller for Embedded Systems
10 x86 PC Embedded Applications, Choosing a Microcontroller
Criteria for Choosing a Microcontroller, Mechatronics, and Microcontrollers, A brief history of the PIC microcontroller, PIC Microcontrollers, Feature: PIC16F877, Simplied Features.
The document discusses data acquisition systems. It provides an overview of data acquisition hardware and software. The key points are:
1. Data acquisition systems are used to measure or control physical characteristics in the real world by acquiring data through sensors, conditioning signals, converting to digital, and storing.
2. Data acquisition hardware interfaces sensors to a computer and can include modules, cards, and standards like CAMAC, Ethernet, and USB.
3. Data acquisition software is needed for the hardware to work with a PC and includes programming languages like C++, BASIC, and LabView.
4. Benefits of data acquisition systems include reduced data redundancy, improved integrity, and lower costs.
The document discusses the application of microcontrollers in the transmitter section of a wireless temperature monitoring system. It describes how the microcontroller controls various modules like the temperature sensor, analog to digital converter, and wireless transmitter. The temperature sensor measures the analog temperature signal which is converted to digital by the ADC and sent to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then processes the digital signal and transmits it via the wireless transmitter module at 433.92MHz to a receiver. The wireless system allows temperature monitoring from remote locations without physical wires.
This document summarizes a report submitted by Amiyodyuti ganguly for their 5th semester diploma in electronics and communication from Dayananda Sagar Institute of Technology in Bangalore. The report discusses the history and development of microprocessors from early specialized designs like the CADC from 1968 used in aircraft, to early general purpose microprocessors like the Intel 4004 introduced in 1971. It covers the evolution of microprocessor designs from 4-bit to 8-bit to 16-bit and beyond, as well as the integration of additional components like floating point units and cache memory.
A PIC compatible RISC CPU core Implementation for FPGA based Configurable SOC...IDES Editor
Modern embedded systems are built around the soft
core processors implemented on FPGA. The FPGAs being
capable of implementing custom hardware blocks giving the
advantage of ASICs, and allowing the implementation of
processor platform are resulting in powerful Configurablesystem
on chip(C-SoC)platforms. The Microchip’s PIC
microcontroller is very widely used microcontroller
architecture across various embedded systems. The
implementation of such core on FPGA is very much useful in
CSOC based embedded systems. This type of designs can be
widely used in those controlling fields demanding low power
consumption and high ratio of performance to price. In this
project a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) CPU IP
core whose instructions are compatible with the Microchip
PIC16C6Xseries of microcontrollers is implemented in VHDL.
The core is based on 8-bit RISC architecture and top-Down
design methodology is used in developing the core. The RISC
CPU core is based on Harvard architecture with 14-bit
instruction length and 8-bit data length and two-stage
instruction pipeline. The architecture will be designed aiming
at single cycle execution of the instructions, except those
related to program branches. Since this type of CPU based on
RISC architecture, there are only 35 reduced instructions in
its instruction set, which are easy to be learned and used. The
performance of the 8-bit RISC CPU is better than those of
CPUs which are based on CISC architecture. Modelsim Xilinx
Edition (MXE) will be used simulation and functional
verification. The Xilinx Spartan-3E FPGAs will be used
synthesis and timing analysis. The results will be verified on
chip with chipscope tool.
Design of a low power processor for Embedded system applicationsROHIT89352
The document describes the design of a low power processor for embedded systems. It uses clock gating techniques and a standby mode to reduce power consumption. The processor is designed based on a modified MIPS microarchitecture and can operate using the RV32E instruction set. It has been implemented at the register transfer level in Verilog and synthesized into an 180nm CMOS technology. The processor consumes 189uA in normal mode and 11.1uA in standby mode, achieving low power operation.
This article proposes a closer-to-metal approach of RTL inspection in microprocessor
design for use in education, engineering, and research. Signals of interest are tapped
throughout the microprocessor hierarchical design and are then output to the top-level
entity and finally displayed to a VGA monitor. Input clock signal can be fed as slow as
one wish to trace or debug the microprocessor being designed. An FPGA development
board, along with its accompanying software package, is used as the design and
test platform. The use of VHDL commands ’type’ and ’record’ in the hierarchy
provides key ingredients in the overall design, since this allows simple, clean, and
tractable code. The method is tested on MIPS single-cycle microprocessor blueprint.
The result shows that the technique produces more consistent display of the true
contents of registers, ALU input/output signals, and other wires – compared to the
standard, widely-used simulation method. This approach is expected to increase
confidence in students and designers since the reported signals’ values are the true
values. Its use is not limited to the development of microprocessors; every FPGAbased
digital design can benefit from it.
Design and implementation of microcontroller in fpga for io tIJARIIT
This document discusses the design and implementation of a microcontroller in an FPGA for Internet of Things applications. It begins with an introduction to sensor nodes, microcontrollers and FPGAs. It then reviews literature on microcontroller architectures and FPGA design. The paper describes developing a behavioral model of an 8-bit microcontroller in VHDL and synthesizing it for the Xilinx Spartan 3E FPGA. Simulation results showed the basic functionality of the microcontroller was achieved. The modular VHDL design allows expanding it to develop more advanced microcontrollers.
Microprocessor and Microcontroller Based Systems.pptTALHARIAZ46
The document discusses microcontrollers and the PIC microcontroller architecture. It begins by defining a microcontroller and distinguishing it from a microprocessor. A microcontroller is designed to perform simple control functions and contains peripherals like I/O, timers, and analog components integrated onto a single chip. The rest of the document details the architecture of the PIC microcontroller, including its instruction set, programming, applications, and features of the popular PIC16F84A model.
As many of the industries use induction motors. So, controlling of induction motor plays a very vital role. So,
our project concentrates on controlling the speed of induction motor using Android phone remotely by the help of the
Bluetooth technology. We use Android application which uses Bluetooth to connect to the Bluetooth modem of
control circuit which is connected to the motor. Bluetooth modem is interfaced with microcontroller. The Bluetooth
slave modem receives the command from the mobile phone. The Bluetooth modem sends the signal to the
Microcontroller. The Microcontroller decodes the signal and sends to the relays. Then, respective relay operates to
change the speed of Induction motor from 0% to 100%.
We are not only controlling the speed of the Induction motor, using feedback network we can also detect the
over temperature, high voltage, low voltage, MCB tripping on account of any faults. And we are also adding an extra
application which is very important in industries. That is, monitoring of phase lines. Because these types of
uncertainties like over temperature, high voltage, low voltage etc are likely to happen in Industries. So, this project
will be very helpful in industries, house hold, shopping malls etc.
This document describes the design and implementation of a voice activated, programmable, multipurpose robot. The robot uses a microcontroller and various integrated circuits to enable voice control and wireless control via dual-tone multi-frequency signaling. The document provides details on the circuit design and components, software design in C and Assembly languages, and concludes the robot demonstrates satisfactory performance for applications such as guiding visitors or patients.
This document describes the design and implementation of a voice activated, programmable, multipurpose robot. The robot uses a microcontroller and various integrated circuits to enable voice control and wireless control via dual-tone multi-frequency signaling. The document provides details on the circuit design and components, software design in C and Assembly languages, and concludes the robot demonstrates satisfactory performance for applications such as guiding visitors or patients.
Wireless energy meter monitoring with automated tariff calculationUdayalakshmi JK
Electricity billing has become a difficult task. The board has to make regular visit to the consumers house to make the reading. Also it can cause manual error. Now here we are monitoring the energy meter with modern techniques. The total energy consumed by the consumer and the consumption cost is known to the consumer and to the board by means of a hand held device.
This study paper portrays a fresh approach for
a course and laboratory design to establish low cost prototypes
and other entrenched devices that accentuate virtual
programmable logic device (VPLD), object oriented java and
real time processing tactics. JAVA is used for software
development. The study encompasses the use of host and node
application. A high performance, low power AVR with high
endurance non-volatile memory segments and with an advance
RISC structure is used to construct prototypes. The paperwork
deals with the VPLD board which is capable to work as
corresponding digital logic analyzer, equation parser, standard
digital IC and design wave studio
STMicroelectronics provides the STM32L4 family of low-power
microcontrollers based on the ARM Cortex M4 architecture. This project uses the STM32L476RG microcontroller as the core piece for the management of a tank water-level & temperature monitoring system. For the detecting the tank water-level is used the HCSR04 ultra-sonic ranging device
whereas for the temperature is used the water-proof DS18B20 thermometer which goes immersed below the water. The system also includes an U-Blox NEO-6M GPS receiver which keeps track of the location where the system is operating. In order to carry out the development tasks it was used the
STM32CubeMX framework and the System Workbench 4 IDE which provide an easy & professional environment. It was taken into advantage the several microcontroller capabilities such as the different clock sources, the UART interfaces and the management of different general input/output ports among others in order to make a correct system configuration. The
first section of this work makes a description of the microcontroller & the project general structure. The second section describes the GPS module. The third section explains the temperature module. The fourth section addresses
the water-level module, and finally the fifth section describes the implementation of a system terminal for interacting with the user.
Handicapped Assistance Device for Controlling Electrical Appliances Jamuna R - Assistant Professor,
Abhinai S - UG scholar,
Jhananadhan SP - UG scholar,
Department of ECE,
SNS College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India
The document discusses microcontrollers and microprocessors. It defines a microcontroller as a programmable digital processor with integrated peripherals that can operate as a standalone system. A microcontroller is compared to a Swiss army knife for its multifunctional nature. The key differences between microcontrollers and microprocessors are that microcontrollers have on-chip memory and integrated peripherals, require less external components, and are used for dedicated applications, while microprocessors require external memory and are more general purpose. Modern microcontroller features and the internal architecture of the Intel 8051 microcontroller are also described.
This document describes the design and implementation of a 16-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor using Verilog hardware description language. The processor uses a Harvard architecture with separate instruction and data memories. It has a simple instruction set and utilizes basic components like an arithmetic logic unit, control unit, registers, and memory. The processor was modeled, simulated, and synthesized on an FPGA for verification of its functionality and performance of operations like addition, multiplication, and memory access.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm to design Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) damping controllers. The goal is to damp low frequency oscillations in power systems. The paper models a single-machine infinite-bus power system installed with a UPFC. It linearizes the system equations and formulates the controller design as an optimization problem to minimize oscillations. Simulation results comparing the proposed RCGA approach to conventional tuning are presented to demonstrate its effectiveness and robustness in damping power system oscillations.
The main-principles-of-text-to-speech-synthesis-systemCemal Ardil
This document discusses text-to-speech synthesis systems. It provides background on the history and development of such systems over three generations from 1962 to the present. It describes some of the main challenges in developing speech synthesis for different languages. The document then focuses on specifics of the Azerbaijani language and outlines the approach used in the text-to-speech synthesis system developed by the authors, which combines concatenative synthesis and formant synthesis methods.
The feedback-control-for-distributed-systemsCemal Ardil
The document summarizes a study on feedback control synthesis for distributed systems. The study proposes a zone control approach, where the state space is partitioned into zones defined by observable points. Control actions are piecewise constant functions that only change when the system transitions between zones. An optimization problem is formulated to determine the optimal constant control value for each zone. Gradient formulas are derived to solve this using numerical optimization methods. The zone control approach was tested on heat exchanger process control problems and showed more robust performance than alternative methods.
System overflow blocking-transients-for-queues-with-batch-arrivals-using-a-fa...Cemal Ardil
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the transient behavior of the overflow probability in a queuing system with fixed-size batch arrivals. It introduces a set of polynomials that generalize Chebyshev polynomials and can be used to assess the transient behavior. The key findings are:
1≤k ≤ B
k≥B+1
which is just the generating function of the Chebyshev
polynomials of the second kind.
Furthermore, if we consider the special case when B = 1 in
(9), and make the substitution x → 2x, we obtain
k =0
0≤k ≤ B
Pk −1
λ
μ
Sonic localization-cues-for-classrooms-a-structural-model-proposalCemal Ardil
The document describes a proposed structural model for sonic localization cues in classrooms. It discusses two primary cues for localization - interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD) created by sounds reaching each ear. While these cues provide azimuth information, they do not provide elevation information. Elevation information is provided by spectral filtering effects of the head, torso and outer ears (pinnae) known as the head related transfer function (HRTF). The proposed structural model aims to produce well-controlled horizontal and vertical localization cues through a signal processing model of the HRTF that mimics how sounds interact with the body. The effectiveness of the model is tested through synthesized spatial audio experiments with human subjects
This document summarizes a new method for designing robust fuzzy observers for nonlinear systems based on Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy models. The method uses linear matrix inequalities to design observers that minimize the H-norm of the closed loop system, providing a measure of robustness and disturbance attenuation. The observer design method is similar to existing parallel distributed compensation controller design methods, making it possible to adapt controller design techniques for observer design. The observer estimates system states and outputs based on measured outputs and system inputs while attenuating effects of disturbances and uncertainties.
This document discusses evaluating the response quality of heterogeneous question answering systems. It begins by noting the lack of standard evaluation metrics for systems that use natural language understanding and reasoning to answer questions, as opposed to just information retrieval. It proposes a "black-box" approach to evaluate response quality by observing system responses, developing a classification scheme to categorize responses, and assigning scores. As a demonstration, it applies this approach to evaluate three example systems (AnswerBus, START, and NaLURI) on a set of questions about cyberlaw.
The document describes two methods for reducing the order of linear time-invariant systems: Routh approximation and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Routh approximation determines the denominator of the reduced order model using a Routh array, while retaining time moments or Markov parameters to determine the numerator. PSO reduces order by minimizing the integral squared error between responses of the original and reduced models, adjusting numerator and denominator coefficients. The methods are illustrated on examples, with Routh approximation providing stability guarantees when applied to stable systems.
Real coded-genetic-algorithm-for-robust-power-system-stabilizer-designCemal Ardil
This document summarizes a research paper that uses a real-coded genetic algorithm to optimize the design of power system stabilizers. The algorithm is applied to both single-machine and multi-machine power systems. The goal is to minimize rotor speed deviations and improve stability under disturbances. Simulation results show the proposed controller provides effective damping of low frequency oscillations across different operating conditions.
This summary provides the key points about the document in 3 sentences:
The document presents a method for obtaining the exact probability of error for block codes using soft-decision decoding and the eigenstructure of the code correlation matrix. It shows that under a unitary transformation, the performance evaluation of a block code becomes a one-dimensional problem involving only the dominant eigenvalue and its corresponding eigenvector. Simulation results demonstrate good agreement with the analysis, validating the method for computing the bit error rate of block codes based on the properties of the code correlation matrix.
This document presents an optimal supplementary damping controller design for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA). TCSC is capable of improving power system stability by modulating reactance during disturbances. The document proposes using a multi-objective fitness function consisting of damping factors and real parts of eigenvalues to optimize the parameters of a TCSC-based supplementary damping controller using RCGA. Simulation results presented show the effectiveness of the proposed controller over a wide range of operating conditions and disturbances.
This document presents a method for generating optimal straight line trajectories in 3D space using an algorithm called the Bounded Deviation Algorithm (BDA). BDA approximates a straight line trajectory between two points by iteratively inserting knot points to minimize the deviation between the actual trajectory and the joint space trajectory. The document provides the mathematical formulation and simulation results of applying BDA to generate a straight line trajectory for a 5-axis articulated robot between two specified points.
On the-optimal-number-of-smart-dust-particlesCemal Ardil
This document discusses optimizing the number of smart dust particles used to generate weather maps. It addresses two main challenges: 1) how to match signals from smart dust particles to receivers given atmospheric constraints, and 2) what is the optimal number of particles needed to generate precise and cost-effective 3D maps. The document presents an algorithm to optimally match particles to receivers in O(n*m) time by framing it as a maximal bipartite graph matching problem. It also develops mathematics to prove a conjecture that the optimal number of particles is approximately 1/ε, where ε is the drift error.
On the-joint-optimization-of-performance-and-power-consumption-in-data-centersCemal Ardil
The document summarizes research on jointly optimizing performance and power consumption in data centers. It models the process of mapping tasks in a data center onto machines as a multi-objective problem to minimize both energy consumption and response time (makespan), subject to deadline and architectural constraints. It proposes using a simple goal programming technique that guarantees Pareto optimal solutions with good convergence. Simulation results show the technique achieves superior performance compared to other approaches and is competitive with optimal solutions for small-scale problems.
On the-approximate-solution-of-a-nonlinear-singular-integral-equationCemal Ardil
This document summarizes a study on finding approximate solutions to nonlinear singular integral equations. The study proves the existence and uniqueness of solutions to such equations defined on bounded regions of the complex plane. It then presents a method for finding approximate solutions using an iterative fixed-point principle approach. Nonlinear singular integral equations have many applications in fields like elasticity, fluid mechanics, and mathematical physics. The study contributes to improving methods for solving these important types of equations.
On problem-of-parameters-identification-of-dynamic-objectCemal Ardil
This document discusses methods for identifying parameters of dynamic objects described by systems of ordinary differential equations. Specifically, it addresses problems with multiple initial boundary conditions that are not shared across points.
The paper proposes a new "conditions shift" method to transfer the initial boundary conditions in a way that eliminates differential links and multipoint conditions. This reduces the parameter identification problem to solving either an algebraic system or a quadratic programming problem.
Two cases are considered: case A where the number of conditions equals the number of conditionally free parameters, resulting in a single parameter vector solution. Case B where additional conditions on the parameters are needed in the form of equalities or inequalities, resulting in an optimization problem to select optimal parameter values.
This document summarizes a research article about numerical modeling of gas turbine engines. The researchers developed mathematical models and numerical methods to calculate the stationary and quasi-stationary temperature fields of gas turbine blades with convective cooling. They combined the boundary integral equation method and finite difference method to solve this problem. The researchers proved the validity of these methods through theorems and estimates. They were able to visualize the temperature profiles using methods like least squares fitting with automatic interpolation, spline smoothing, and neural networks. The reliability of the numerical methods was confirmed through calculations and experimental tests of heat transfer characteristics on gas turbine nozzle blades.
New technologies-for-modeling-of-gas-turbine-cooled-bladesCemal Ardil
The document describes new technologies for modeling gas turbine cooled blades, including:
1) Developing mathematical models and numerical methods using the boundary integral equation method (BIEM) and finite difference method (FDM) to calculate the stationary and quasi-stationary temperature field of a blade profile with convective cooling.
2) Using splines, smooth interpolation, and neural networks for visualization of blade profiles.
3) Validating the designed methods through computational and experimental investigations of heat and hydraulic characteristics of a gas turbine nozzle blade.
This document discusses using neuro-fuzzy networks to identify parameters for mathematical models of geofields. It proposes a new technique using fuzzy neural networks that can be applied even when data is limited and uncertain in the early stages of modeling. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the identification of parameters for a regression equation model of a geofield using a fuzzy neural network structure. The network is trained on experimental fuzzy statistical data to determine values for the regression coefficients that satisfy the data. The technique is concluded to have advantages over traditional statistical methods as it can be applied regardless of the parameter distribution and is well-suited for cases with insufficient data in early modeling stages.
This document presents a new multivariate fuzzy time series forecasting method to predict car road accidents. The method uses four secondary factors (number killed, mortally wounded, died 30 days after accident, severely wounded, and lightly casualties) along with the main factor of total annual car accidents in Belgium from 1974 to 2004. The new method establishes fuzzy logical relationships between the factors to generate forecasts. Experimental results show the proposed method performs better than existing fuzzy time series forecasting approaches at predicting car accidents. Actuaries can use this kind of multivariate fuzzy time series analysis to help define insurance premiums and underwriting.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
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1. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:2 No:8, 2008
Design, Development & Implementation of a
Temperature Sensor using Zigbee Concepts
International Science Index 20, 2008 waset.org/publications/4633
T.C.Manjunath, Ph.D. ( IIT Bombay ) & Fellow IETE, Ashok Kusagur , Shruthi Sanjay,
Saritha Sindushree, C. Ardil
Abstract—This paper deals with the design, development &
implementation of a temperature sensor using zigbee. The
main aim of the work undertaken in this paper is to sense the
temperature and to display the result on the LCD using the
zigbee technology.
ZigBee operates in the industrial,
scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands; 868 MHz in Europe,
915 MHz in the USA and 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions
worldwide. The technology is intended to be simpler and
cheaper than other WPANs such as Bluetooth. The most
capable ZigBee node type is said to require only about 10 %
of the software of a typical Bluetooth or Wireless Internet
node, while the simplest nodes are about 2 %. However,
actual code sizes are much higher, more like 50 % of the
Bluetooth code size. ZigBee chip vendors have announced
128-kilobyte devices. In this work undertaken in the design &
development of the temperature sensor, it senses the
temperature and after amplification is then fed to the micro
controller, this is then connected to the zigbee module, which
transmits the data and at the other end the zigbee reads the
data and displays on to the LCD. The software developed is
highly accurate and works at a very high speed. The method
developed shows the effectiveness of the scheme employed.
Keywords—Zigbee, Microcontroller, PIC, Transmitter, Receiver,
Synchronous, Blue tooth, Communication.
I. INTRODUCTION
T
section gives a brief introduction about the work,
which describes all the components namely Zigbee,
temperature sensor, PIC16F873. Zigbee is a wireless network
protocol specifically designed for low data rate sensors and
control networks. Also, a brief literature survey of the work
related to the research topic is also presented in the following
paragraphs.
HIS
T.C. Manjunath, a Ph.D. from IIT Bombay is currently, Professor
& Head in Electronics and Communications Engg. Dept. of New
Horizon College of Engg., Bangalore-87, Karnataka, India.
E-mail: tcmanjunath@rediffmail.com ; tcmanjunath@gmail.com.
Ashok Kusagur is currently, Assistant Professor in HMS Institute
of Tech., in the department of E & C Engg., Tumkur, Karnataka,
C. Ardil is with the National Academy of Aviation, AZ 1056
Baku, Azerbaijan.
Zigbee is a consortium of software, hardware and services
companies that have developed a common standard for
wireless, networking of sensors and controllers. While other
wireless standards are concerned with exchanging large
amounts of data, Zigbee is for devices that have smaller
throughout needs.
The other driving factors are low cost, high reliability, high
security, low battery usage, simplicity and interoperability
with other Zigbee devices. Compared to other wireless
protocols, Zigbee wireless protocol offers low complexity. It
also offers three frequency bands of operation along with a
number of network configurations and optional security
capability. It requires a supply voltage in the range of 2.8V to
3.3V. Hence, we design a power supply, which converts 230V
to 3.3V. Here, we use a whip antenna to transmit the
temperature sensed by LM35 temperature sensor to the
receiving section. The LM35 series are precision integrated
circuit temperature sensor whose output voltage is linearly
proportional to the Celsius temperature [1].
The LM35 thus has an advantage over the linear
temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not
required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to
obtain convenient centigrade scaling. The microcontroller
used here is PIC16F873. It belongs to a class of eight-bit
microcontrollers of RISC architecture & a Program Memory
(FLASH) for storing a written program. Since the memory is
made in FLASH technology, it can be programmed and
cleared more than once & makes this microcontroller suitable
for device development. It has inbuilt ADC and USART. In
the receiving section, the temperature is displayed on 16 2
backlit LCD. If the temperature displayed exceeds 40 degree
Celsius, then the buzzer goes on.
The paper is organized in the following sequence. A brief
introduction about the work undertaken in this paper and the
relevant literatures were presented in the previous paragraphs.
Introduction about the microcontroller & its design is
considered in the section 2. Section 3 depicts about the
background literature about the temperature sensor. The
transmitter & receiver part is presented in section 4. Section 5
describes about the zigbee concepts & its design. The design
and development of the temperature sensor is presented in
section 6. Working principle is presented in the next section.
This is followed by the conclusions in section 8, followed by
the references.
52
2. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:2 No:8, 2008
II.DESCRIPTION ABOUT THE MICROCONTROLLER
This section gives a brief idea about the PIC
microcontroller, its advantages over microprocessors, its core
features, block diagram, pin diagram and its description.
International Science Index 20, 2008 waset.org/publications/4633
A. INTRODUCTION
Circumstances that we find ourselves today in the field of
microcontrollers had their beginnings in the development of
technology of integrated circuits. This development had made
it possible to store hundreds of thousands of transistors into
one chip. That was a prerequisite for production of
microcontrollers, and adding external peripherals such as
memory, input-output lines, timers and other made the first
computers. Further increasing of the volume of the package
resulted in creation of integrated circuits. These integrated
circuits contained both processor and peripherals. That is how
the first chip containing a microcomputer, or what would later
be known as a microcontroller came out [2].
B. MICROCONTROLLER VERSUS MICROPROCESSORS
Microcontroller differs from a microprocessor in many
ways. First and the most important is its functionality. In
order for a microprocessor to be used, other components such
as memory, or components for receiving and sending data
must be added to it. In sort that means that microprocessor is
the very heart of the computer. On the other hand,
microcontroller is designed to be all of that in one. No other
external components are needed for its application because all
necessary peripherals are already built in to it. Thus, we save
the time and space needed to construct devices.
PIC16F873
It belongs to a class of eight bit microcontrollers of RISC
architecture.
1) Program Memory (FLASH)
This concept is used for storing a written program. Since
memory is made use of in FLASH technology, it can be
programmed and cleared more than once, it makes this
microcontroller suitable for device development.
2) EEPROM
It is that device wherein the data memory needs to be
saved when there is no supply. It is usually used for storing
important data that must not be lost if supply suddenly stops.
For instance, one such data is an assigned temperature in
temperature regulators. If during a loss of supply this data is
lost, we would have to make the adjustment once again upon
return of supply. Thus our device looses on self reliance.
3) RAM
Data memory used by a program during its execution. In
RAM are stored all inter-results on temporary data that are not
crucial to running a device during a loss of supply.
4) PORTA, PORTB AND PORTC
These are physical connections between the
microcontroller and the outside world. PORTA has five pins,
PORTB and PORTC has eight pins.
5) FREE TIMER
It is an eight-bit register inside a microcontroller that
works independently of the program. On every fourth clock
of the oscillator, it increments its value until it reaches the
maximum, and then its starts counting over again from zero.
As we know the exact timing between each two increments of
the timer contents, timer can be used for measuring the time,
which is very useful with some devices.
6) CENTERAL PROCESSING UNIT
It has a role of connective elements between other blocks
in the microcontroller. It coordinates that work of other
blocks and executes the user program.
D. CISC AND RISC
It has already been said that PIC16F873 has RISC
architecture. This term is often found in computer literature.
Harvard architecture is a newer concept than von-Neumann’s.
It rose out of the need to speed up the work of a
microcontroller. In Harvard architecture, data bus and address
bus are separate. Thus, a greater flow of data is possible
through the central processing unit, and of course, a greater
speed of work. Microcontrollers with Harvard architecture
are also called “RISC microcontrollers.” RISC stands for
reduced instruction set computer. Microcontrollers with
von-Neumann’s architecture are called as the “CISC
microcontrollers”. The title CISC stands for ‘complex
instruction set computer’. Since PIC16F873 is a RISC
microcontroller that means that it has a reduced set of
instructions, more precisely 35 instructions.
E. MICROCONTROLLER CORE FEATURES
C.
High performance RISC CPU
Only 35 Instructions to learn
All Single cycle instructions except for program
branches, which are two cycles
Operating speed : DC-20MHz clock input
DC-200ns instruction cycle
Up to 8K 14 words of FLASH program memory
Up to 368 8 bytes of data memory (RAM)
Up to 256 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory
Power-on reset (POR)
Power saving SLEEP mode
Low-power, high-speed CMOS FLASH / EEPROM
technology
Wide operating voltage range: 2V TO 5.5 V
Low power consumption:
< 2mA typical @ 5V, 4MHz, 20 A typical @ 3V, 32
kHz, < 1 A typical standby current
F. PIN DIAGRAM
The pin diagram of PIC16F873 is as shown in the Fig. 1.
G. DEVICE OVERVIEW
PIC16F873 device comes in 28-pin package. This does not
have a parallel slave port implemented.
53
3. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:2 No:8, 2008
J.
OPTION_REG REGISTER
The OPTION_REG register is a readable and writable
register, which contains various control bits to configure the
TMRO pre-scaler / WDT post-scaler (single, assignable
register known also as pre-scaler), the external INT interrupt
TMRO and the week pull-ups on PORTB. The detailed
description about each bit of status register and option register
is also studied prior to the design [3].
Fig. 1 Pin details of PIC C
H. PIC16F873 BLOCK DIAGRAM
The block diagram of the PIC16F873 is shown in Fig. 2.
K. MEMORY ORGANIZATION
There are three memory blocks in PIC16F873. The program
memory and data memory has separate buses so that
concurrent access can occur and is detailed in this section.
International Science Index 20, 2008 waset.org/publications/4633
L. Program memory organization
PIC16F873 have program counter capable of addressing an
8K 14 program memory space. The reset vector is at 0000h
and the interrupt vector is at 0004h.
M. Data memory organization
The Data Memory is partitioned in to multiple banks, which
contain the general- purpose register and special function
register bits RP1 (STATUS <6>) and RP0 (STATUS <5>) are
the bank select bits as shown in the table 1.
TABLE 1 REGISTER BANKS
RP1 : RP0
00
01
10
11
Device
PIC16F873
Program
FLASH
4K
Data
memory
192
Bytes
Data
EEPROM
128 Bytes
Fig. 2 Block diagram of the PIC16F873 microcontroller
.
STATUS REGISTER
The STATUS register contains the arithmetic status of the
ALU, the RESET status and the bank select bits for data
memory. The STATUS register can be the destination for any
instructions, as with any other register. If the STATUS
register is the destination for any instruction that affects the Z,
DC or C bits, then the write to these three bits is disabled.
These bits are set or cleared according to the device logic.
Furthermore, the TO and PD bits are not writable, therefore,
the result of an instruction with the STATUS register as
destination may be different intended. For example, CLRF
STATUS will clear upper three bits and set the Z bit. This
leaves the STATUS register as 000u u1uu (where u =
uncharged). It is recommended, therefore, that only BCF,
BSF, SWAPF and MOVWF instructions are used to after the
STATUS register, because these instructions do not affect the
Z, C or DC bits from the STATUS register. For other
“instructions set summary.”
Bank
0
1
2
3
N. PROGRAM MEMORY MAP AND STACK
The program memory map and stack organization with its
addresses was also studied in brief prior to the design of the
temperature sensor. It consisted of 8 stack levels. The on chip
program memory was divided into pages. The program
memory address ranges from 0000h to 1FFFh. When a call
instruction is executed, the address of the next instruction will
be stored into the stack memory. The stack works on first in
first out manner. After the return instruction is executed, the
address stored in the stack is retrieved and loaded back into
the program memory.
III. BACKGROUND LITERATURE SURVEY ABOUT THE
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
This section gives a brief information about the temperature
sensor LM35, its connection diagram and its features.
A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The LM35 series IC’s are precision integrated circuit
temperature sensors whose output voltage is linearly
proportional to the Celsius temperature. The LM35 thus has
an advantage over the linear temperature sensors calibrated in
54
4. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:2 No:8, 2008
Kelvin as the as the user is not required to subtract a large
constant voltage from its output to obtain convent centigrade
scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration
to provide typical accuracies of + or – ¼ C at room
temperature and + or – ¾ C over a full –55 to +150 C
temperature range.
The LM35’s low output impedance linear output and
precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or
control circulatory especially easy. It can be used with single
power supplies, or with plus and minus supply; it has very low
self-heating less than 0.1 degrees Celsius in still air. The
LM35 is rated to operate over a –55 to +150 C temperature
range, while the LM35 is rated for a –40 to +110 C range.
The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46
transistor packages. The LM35D is also available in an 8 lead
surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220
package.
International Science Index 20, 2008 waset.org/publications/4633
B. FEATURES
Calibrated directly in Celsius (centigrade).
Linear + 10.0 m V / C scale factor.
0.5 C accuracy guarantee able (at +25 C).
Rated for full -55 to +150 C range.
Operates from 4 to 30 volts.
Low self-heating, 0.08 C in still air.
Low impedance out put, 0.1 for 1 mA load.
C. CONNECTION DIAGRAM
The connection diagram for LM35 packages is shown in
Fig. 3. Here we are using TO-220 plastic package temperature
sensor. It has three leads namely +Vs, ground and Vout.
SO-8 package
65 C to +150
TO-220 package 65 C to +150
LEAD TEMPERATURE
TO-46 package
300
TO-92 and TO-220 package 260
Vapor phase
215
Infra red
220
C
C
C
C
C
C
IV. UNIVERSAL SYNCHRONOUS ASYNCHRONOUS
RECEIVER AND TRAMSMITTER
This section gives a brief description of the USART and the
registers used for its operation at the transmitter and receiver
section. The universal synchronous asynchronous receiver and
transmitter (USART) module is one of the two serial input or
output modules. USART is also known as a serial
communications interface or SCI. The USART can be
configured as a full duplex asynchronous system that can
communicate with peripheral devices such as CRT terminals
and personal computers, or it can be configured as a half
duplex synchronous system that can communicate with
peripheral devices such as analog to digital or digital to analog
integrated circuits. The USART used here is inbuilt in the PIC
microcontroller. The USART can be configured in the
following modes [4].
Asynchronous (full duplex)
Synchronous-master (half duplex)
Synchronous - slave (half duplex)
The registers used in the operation of USART are
TXSTA (TRANSMIT CONTROL AND STATUS
REGISTER)
RCSTA (RECEIVE CONTROL AND STATUS
REGISTER)
The TXSTA is used to control the transmission of data.
The RCSTA is used to control the reception of data.
A. REGISTERS
TXSTA transmit status and control register (Add 98h) was
also studied from the data manuals. RCSTA receive status
and control register (Add 18h) was also studied from the data
manuals.
Fig 3 LM35 Connection diagram
B. USART BAUD RATE GENERATOR (BRG)
Baud rate supports both asynchronous and synchronous
moods of the USAIT. The SPBRG register controls the
period of a free running 8-bit timer. In asynchronous mode,
bit BRGH (TXSTA <2>) also controls the baud rate. In
asynchronous mode, bit BRGH is ignored.
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Supply voltage +35V to 0.2V
Output voltage +6V to 1V
Output current 10 mill amperes
TABLE II BAUD RATE TABLE
SYNC
STORAGE TEMPERATURE
TO 46 package 60 C to +180 C
TO 92 package
60 C to +150 C
55
BRGH = 0
(Low Speed)
BRGH = 1
(High Speed)
5. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:2 No:8, 2008
0
1
(Asynchronous) Baud rate
= Fosc / (64(X+1))
(Synchronous) Baud rate
= Fosc / (4(X+1))
Baud rate
=Fosc/(16(X+1))
NA
Given the desired baud rate and FOSC, the nearest integer
value for the SPBRG registers can be calculated using the
formula shown in the table. From this, the error is baud rate
can be determined. The table 2 gives the formula to calculate
the Baud rate.
International Science Index 20, 2008 waset.org/publications/4633
C. USART ASYNCHRONOUS MODE
In this mode, the USART uses standard non-return to zero
(NRZ) format (one start bit, eight or nine data bits and one
stop bit). The most common data format is eight bits. The
USART transmits and receives the LSB first. The USART’S
transmitter and receiver are functionally independent; but use
the same data format and baud rate. Asynchronous mode is
stopped during SLEEP. Asynchronous mode is selected by
clearing bit synchronous (TXSTA<4>).
D. USART ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMITTER
The USART transmitter block diagram is as shown in Fig.
4. The heart of the transmitter is the transmit (serial) shift
register (TSR). The shift register obtains its data from the read
/ write transmit buffer, TXREG. The TXREG register is
loaded with data in soft wear. The TSR register is not loaded
until the STOP bit has been transmitted from the previous
load. As soon as the stop bit is transmitted the TSR is loaded
with new data from the TXREG register (if available).
Fig. 4 USART asynchronous transmitter
Once the TXREG registers transfers the data to the TSR
register (occurs in 1 T cycle), the TXREG register is empty
and flag bit TXIF (PIR1 <4>) is set. This interrupt can be
enabled / disabled by setting / clearing enable bit TXIE
(PIE1<4>). flag bit TXIF will be set regardless of the state of
enable bit TXIE and cannot be cleared in software.
It will reset only when new data is loaded in to the TXREG
register while the flag bit TXIF indicates the states of the
TXREG register, another bit TRMT (TXSTA<1>) shows the
status of the TSR register. Status bit TRMT is a read only bit,
which is set when the TSR register is empty.
Note that the TSR register is not mapped in data memory so
it is not available to the user. Flag bit TXIF is set when
enable bit TXEN is set. TXIF is cleared by loading the
TXREG.
Transmission is enabled by setting enable bit TXEN
(TXSTA<5>).The actual transmission will not occur until
TXREG register has been loaded with data and the baud rate
generator (BRG) has produced a shift clock. The transmission
can also be started by first loading the TXREG register and
then setting enable bit TXEN. Normally, when transmission
is first started, the TSR register is empty. At that point,
transfer to the TXREG register will result in an immediate
transfer to TSR, resulting in an empty TXREG [5].
A back-to-back transfer is thus possible. Clearing enable
bit TXEN during a transmission will cause the transmission to
be aborted and will reset the transmitter. As a result, the RC6
/ TX / CK pin will revert to hi-impedance. In order to select 9bit transmission, transmit bit TX9 (TXSTA <6>) should be set
and the ninth bit should be written before writing the 8-bit
data to the TXREG register. This is because of a data write to
the TXREG register can result in an immediate transfer of the
data to the TSR register (if the TSR is empty). In such a case,
an incorrect ninth data bit may be loaded in the TSR register.
E. STEPS FOLLOWED IN ASYNCHRONOUS
TRANSMISSION
Initialize the SPBRG register for the appropriate baud
rate. If a high speed baud rate is desired, set bit BRGH.
Enable the asynchronous serial port by clearing bit
synchronous and setting bit SPEN.
If interrupts are desired, then set enable bit TXIE.
If 9-bit transmission is desired, then set transmit bit
TX9.
Enable the transmission by setting bit TXEN, which will
also set bit TXIF.
If 9-bit transmission is selected the ninth bit should be
loaded in bit TX9D.
Load data to the TXREG register (starts transmission)
F. USART ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER
The receiver block diagram is as shown in the Fig. 5. The
data is received on the RC7 / RX / DT pin and drives the data
recovery block. The data recovery block is actually high
speed shifter operating at 16 times the baud rate, where as
the main receive serial shifter operates at the bit rate or at
FOSC. Once asynchronous mode is selected, reception is
enabled by setting bit CREN (RCSTA <4>). The heart of the
receiver is the receive (serial) the received data in the RSR is
transferred to the RCREG register (if it is empty). If the
transfer is complete, flag bit RCIF (PIR1<5>) is set.
The actual interrupt can be enabled / disabled by
setting/clearing enable bit RCIE (PIE1<5>) flag bit is a read
only bit which is cleared by the hardware. It is cleared when
the RCREG register has been read and is empty. The RCREG
is a double-buffered register (i.e., it is a two deep FIFO). It is
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possible for two bytes of data to be received and transfer
RCREG FIFO and the third byte to begin shifting RSR
register. On the detection of the STOP bit of the third byte, if
the RCREG register is still full, the over run error bit OERR
(RCSTA <1>) will be set.
topologies used to form the network and the applications of
Zigbee
A. INTRODUCTION TO ZIGBEE
Fig. 6 ZIGBEE chip
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Fig. 5 USART asynchronous receiver
The word in the RSR will be lost. The RCREG register can
be read twice to retrieve the two bytes in the FIFO. Overrun
bit OERR has to be cleared in software. This is done by
resetting the receive logic (CREN is cleared and then set). If
bit OERR is set, transfers from the RSR register to the
RCREG register is inhibited, so it is essential to clear error bit
OERR if it is set. Framing error bit FERR (RCSTA <2>) is set
if a stop bit is detected as clear. Bit FERR and the ninth
receiver bit or buffer the same way as the receive data.
Reading the RCREG will load bit RX9D and FERR with new
values therefore it is essential for the user to read the RCSTA
register before reading RCREG register in order not to lose
the old FERR and RX9D information.
G. STEPS FOLLOWED IN ASYNCHRONOUS RECEPTION
Initialize the SPBRG register for the appropriate baud
rate. If a high speed baud rate is desired set bit BRGH.
Enable the asynchronous serial port by clearing bit
SYNC and setting bit SPEN.
If interrupts are desired, then set enable bit RCIE.
If 9-bit reception is desired, then set bit RX9.
Enable the reception by setting bit CREN.
Flag bit RCIF will be set when reception is complete and
an interrupt will be generated if enable bit RCIE is set.
Read the RCSTA register to get ninth bit (if enable) and
determine if any error occurred during reception.
Read the 8-bit received data by reading the RCREG
register.
If any error occurred, clear the error by clearing enable
bit CREN.
V.CONCEPTS OF ZIGBEE DESIGN
This section gives the information about Zigbee, which is
the major component used, its characteristics and its working,
differences between Blue tooth and Zigbee, different
Zigbee is a wireless network protocol specifically designed
for low data rate sensors and control networks as shown in
Fig. 6. Zigbee is a consortium of software, hardware and
services companies that have developed a common standard
for wireless, networking of sensors and controllers. While
other wireless standards are concerned with exchanging large
amounts of data, Zigbee is for devices that have smaller
throughout needs. The other driving factors are low cost, high
reliability, high security, low battery usage, simplicity and
interoperability with other Zigbee devices [6].
Compared to other wireless protocol that Zigbee wireless
protocol offers low complexity. It also offers three frequency
bands of operation along with a number of network
configurations and optional security capability. In health care,
Zigbee can be used for patient monitoring process control,
assuring compliance with environmental standards and energy
management. Used correctly, Zigbee enabled devices can
give a warning before a breakdown occurs so that repairs can
be made in the most cost effective manner. They will be used
for controlling our home entertainment systems, lights, garage
door openers, alarms, panic buttons and many other uses.
B. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BLUETOOTH AND ZIGBEE
Zigbee looks rather like blue tooth but is simpler, has a
lower data rate and spends most of its time in snoozing. This
characteristic means that a node on a Zigbee network should
be able to run for six months to two years on just two AA
batteries. The operational range for it is 10 to 75 meters
compared to 10 meters for blue tooth (without a power
amplifier). Zigbee sits below blue tooth in terms of data rate.
The data rate of Zigbee is 250 kbps at 2.4 GHz 40 kbps at 915
MHz and 20 kbps at 868 MHz where as that of blue tooth is 1
Mbps.
Zigbee uses a basic master slave configuration suited to
static star networks of many infrequently used devices that
talk via small data packets. It allows up to 254 nodes. Blue
tooth protocol is more complex since it is geared towards
handling voice, images and file transfers in ad hoc networks,
blue tooth devices can support scatter nets of multiple smaller
non synchronized networks. It only allows up to 8 slave
nodes in a basic master slave Pico net setup. When Zigbee
node is powered down, it can wake up and get a packet in
around 15 milliseconds where as a blue tooth device would
take around 3 seconds to wake up and respond.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
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Fig. 7 Antenna types for Zigbee
C. HOW DOES ZIGBEE WORK ?
Zigbee hardware typically consist of an eight bit
microcontroller combined with a miniature transceiver a small
amount (example 32 KB) of flash memory and RAM. Most of
the Zigbee stack is provided in ASIC. Zigbee operates with
ISM 2.4 GHz frequency band and is pin for pin compatible
with maxstream’s Zigbee product.
There are three radio frequencies used for Zigbee radio
frequency communications 2.4 GHz with 16 channels and a
data rate of 250 kbps for world wide coverage, 868 MHz with
a single channel and a data rate of 20 kbps in Europe and 915
MHz with 10 channels and a data rate of 40 kbps in America.
For comparison even at 250 kbps the data throughput is only
about one tenth that of blue tooth.
Another wireless networking solution but more than
sufficient for monitoring and controlling usage. Broadcast
range for Zigbee is approximately 70 meters. Theoretically
Zigbee networks can contain up to 64 k (65,536) network
nodes. Current testing has not reached anywhere near that
level. The name zigbee is said to come from the domestic
honeybee, which uses a zigzag type of dance to communicate
important information to other hive members.
D. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANTENNA OF ZIGBEE
The 3 different antennas for Zigbee are as shown in the Fig.
7 such as the Whip antenna, UFL RF connector & the Chip
antenna. The chip and integrated whip antennas are suited for
any application, but are especially useful in embedded
applications. Since the radios do not have any issue radiating
through plastic cases or housings, the antennas can be
completely enclosed in those types of applications.
The UFL Connector is used in conjunction with an adaptor
cable that can be connected to a dipole or gain antenna if the
housing is metal or if that solution is more desirable
mechanically. Range can differ somewhat with different
antenna types, so that should be a consideration when
choosing what type of antenna you want to use.
E. Different types of topologies
The three types of topologies that Zigbee supports are
shown in Fig. 8 such as the Star topology, Peer to peer
topology & the Cluster tree.
1) STAR TOPOLOGY
In the star topology, the communication is established
between the devices and a single central controller called PAN
coordinator. The PAN coordinator may be mains powered
while the devices will most likely be battery powered.
Applications that benefit from this topology include home
automation, personal computer (PC) peripherals, toys and
games. After an FFD is activated for the first time it may
establish its own network and become the PAN coordinator.
Each star network chooses a PAN identifier, which is not
currently used by any other network within the radio spear of
influence. This allows each star network to operate
independently.
Fig. 8 Different Network Topologies
2) PEER TO PEER TOPOLOGY
In the Peer-to-Peer topology, there is also one PAN
coordinator. In contrast to star topology, any device can
communicate with any other device as long as they are in
range of one another. A Peer-to-Peer network can be adhoc,
self-organizing and self-healing. Applications such as
industrial control and monitoring, wireless sensor networks
assert and inventory tracking wood benefit from such a
topology. It also allows multiple hope to root massages from
any device to any other device in the network. It can provide
reliability by multipath rooting.
3) CLUSTER TREE TOPOLOGY
Cluster tree network is special case of Peer-to-Peer
network in which most devices are FFD’s and an RFD may
connect to a cluster tree network as a leave node at the end of
a branch. Any of the FFD can act as a coordinator and
provide synchronization services to other devices and
coordinators.
Only one of this coordinator however is the PAN
coordinator. The PAN coordinator forms the first cluster by
establishing itself as the cluster head (CLH) with a cluster
identifier (CID) of zero, choosing an unused PAN identifier,
and broadcasting beacon frames to neighboring devices. A
candidate device receiving a beacon frame may request to join
the network at the CLH.
If the PAN coordinator permits the device to join it will
add this new device as a child device in its neighbor list. The
newly joined device will add the CLH as its parent in its
neighbor list and begin transmitting periodic beacons such that
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other candidate devices may then join the network at that
device. The advantage of this clustered structure is the
increased coverage area at the cost of increased message
latency.
Simple protocol definition – can be implemented on low –
cost micro controllers.
Hundreds of devices per network.
Network flexibility – star, cluster tree or mesh
configuration.
Data rate up to 250 kbps.
Small size – The developed solution will be less than 9mm
9mm.
K. APPLICATIONS OF ZIGBEE
There are a number of applications that can benefit from the
Zigbee protocol: Building automation networks, home
security systems, industrial control networks, remote metering
and PC peripherals are some of the many possible
applications.
Security systems and lighting controls.
International Science Index 20, 2008 waset.org/publications/4633
Home automation and building control.
Fig. 9 Top View of Zigbee
F. PRODUCT SUMMARY
Home appliances and fire alarms.
ISM 2.4 GHz operating frequency.
1 milli watt (0dBm) power output (up to 100 m range).
U.FL RF connector, chip or whip antenna options.
Industrial (-40 to 85 degree Celsius) temperature rating.
Approved for use in the United States, Canada and
Europe.
Advanced networking and low power modes supported.
Monitoring of remote systems.
Sensor data capture in embedded
networks.
G. TOP VIEW OF ZIGBEE
The top view of the Zigbee is as shown in the Fig. 9.
H. PERFORMANCE, NETWORKING, POWER, GENERAL
AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ZIGBEE & KEY
FEATURES
Price to performance value.
Low power consumption.
Receiver sensitivity.
Worldwide acceptance in USA, CANADA & EUROPE.
Systems that contain Zigbee modules can operate under the
certifications obtained by maxstream. Further testing is not
required.
.
RANGES FOR ZIGBEE
Indoor / urban range up to 100 (30m)
Outdoor line-of-sight range up to 300 (100m)
Transmit power output 1mw (0dBm)
Power – down current <10
Operating frequency 2.4 GHz
J.
ZIGBEE ALSO OFFERS
Low power consumption : optimized for low battery
operation.
License free operation in the 2.4GHz band.
VI. DESIGN OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR UNIT
This section gives a brief description about the design,
implementation & operation of the different components used
for the design and fabrication of temperature sensor unit,
namely ADC, power supply, amplifier and LCD.
A. ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER MODULE
The analog to digital converter module has five inputs for
the 28-pin devices. The analog input charges a sample and
hold capacitor. The output of the sample and hold is the input
into the converter. The converter then generates a digital
result of this analog level via successive approximation. The
analog to digital conversion of the analog input signal results
in a corresponding 10-bit digital number. The analog to digital
converter has a unique feature of being able to operate while
the device is in SLEEP mode. To operate in SLEEP mode,
the analog to digital clock must be derived from the analog to
digital internal RC oscillator. The A/D module has four
registers. These registers are
1. A/D result high register (ADRESH)
2. A/D result low register (ADRESL)
3. A/D control register 0 (ADCON0)
4. A/D control register 1 (ADCON1)
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B. ADCON0 Register (Address : 1Fh)
ADCON0 register controls the operation of the A/D
module. The ADCON1 register, configures the functions of
the port pins. The port pins can be configured as analog inputs
are as digital input or output.
C. ADCON1 Register (Address 9Fh)
The ADRESH and ADRESL registers contain the 10-bit
result of the A/D conversion. When the A/D conversion is
complete, the result is loaded in to this A/D result register
pair, the GO/DONE bit (ADCON0 (second bit)) is cleared and
the A/D interrupt flag bit ADIF is set. After the A/D module
has been configured as desired the selected channel must be
acquired before the conversion is started. The analog input
channels must have there corresponding TRIS bits selected as
a input.
This section cut-offs the AC and gives only DC output. The
output of the bridge rectifier is given to the RC filter to
remove noise. The output of this section is given to voltage
regulator LM317. It controls the voltage to 3V. There is an
LED, which indicates the turn on and turn off of power
supply, The Fig. 10 shows the power supply module used for
Zigbee along with the photographic view of the power supply
in Fig. 11 respectively.
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D. Steps to be followed for doing the analog to digital
conversion
Configure the A/D module
Configure analog pins / voltage reference and digital
input or output (ADCON1)
Select analog to digital input channel (ADCON0).
Select analog to digital conversion clock (ADCON0).
Turn on analog to digital module (ADCON0).
Configure analog to digital interrupt (If desired)
Clear ADIF bit.
Set ADIE bit.
Wait the required acquisition time.
Start conversion
Set GO / DONE bit (ADCON0)
Wait for analog to digital conversion to complete by
either:
Polling for the GO / DONE bit to be cleared OR
Waiting for the analog to digital interrupt
Read A/D result register pair (ADRESH : ADRESL),
clear bit ADIF if required.
For next conversion go to step1 or step 2 as required. the
analog to digital conversion time per bit is defined as
TAD. A minimum wait of 2TAD is required before next
acquisition starts.
E. POWER SUPPLY USED FOR ZIGBEE
There are four sections in the design of the regulated power
supply for the sensing units, viz., first we have step down
transformer, bridge rectifier, RC filter and amplifier. The step
down transformer reduces the voltage to 12V. Bridge rectifier:
In which we use four diodes (IN4007).
Fig. 10 Schematic circuit diagram of the power supply
Fig. 11 Circuit diagram of power supply
F. AMPLIFIER
Fig. 12 Amplifier circuit
The Fig. 12 shows the amplifier circuit designed for the
unit. LM35 Temperature sensor, senses the temperature and
gives the output in terms of voltage. This output voltage is in
terms of milli-volt.
For room temperature we get 0.3V output, which needs to
be amplified to 0.5V to display 25 degree Celsius. Hence this
weak output signal is fed to the amplifier. The feedback
resistor is designed so as to obtain required voltage.
G. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
LCD-liquid crystal display is shown in Fig. 13 along with
their photographic views.
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TABLE III DIFFERENT INSTRUCTIONS AND ITS CODES
RS
Clear Display
Return Home
Entry Mode Set
Display
ON/OFF
Cursor
and
Display Shift
Function Set
Set CG RAM
address
Set DD RAM
address
Read busy flag
and address
Write data to CG
or DD RAM
Read data from
CG or DD RAM
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Fig. 13 Liquid Crystal Display
H. OPERATION OF THE HD44780
The HD44780 has two 8 bit registers, an instruction register
(IR) and a data register (DR). The IR stores instruction codes
such as display clear and cursor shift, and address information
for display data RAM (DD RAM) and character generator
RAM (CG RAM). The IR can be written from the MPU but
not read by the MPU.
The DR temporarily stores data to be written into the DD
RAM or the CG RAM and data to be read out from the DD
RAM or the CG RAM. Data written into the DR from the
MPU is automatically written into the DD RAM or the CG
RAM by internal operation. The DR is also used for data
storage when reading from the DD RAM or the CG RAM.
When the address information is written into the IR, data is
read into the DR from the DD RAM or the CG RAM by
internal operation. Data transfer to the MPU is then completed
by the MPU reading DR. After the MPU reads the DR, data in
the DD RAM or CG RAM at the next address is sent to the
DR for the next read from the MPU. Register selector (RS)
signals make their selection from these two registers.
The different instruction sets and codes used to control the
operation the LCD is shown in the table 3. The different
operations in the control process are as follows :
CLEAR DISPLAY
RETURN HOME
ENTRY MODE SET
DISPLAY ON/OFF
CURSOR AND DISPLAY SHIFT
FUNCTION SET
SET CGRAM ADDRESS
SET DDRAM ADDRESS
READ BUSY FLAG AND ADDRESS
WRITE DATA TO CG OR DD RAM
READ DATA FROM CG OR DD RAM
INSERT DATA HERE
Clear Display
Return Home
Entry Mode Set
Display
ON/OFF
Cursor
and
Display Shift
Function Set
Set CG RAM
address
Set DD RAM
address
Read busy flag
and address
Write data to CG
or DD RAM
Read data from
CG or DD RAM
0
0
0
0
R/
W
0
0
0
0
DB
7
0
0
0
0
DB
6
0
0
0
0
DB
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
A
0
0
1
A
A
0
1
BF
A
A
1
0
D
D
D
1
1
D
D
D
DB
4
0
0
0
0
DB
3
0
0
0
1
DB
2
0
0
1
D
DB
1
0
1
I/D
C
DB
0
1
*
S
B
1
S/C
R/L
*
*
DL
A
N
A
F
A
*
A
*
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
VII. OVERALL WORKING OF THE UNIT
This section explains the block diagram of the designed &
fabricated system, working of the transmitter and receiving
section with the circuit diagram and flow chart.
A. OVER VIEW
The temperature is sensed by the LM35 temperature sensor.
The output of LM35 is a voltage signal, which is very weak.
This signal is not enough to display 25 degree centigrade of
room temperature. At room temperature LM35 gives 0.3 millivolts of voltage so an amplifier is used to amplify this voltage
to 0.5 milli-volts, which produces 25 degree centigrade at
LCD. The amplifier amplifies this signal.
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Fig. 14 Block diagram of the transmitting section
The output of the amplifier is given to the PIC
microcontroller as shown in the Fig. 14. The inbuilt ADC of
PIC microcontroller converts this analog data to digital form.
The parallel data received is converted to serial data by the
inbuilt USART. The Zigbee with whip antenna transmits this
data. Power supply of 2.8V to 3.3V is designed for the
operation of Zigbee. The Zigbee at the receiving side receives
the transmitted data.
The similar power supply is designed for receiving Zigbee
as in the transmitter as shown in the Fig. 15. This data is fed to
the PIC microcontroller through pin 18. The serial data
received is converted into parallel data by the inbuilt USART
and is displayed on the four byte LCD. The buzzer is
connected to pin 15 of PIC microcontroller. If the sensed
temperature exceeds 40 degree C, the buzzer is on.
Protocol features include automatic network configuration,
full handshaking for packet transfers (reliable data transfer),
data rate of 20kbps at 868 MHz, 40kbps at 915 MHz and
250kbps at 2.4 MHz, power management features. Zigbee
needs an input power between 2.8 to 3.3v. Hence, we design a
power supply, which converts 230v to 3.3v. Here, we use
whip antenna to transmit the signal from transmitter to the
receiver [8].
B. TRANSMITTER
The temperature is sensed by LM35 temperature sensor .
The output of LM35 is a voltage signal, which is very
weak. The amplifier amplifies this signal.
The output of the amplifier is given to the PIC
microcontroller.
This analog data is converted to digital form by the inbuilt
ADC.
The parallel data received is converted to serial data by the
inbuilt USART.
The Zigbee with whip antenna transmits this data.
Power supply of 2.8V to 3.3V is designed for the operation
of Zigbee.
C. TRANSMITTING SECTION
Fig. 15 Block Diagram of receiving section
The block diagram of the system is shown in the Figs. 14 &
15 respectively. It gives the over view of the designed &
implemented system and information about different
components used. The LM35 series sensors are precision
integrated-circuit temperature sensors whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius temperature. The LM35
requires no external calibration as it is inherently calibrated.
It outputs 10mv for each degree of centigrade temperature.
The amplifier in the above diagram is used to increase the
strength of the signal, which can be accessed by the
microcontroller. Microcontroller uses binary values but the
output of amplifier is analog. Hence we need an analog to
digital converter to translate the analog signals to digital
numbers, so that the microcontroller can access them. The
ADC chip used here is 0808 [7].
Microcontroller used here is the PIC16F873. It has Harvard
architecture, whose memory organization is divided into data
memory and program memory as separate units. It has three
ports namely PA, PB, PC. It has four register banks with
thirty-five-instruction set. It has inbuilt ADC and USART.
Zigbee is a recently developed two-way wireless
communications protocol designed to meet very low Power
consumption and low cost (half that of Blue tooth)
requirements.
Fig. 16 Transmitter circuit
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microcontroller through pin 18. The serial data received is
converted into parallel data by the inbuilt USART and is
displayed on the four byte LCD. The buzzer is connected to
pin 15 of PIC microcontroller. If the sensed temperature
exceeds 40 degree C, the buzzer is on.
International Science Index 20, 2008 waset.org/publications/4633
F. RECEIVING SECTION
Fig. 19 Photographic view of the Receiver circuit
Fig. 17 Flow chart for transmitting section
The Fig. 16 shows the circuit diagram of the transmitting
section. The major components used at the transmitting
section are the temperature LM35, an amplifier, voltage
regulator, PIC microcontroller and Zigbee.
D. FLOW CHART FOR THE TRANSMITTER
The flow chart for the transmitting section is shown in the
Fig. 17.
E. RECEIVER
Fig. 20 Flow chart for receiving section
Fig. 18 Circuit diagram of the receiver
The Zigbee at the receiving side receives the transmitted
data. The similar power supply is designed for receiving
Zigbee as in the transmitter. This data is fed to the PIC
The Fig. 18 shows the circuit diagram of the receiving
section along with the flow-chart of the receiving section in
Fig. 19. The flow chart for the receiver circuit is shown in
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REFERENCES
Fig. 20. The major components used at the receiving section
are PIC microcontroller, LCD, Zigbee and its power supply.
[1].
G. APPLICATIONS
Temperature sensor using Zigbee has numerous
applications. Few are listed below.
Used in communication industry
Used in process control industries
Used in defense
Used in domestic and industrial applications(boilers and
heaters)
Used in Data loggers
Used in the R & D industries
Used in home automation
Used in data acquisition systems
Used in automotive industries
Used in online testing of machines
www.eg3.com/zigbee
www.zigbee.org
[4]. www.palowireless.com/zigbee
[5]. www.enbedded.com/showarticle.jhtml
[6]. www.wisegeetc.com
[2].
[3].
[7].
Temperature sensing unit was designed & tested
successfully. The successful operation of the unit was also
carried out in the presence of numerous tests. We have done
for one parameter, but the same can also be done for 2 or more
parameters like pressure, viscosity and humidity in real time
applications. This system is cost-effective and time efficient in
its operation and works as high speed and is very accurate in
its operation.
The development of wireless solution within the standards
organization has the advantage of bringing several views
together to define a better solution. The quick development of
the standard was due to the proactive participation of several
developers and users of the technology. The focus of Zigbee
development was on maintaining simplicity by concentrating
on the essential requirements that will leverage a successful
standard.
The main goal of this effort has been to address applications
that could benefit from wireless connectivity and enable new
ones that cannot use higher-end wireless application. The
value will be in the application, not in the technology. Some
of the future developments could also be discussed as follows.
With the facilities provided, we were successful in sensing the
temperature as one of the data and displaying the same on the
LCD.
We can add other parameters say voltage, pressure,
viscosity, humidity etc to the existing work done in this paper
or for transfer of data using Zigbee in the place of internet and
could have made it more efficient. The graphical LCD can
also replace the typical LCD so that the user can know the
status of the parameter being measured using the graphical
LCD rather than the typical LCD, so that the designed unit can
be more user friendly and user interactive.
64
G Ding, Z Sahinoglu, B Bhargava, P Orlik, J Zhang , “Reliable Broad
cast en Zigbee networks”, Proc. of IEEE conference on Zigbee.
[8].
VIII. CONCLUSION
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Sepoo Scottsdale, AZUSA, “Znterim Meeting Minuts”, Scan
Middletom, Philip semi conductors.
U Mohammad , “Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol
for Automotive application”, IEEE Manuals.