The piston is an engine component that converts the heat and pressure energy released by fuel combustion into mechanical work. The primary goal of this study is to create a piston that meets the specific requirements. The piston was created in SOLIDWORKS and examined with ANSYS workstation. Scrap aluminum alloys were used to make the pistons. The working gas pressure, temperature, and material attributes of the piston were employed in the analysis. A permanent mild steel mold was used to manufacture the TG 950 gasoline generator piston. The aluminum fragments were melted in a gas fired crucible furnace. The developed piston was characterized using XRF and SEM EDS to ascertain the elemental compositions of the final product, and finally, the piston was put through a thermal and transient study to estimate how well it will perform in service. Christian Ogheneruemu Akeni | P. C Onyechi | Chika Edith Mgbemena "Design and Analysis of Aluminum Alloy for Gasoline Generator Piston using Aluminum Scrap" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43838.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/43838/design-and-analysis-of-aluminum-alloy-for-gasoline-generator-piston-using-aluminum-scrap/christian-ogheneruemu-akeni
Design and Development of Catalytic Converter for Reduction of Pollution by U...YogeshIJTSRD
The use of fossil fuels in automobiles mainly HC, CO and NOX which produce harmful green house gases. The main objective of catalytic converter is to reduce and control effect of harmful pollutants by converting toxic CO and NOX to non toxic CO2and H2O. CFD analysis is done in the present study of catalytic converter by taking three different materials for the make of catalytic converter such as stainless steel, Grey cast iron and aluminum at the time by varying different fluids such as methane, ethane and nitrogen at varying speeds of 2000 and2500R.P.M. V. Saran Tej | M. Rakesh Kumar | N. Satya Sandeep | N. Sai "Design and Development of Catalytic Converter for Reduction of Pollution by Using Transient and CFD Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43784.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/43784/design-and-development-of-catalytic-converter-for-reduction-of-pollution-by-using-transient-and-cfd-analysis/v-saran-tej
11.[42 53]an experimental investigation of performance and emission in ethano...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental study on using ethanol as fuel in internal combustion engines. It discusses two modes tested: high compression spark ignition with manifold injection of ethanol, and ultra-high compression direct injection of ethanol. For both modes, engine performance and emissions were tested with and without zirconia coating on pistons and cylinders. The high compression spark ignition mode showed similar efficiency to diesel but significantly lower emissions. The direct injection mode fell between diesel and manifold injection modes for efficiency. Overall, ethanol provided lower operating costs than diesel. The document also reviews engine modifications, experimental setup, and testing procedures for the study.
Abstract
The present day scenario of the modern world is impossible to imagine without automobile. Thus it a primary challenge for automobile industries to design efficient and cost effective engine. The performance of the engine again depends on the type of fuel used, the cooling system, the lubrication system, the range of temperature in which the engine works etc. If the factors are taken care of then the performance of the engine can be improved. In this paper the effect of the fuel assimilating metallic nano-particles is studied. After the combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber the byproducts of combustion (water vapor and carbon dioxide) are further disintegrated, the dissociation of water being an exothermal process adds up to the heat intake of the engine. The food for the engine being heat and not the fuel, it is beneficial in every sense to extract maximum possible amount of heat from the given mass of fuel. This process has both merits and demerits which are shown by the comprehensive study of the fuel used in an internal combustion engine, the chemical process involved in the combustion and the process of exhaust.
Keywords: Nanofluids, Heat Transfer, Conductivity, Knocking and Detonation, Thermal Diffusibility.
Exhaust analysis of four stroke single cylinder diesel engine using copper ba...ijsrd.com
Exhaust emissions of much concern are Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) from the automotive vehicles. Catalytic converter oxidizes harmful CO and HC emission to CO2 and H2O in the exhaust system and thus the emission is controlled. There are several types of problems associated with noble metal based catalytic converter. These factors encourage for the possible application of non-noble metal based material such as copper as a catalyst, which may by proper improvements be able to show the desired activity and can also offer better durability characteristics due to its poison resistant nature. The present work is aimed at using copper as a catalyst for catalytic converter. Wire mesh copper catalytic converter is developed for a volume of 1.54 m3. The experiment is carried out on four stroke single cylinder CI engine. The optimum values of exhaust emissions found at full load are HC (126 ppm), CO (0.03 %). By using copper based catalytic converter it is found that HC is reduced by 33 % and CO by 66 % at full load.
This document compares channel-type induction furnaces to coreless induction furnaces for melting, holding, and casting aluminum alloys. It describes how a 28-ton holding and casting furnace was converted to a 40-ton furnace with a coreless inductor, increasing capacity and efficiency. The coreless inductor requires less maintenance than the channel-type inductor, reducing production downtime and costs. Based on a year of operation, the converted furnace with coreless inductor saw significantly fewer cleaning cycles, inductor changes, production downtimes, and repair costs compared to the original furnace with a channel-type inductor.
This document summarizes homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. HCCI engines combine aspects of gasoline and diesel engines by using a homogeneous fuel-air mixture that is compressed to autoignition without a spark plug. Controlling the ignition timing in HCCI engines is challenging since combustion occurs spontaneously across the cylinder. The document discusses several methods to control HCCI combustion timing, including variable compression ratio, intake temperature, exhaust gas recirculation, variable valve actuation, and blending multiple fuels on-the-fly. HCCI engines offer benefits like very low NOx and particulate emissions as well as high efficiency, but also present issues with combustion control and emissions at some loads.
This document provides an introduction to a course on power engineering and machinery essentials. The course will cover internal combustion engines, turbo-machinery, thermal engineering, and refrigeration and low temperature engineering over 32 hours. It will include an introduction to the working principles and main components of internal combustion engines. The document outlines the learning objectives and main contents of the section on internal combustion engines, including the definition, early development, working principles, classifications, and components. It also describes how the power from combustion is transferred via the cylinder, piston, connecting rod and crankshaft to rotate the drive shaft and wheel.
Design and Development of Catalytic Converter for Reduction of Pollution by U...YogeshIJTSRD
The use of fossil fuels in automobiles mainly HC, CO and NOX which produce harmful green house gases. The main objective of catalytic converter is to reduce and control effect of harmful pollutants by converting toxic CO and NOX to non toxic CO2and H2O. CFD analysis is done in the present study of catalytic converter by taking three different materials for the make of catalytic converter such as stainless steel, Grey cast iron and aluminum at the time by varying different fluids such as methane, ethane and nitrogen at varying speeds of 2000 and2500R.P.M. V. Saran Tej | M. Rakesh Kumar | N. Satya Sandeep | N. Sai "Design and Development of Catalytic Converter for Reduction of Pollution by Using Transient and CFD Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43784.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/43784/design-and-development-of-catalytic-converter-for-reduction-of-pollution-by-using-transient-and-cfd-analysis/v-saran-tej
11.[42 53]an experimental investigation of performance and emission in ethano...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental study on using ethanol as fuel in internal combustion engines. It discusses two modes tested: high compression spark ignition with manifold injection of ethanol, and ultra-high compression direct injection of ethanol. For both modes, engine performance and emissions were tested with and without zirconia coating on pistons and cylinders. The high compression spark ignition mode showed similar efficiency to diesel but significantly lower emissions. The direct injection mode fell between diesel and manifold injection modes for efficiency. Overall, ethanol provided lower operating costs than diesel. The document also reviews engine modifications, experimental setup, and testing procedures for the study.
Abstract
The present day scenario of the modern world is impossible to imagine without automobile. Thus it a primary challenge for automobile industries to design efficient and cost effective engine. The performance of the engine again depends on the type of fuel used, the cooling system, the lubrication system, the range of temperature in which the engine works etc. If the factors are taken care of then the performance of the engine can be improved. In this paper the effect of the fuel assimilating metallic nano-particles is studied. After the combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber the byproducts of combustion (water vapor and carbon dioxide) are further disintegrated, the dissociation of water being an exothermal process adds up to the heat intake of the engine. The food for the engine being heat and not the fuel, it is beneficial in every sense to extract maximum possible amount of heat from the given mass of fuel. This process has both merits and demerits which are shown by the comprehensive study of the fuel used in an internal combustion engine, the chemical process involved in the combustion and the process of exhaust.
Keywords: Nanofluids, Heat Transfer, Conductivity, Knocking and Detonation, Thermal Diffusibility.
Exhaust analysis of four stroke single cylinder diesel engine using copper ba...ijsrd.com
Exhaust emissions of much concern are Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) from the automotive vehicles. Catalytic converter oxidizes harmful CO and HC emission to CO2 and H2O in the exhaust system and thus the emission is controlled. There are several types of problems associated with noble metal based catalytic converter. These factors encourage for the possible application of non-noble metal based material such as copper as a catalyst, which may by proper improvements be able to show the desired activity and can also offer better durability characteristics due to its poison resistant nature. The present work is aimed at using copper as a catalyst for catalytic converter. Wire mesh copper catalytic converter is developed for a volume of 1.54 m3. The experiment is carried out on four stroke single cylinder CI engine. The optimum values of exhaust emissions found at full load are HC (126 ppm), CO (0.03 %). By using copper based catalytic converter it is found that HC is reduced by 33 % and CO by 66 % at full load.
This document compares channel-type induction furnaces to coreless induction furnaces for melting, holding, and casting aluminum alloys. It describes how a 28-ton holding and casting furnace was converted to a 40-ton furnace with a coreless inductor, increasing capacity and efficiency. The coreless inductor requires less maintenance than the channel-type inductor, reducing production downtime and costs. Based on a year of operation, the converted furnace with coreless inductor saw significantly fewer cleaning cycles, inductor changes, production downtimes, and repair costs compared to the original furnace with a channel-type inductor.
This document summarizes homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. HCCI engines combine aspects of gasoline and diesel engines by using a homogeneous fuel-air mixture that is compressed to autoignition without a spark plug. Controlling the ignition timing in HCCI engines is challenging since combustion occurs spontaneously across the cylinder. The document discusses several methods to control HCCI combustion timing, including variable compression ratio, intake temperature, exhaust gas recirculation, variable valve actuation, and blending multiple fuels on-the-fly. HCCI engines offer benefits like very low NOx and particulate emissions as well as high efficiency, but also present issues with combustion control and emissions at some loads.
This document provides an introduction to a course on power engineering and machinery essentials. The course will cover internal combustion engines, turbo-machinery, thermal engineering, and refrigeration and low temperature engineering over 32 hours. It will include an introduction to the working principles and main components of internal combustion engines. The document outlines the learning objectives and main contents of the section on internal combustion engines, including the definition, early development, working principles, classifications, and components. It also describes how the power from combustion is transferred via the cylinder, piston, connecting rod and crankshaft to rotate the drive shaft and wheel.
This document provides an introduction to a course on power engineering and machinery essentials. The course will cover internal combustion engines, turbo-machinery, thermal engineering, and refrigeration and low temperature engineering over 32 hours. The first part of the course focuses on internal combustion engines, covering their working principles, classifications, components and the conversion of chemical energy from fuel combustion into mechanical energy that turns the crankshaft and wheels.
Controlling of Formation of Hot Spots in Si Engines by Altering the Material ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses controlling the formation of hot spots in SI engines by altering the material of the insulator tip of the spark plug. Hot spots generally form near the spark plug and exhaust valve over long engine operation and increase knocking tendency and harmful emissions. The study examines coating the insulator tip with tungsten and copper alloy to improve combustion and reduce emissions. Testing was done on a 3HP petrol engine. Results show coated spark plug increased efficiencies and reduced unsaturated hydrocarbons and carbon oxides compared to a usual spark plug.
This document provides a review of induction furnaces. It discusses the history and development of induction furnaces. Key points include:
- Induction furnaces heat metal using electromagnetic induction rather than combustion, allowing for cleaner melting.
- Modern furnaces can melt large charges quickly using medium-frequency power supplies for better efficiency.
- Induction furnaces are commonly used in steel production and come in core and coreless designs for different applications.
- Parameters like raw materials, power supply, refractories, cooling system, molten metal output, and waste heat are discussed.
- Safety considerations for induction furnaces involve electrical and thermal hazards.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Kshiti Tiwari to Gulzar Institute of Engineering and Technology. It summarizes their training experience at Vardhman Special Steels Ltd. in Ludhiana. Vardhman Special Steels produces alloy steel and is part of the larger Vardhman Group textile conglomerate. The report describes the electric arc furnace used to melt scrap steel, hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders used to operate the furnace, and air pollution control devices. It also discusses processes like degassing ladles to remove dissolved gases from the molten steel.
1. The document analyzes and compares the thermo-mechanical and vibration properties of an internal combustion engine piston made from three different materials (structural steel, cast iron, and aluminum alloy A2618) under static loading conditions using finite element analysis software ANSYS.
2. Von Mises stresses, strains, heat flux, and natural frequencies are calculated and compared for pistons made of each material. The structural steel piston experiences the highest von Mises stresses and strains while the aluminum alloy piston experiences the lowest values.
3. Material properties such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, density, coefficient of thermal expansion, and shear modulus are provided for each material to be used as inputs for the finite
IRJET- Design & Experimental Investigation of Flue Gas and Combustion Control...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and experimental investigation of a flue gas and combustion control system for a single pass evaporator used to generate steam from multiple solid fuels. It discusses the combustion process, modeling of system components like exhaust gas chambers and an air inlet nozzle, and fabrication of the combustion chamber and other parts. The goal is to increase combustion efficiency, reduce fuel consumption and harmful emissions through an advanced combustion control system.
CONTENTS
1.Introduction
2.Applications
3.Classification
4.Types
5.Charachterstics of an Efficient Furnace
6. Economic Measure of Surnace
7. Modes of Heat Transfer in Furnaces
The document discusses the Homogeneous Charged Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine. HCCI engines combine aspects of gasoline and diesel engines by using a premixed homogeneous fuel-air mixture that is compressed to autoignition. Key parameters that affect HCCI combustion include temperature, pressure, fuel composition/octane number, equivalence ratio, exhaust gas recirculation, and compression ratio. HCCI engines offer advantages like high efficiency and very low NOx emissions compared to gasoline and diesel engines. However, controlling ignition timing over different operating conditions is a major challenge to implementing HCCI engines.
1. Pollutants like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and particulates form in internal combustion engines due to incomplete combustion and high combustion temperatures. The amount of each pollutant depends on factors like air-fuel ratio, combustion chamber design, and operating conditions.
2. Hydrocarbons form due to flame quenching, fuel trapped in crevices and deposits, and misfires. Carbon monoxide occurs under fuel-rich conditions when there is not enough oxygen for full combustion of the carbon. Oxides of nitrogen form through high temperature reactions between nitrogen and oxygen in the air. Particulates include soot and condensed hydrocarbons.
3. Pollutants are measured using
The document discusses the stages of combustion in a compression ignition (diesel) engine. It describes four stages: 1) ignition delay period, where fuel is injected and mixes with air before igniting; 2) rapid uncontrolled combustion, where ignition occurs rapidly across the cylinder; 3) mixing-controlled combustion phase, where combustion is controlled by fuel injection rate and mixing; 4) late combustion or afterburning phase, where any remaining fuel continues burning slowly through the expansion stroke. The document explains the physical and chemical processes that occur during each stage.
Industrial furnace manufacturers – Most popular choice for your industrial ap...Shivang Furnace
This document discusses different types of industrial furnaces used for various manufacturing applications. It describes lightweight furnaces used for commercial tasks and refining that can operate on gas or electricity. Bell furnaces are discussed as being widely used for annealing steel coils. Induction furnaces are mentioned as being operated using eddy currents to cast iron or produce aluminum castings. The document provides an overview of several popular industrial furnace types including container furnaces, rotary furnaces, elevating hearth furnaces, and fluidized bed furnaces. It concludes by listing contact information for an industrial furnace manufacturer.
Increasing efficiency of an i.c. engine using steam charging techniqueseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Furnaces are used to heat materials and change their shape or properties. There are different types of furnaces classified by their heat source (combustion or electric), how material is charged (batch or continuous), and heat recovery methods. Efficient furnaces aim to uniformly heat materials to the desired temperature using minimal fuel and labor. Common furnace types include combustion furnaces fueled by oil, gas, or coal and electric furnaces. Continuous furnaces transport material through the furnace on conveyors, pushers, or walking beams and are used for steel reheating.
There are several types of furnaces used for melting metals in metal casting, with the choice depending on the type of metal and production needs. Crucible furnaces are small and suitable for batch processes, melting metal in crucibles heated indirectly. Cupola furnaces are tall cylinders that melt iron and alloys by layering them with coke and limestone and heating from the bottom. Reverberatory furnaces heat metal to melting through indirect radiation from burners on refractory walls. Induction furnaces use an induction coil powered by alternating current to generate a magnetic field and directly heat electrically conductive materials without contact.
Nishant Ranjan completed a summer training project at Tata Steel's Spares Manufacturing Department studying the electrical furnace in the heat treatment shop and the power system of the west plant substation. The project report acknowledges the support received from Tata Steel employees including the foreman of the heat treatment shop and the manager of the spares manufacturing department who guided the project. The certification section confirms Nishant successfully completed the project during his summer training from June 3-28, 2014.
This document discusses developments in electric arc furnace (EAF) technology for steelmaking. It covers innovations in transformer design, furnace shell design like split shells and tapered shells, cooling systems for side walls and roofs, new electrode designs, electronic and computer controls, direct current EAFs, operational features like oxyfuel burners and foamy slag practices, and charge material developments like preheating scrap and using hot metal and iron carbide. The key developments aim to improve furnace performance, reduce downtime, increase productivity and energy efficiency in steelmaking using EAFs.
Senior Year Project - Hydrogen Fuelled EngineANKIT KUKREJA
This document summarizes the development of a hydrogen fuelled small internal combustion engine test rig and evaluation of its performance and emissions. Key aspects include:
- Modifications made to a small SI engine to enable hydrogen fuel injection via an electronic fuel injection system using a solenoid injector and engine control unit.
- Design and construction of the test rig, including safety systems like a flame trap and controls.
- Methodology to evaluate and compare the engine's performance and emissions on hydrogen versus its original kerosene/gasoline fuel.
- Measurement methods used including exhaust emission analysis, fuel flow measurement, and engine rpm.
This document summarizes the experience of indigenizing (domesticating) the waste heat boiler system at Vizag Steel Plant in India. Originally using Russian-made boilers, problems with erosion, corrosion, and maintenance were addressed. Tube bundles were replaced with Indian-made alloy steel tubes, reducing erosion. Bi-metallic corrosion at tube brackets was eliminated by specifying compatible materials. New single-shaft boilers were installed with larger dimensions to reduce gas velocity by 70%, preventing erosion. Refractory walls requiring frequent repair were replaced in future boilers. Through material selection, design changes, and replacing components, the Russian system was successfully adapted for local manufacturing and conditions.
This document provides an overview of engine emissions and emission standards. It discusses the types of emissions from internal combustion engines, including hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen. It also compares Indian Bharat emission standards to European Euro norms, noting differences in testing temperatures and maximum tested speeds. The document outlines the causes of different emissions and how emission standards aim to regulate the amounts of pollutants released.
This document provides an overview of coal including its uses, ranking system, and experimental analysis. Coal is a widely used fossil fuel that can be burned directly for heat or converted into other fuels and chemicals. Its rank depends on the degree of metamorphism, from lowest rank peat to highest rank anthracite. The document outlines the objectives and methods for analyzing various coal samples collected, including proximate analysis to determine moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon content and gross calorific value. The goal is to upgrade low grade coals through blending with petroleum coke to make them more usable for industry applications. Results of the analyses on the collected coal samples are also presented.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Dry Cylinder Liner with FEAIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a dry cylinder liner for a diesel engine using finite element analysis (FEA). It discusses the specifications of a cylinder liner currently used in an Ashok Leyland engine. It then models the liner in Pro/Engineer and analyzes it using ANSYS to study the heat flux, thermal stresses, displacements, temperatures, and thermal gradients. Various surface coatings, such as ceramic, aluminum alloys, and nickel chrome alloy steel, are applied to the model to determine the best coating for withstanding the engine's heat and pressure. After comparing the results, the document suggests the optimal coated dry cylinder liner material for the diesel engine.
This document discusses the design and analysis of fins on engine cylinders. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goal of analyzing circular and wavy shaped fins made of aluminum, aluminum 6061, and aluminum 2014 using CAD modeling and FEA to determine which fin design provides improved cooling performance.
The introduction provides background on air-cooled engines and how fins are used to increase surface area and heat transfer from the cylinder. It describes the heat transfer process from the inner cylinder wall to the fin surfaces and into the air via conduction and convection.
The literature review summarizes past research on optimizing fin geometry and materials to maximize heat transfer based on factors like air velocity, fin dimensions, and material properties. Previous studies
This document provides an introduction to a course on power engineering and machinery essentials. The course will cover internal combustion engines, turbo-machinery, thermal engineering, and refrigeration and low temperature engineering over 32 hours. The first part of the course focuses on internal combustion engines, covering their working principles, classifications, components and the conversion of chemical energy from fuel combustion into mechanical energy that turns the crankshaft and wheels.
Controlling of Formation of Hot Spots in Si Engines by Altering the Material ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses controlling the formation of hot spots in SI engines by altering the material of the insulator tip of the spark plug. Hot spots generally form near the spark plug and exhaust valve over long engine operation and increase knocking tendency and harmful emissions. The study examines coating the insulator tip with tungsten and copper alloy to improve combustion and reduce emissions. Testing was done on a 3HP petrol engine. Results show coated spark plug increased efficiencies and reduced unsaturated hydrocarbons and carbon oxides compared to a usual spark plug.
This document provides a review of induction furnaces. It discusses the history and development of induction furnaces. Key points include:
- Induction furnaces heat metal using electromagnetic induction rather than combustion, allowing for cleaner melting.
- Modern furnaces can melt large charges quickly using medium-frequency power supplies for better efficiency.
- Induction furnaces are commonly used in steel production and come in core and coreless designs for different applications.
- Parameters like raw materials, power supply, refractories, cooling system, molten metal output, and waste heat are discussed.
- Safety considerations for induction furnaces involve electrical and thermal hazards.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Kshiti Tiwari to Gulzar Institute of Engineering and Technology. It summarizes their training experience at Vardhman Special Steels Ltd. in Ludhiana. Vardhman Special Steels produces alloy steel and is part of the larger Vardhman Group textile conglomerate. The report describes the electric arc furnace used to melt scrap steel, hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders used to operate the furnace, and air pollution control devices. It also discusses processes like degassing ladles to remove dissolved gases from the molten steel.
1. The document analyzes and compares the thermo-mechanical and vibration properties of an internal combustion engine piston made from three different materials (structural steel, cast iron, and aluminum alloy A2618) under static loading conditions using finite element analysis software ANSYS.
2. Von Mises stresses, strains, heat flux, and natural frequencies are calculated and compared for pistons made of each material. The structural steel piston experiences the highest von Mises stresses and strains while the aluminum alloy piston experiences the lowest values.
3. Material properties such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, density, coefficient of thermal expansion, and shear modulus are provided for each material to be used as inputs for the finite
IRJET- Design & Experimental Investigation of Flue Gas and Combustion Control...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and experimental investigation of a flue gas and combustion control system for a single pass evaporator used to generate steam from multiple solid fuels. It discusses the combustion process, modeling of system components like exhaust gas chambers and an air inlet nozzle, and fabrication of the combustion chamber and other parts. The goal is to increase combustion efficiency, reduce fuel consumption and harmful emissions through an advanced combustion control system.
CONTENTS
1.Introduction
2.Applications
3.Classification
4.Types
5.Charachterstics of an Efficient Furnace
6. Economic Measure of Surnace
7. Modes of Heat Transfer in Furnaces
The document discusses the Homogeneous Charged Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine. HCCI engines combine aspects of gasoline and diesel engines by using a premixed homogeneous fuel-air mixture that is compressed to autoignition. Key parameters that affect HCCI combustion include temperature, pressure, fuel composition/octane number, equivalence ratio, exhaust gas recirculation, and compression ratio. HCCI engines offer advantages like high efficiency and very low NOx emissions compared to gasoline and diesel engines. However, controlling ignition timing over different operating conditions is a major challenge to implementing HCCI engines.
1. Pollutants like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and particulates form in internal combustion engines due to incomplete combustion and high combustion temperatures. The amount of each pollutant depends on factors like air-fuel ratio, combustion chamber design, and operating conditions.
2. Hydrocarbons form due to flame quenching, fuel trapped in crevices and deposits, and misfires. Carbon monoxide occurs under fuel-rich conditions when there is not enough oxygen for full combustion of the carbon. Oxides of nitrogen form through high temperature reactions between nitrogen and oxygen in the air. Particulates include soot and condensed hydrocarbons.
3. Pollutants are measured using
The document discusses the stages of combustion in a compression ignition (diesel) engine. It describes four stages: 1) ignition delay period, where fuel is injected and mixes with air before igniting; 2) rapid uncontrolled combustion, where ignition occurs rapidly across the cylinder; 3) mixing-controlled combustion phase, where combustion is controlled by fuel injection rate and mixing; 4) late combustion or afterburning phase, where any remaining fuel continues burning slowly through the expansion stroke. The document explains the physical and chemical processes that occur during each stage.
Industrial furnace manufacturers – Most popular choice for your industrial ap...Shivang Furnace
This document discusses different types of industrial furnaces used for various manufacturing applications. It describes lightweight furnaces used for commercial tasks and refining that can operate on gas or electricity. Bell furnaces are discussed as being widely used for annealing steel coils. Induction furnaces are mentioned as being operated using eddy currents to cast iron or produce aluminum castings. The document provides an overview of several popular industrial furnace types including container furnaces, rotary furnaces, elevating hearth furnaces, and fluidized bed furnaces. It concludes by listing contact information for an industrial furnace manufacturer.
Increasing efficiency of an i.c. engine using steam charging techniqueseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Furnaces are used to heat materials and change their shape or properties. There are different types of furnaces classified by their heat source (combustion or electric), how material is charged (batch or continuous), and heat recovery methods. Efficient furnaces aim to uniformly heat materials to the desired temperature using minimal fuel and labor. Common furnace types include combustion furnaces fueled by oil, gas, or coal and electric furnaces. Continuous furnaces transport material through the furnace on conveyors, pushers, or walking beams and are used for steel reheating.
There are several types of furnaces used for melting metals in metal casting, with the choice depending on the type of metal and production needs. Crucible furnaces are small and suitable for batch processes, melting metal in crucibles heated indirectly. Cupola furnaces are tall cylinders that melt iron and alloys by layering them with coke and limestone and heating from the bottom. Reverberatory furnaces heat metal to melting through indirect radiation from burners on refractory walls. Induction furnaces use an induction coil powered by alternating current to generate a magnetic field and directly heat electrically conductive materials without contact.
Nishant Ranjan completed a summer training project at Tata Steel's Spares Manufacturing Department studying the electrical furnace in the heat treatment shop and the power system of the west plant substation. The project report acknowledges the support received from Tata Steel employees including the foreman of the heat treatment shop and the manager of the spares manufacturing department who guided the project. The certification section confirms Nishant successfully completed the project during his summer training from June 3-28, 2014.
This document discusses developments in electric arc furnace (EAF) technology for steelmaking. It covers innovations in transformer design, furnace shell design like split shells and tapered shells, cooling systems for side walls and roofs, new electrode designs, electronic and computer controls, direct current EAFs, operational features like oxyfuel burners and foamy slag practices, and charge material developments like preheating scrap and using hot metal and iron carbide. The key developments aim to improve furnace performance, reduce downtime, increase productivity and energy efficiency in steelmaking using EAFs.
Senior Year Project - Hydrogen Fuelled EngineANKIT KUKREJA
This document summarizes the development of a hydrogen fuelled small internal combustion engine test rig and evaluation of its performance and emissions. Key aspects include:
- Modifications made to a small SI engine to enable hydrogen fuel injection via an electronic fuel injection system using a solenoid injector and engine control unit.
- Design and construction of the test rig, including safety systems like a flame trap and controls.
- Methodology to evaluate and compare the engine's performance and emissions on hydrogen versus its original kerosene/gasoline fuel.
- Measurement methods used including exhaust emission analysis, fuel flow measurement, and engine rpm.
This document summarizes the experience of indigenizing (domesticating) the waste heat boiler system at Vizag Steel Plant in India. Originally using Russian-made boilers, problems with erosion, corrosion, and maintenance were addressed. Tube bundles were replaced with Indian-made alloy steel tubes, reducing erosion. Bi-metallic corrosion at tube brackets was eliminated by specifying compatible materials. New single-shaft boilers were installed with larger dimensions to reduce gas velocity by 70%, preventing erosion. Refractory walls requiring frequent repair were replaced in future boilers. Through material selection, design changes, and replacing components, the Russian system was successfully adapted for local manufacturing and conditions.
This document provides an overview of engine emissions and emission standards. It discusses the types of emissions from internal combustion engines, including hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen. It also compares Indian Bharat emission standards to European Euro norms, noting differences in testing temperatures and maximum tested speeds. The document outlines the causes of different emissions and how emission standards aim to regulate the amounts of pollutants released.
This document provides an overview of coal including its uses, ranking system, and experimental analysis. Coal is a widely used fossil fuel that can be burned directly for heat or converted into other fuels and chemicals. Its rank depends on the degree of metamorphism, from lowest rank peat to highest rank anthracite. The document outlines the objectives and methods for analyzing various coal samples collected, including proximate analysis to determine moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon content and gross calorific value. The goal is to upgrade low grade coals through blending with petroleum coke to make them more usable for industry applications. Results of the analyses on the collected coal samples are also presented.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Dry Cylinder Liner with FEAIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a dry cylinder liner for a diesel engine using finite element analysis (FEA). It discusses the specifications of a cylinder liner currently used in an Ashok Leyland engine. It then models the liner in Pro/Engineer and analyzes it using ANSYS to study the heat flux, thermal stresses, displacements, temperatures, and thermal gradients. Various surface coatings, such as ceramic, aluminum alloys, and nickel chrome alloy steel, are applied to the model to determine the best coating for withstanding the engine's heat and pressure. After comparing the results, the document suggests the optimal coated dry cylinder liner material for the diesel engine.
This document discusses the design and analysis of fins on engine cylinders. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goal of analyzing circular and wavy shaped fins made of aluminum, aluminum 6061, and aluminum 2014 using CAD modeling and FEA to determine which fin design provides improved cooling performance.
The introduction provides background on air-cooled engines and how fins are used to increase surface area and heat transfer from the cylinder. It describes the heat transfer process from the inner cylinder wall to the fin surfaces and into the air via conduction and convection.
The literature review summarizes past research on optimizing fin geometry and materials to maximize heat transfer based on factors like air velocity, fin dimensions, and material properties. Previous studies
IRJET- A Review on I. C. Engine Head Fins DesignIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on improving the design of fins on internal combustion (IC) engine cylinders. It discusses how fins are used to increase heat transfer from the engine cylinder by increasing surface area for convection. The document reviews past research that has analyzed changing fin geometry, thickness, material, and adding holes to fins to improve heat transfer rate. It also presents thermal analysis results showing that aluminum alloy fins provide better heat transfer performance than other materials like cast iron. The goal of the work is to analyze different fin designs and materials to optimize heat dissipation from IC engine cylinders.
Thermo Structural Analysis on Cylinder Head of 4 Stroke VCR Diesel EngineDr. Amarjeet Singh
The main aim of the project is to analyse the design performance of VCR 4 stroke Diesel engine cylinder head at the compression ratio 16.5 using Ansys software. The basic modelling is done on CATIA V5 software. The design exposition can be done structurally and thermally in ansys. By the structural analysis the maximum and minimum von misses stress, total deformation can be determined, the maximum gas pressure required for this analysis is taken from the experimental set up of VCR engine. With the steady state thermal analysis we will get the maximum temperature distribution and total heat flux of the cylinder head with the initial pressure value. The results of both the expositions are used to decide the critical areas of the cylinder head which require further amendment and also the quality of design. If the maximum stress is less than the material strength of the cylinder head then the basic design criteria can be achieved.
Transient state thermal analysis of a 4 stroke CI engine PistonIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that uses ANSYS software to conduct a transient thermal analysis of a 4-stroke diesel engine piston made of four different materials: aluminum alloy, AlSi10Mg, titanium alloy, and gray cast iron. The study simulates the temperature distribution and heat flux within the piston under varying operating conditions for each material. The results show that the aluminum alloy piston has the highest maximum heat flux value, while the titanium alloy piston has the lowest maximum heat flux value. These findings can help engineers select the optimal material for a piston design based on its ability to withstand thermal stresses during engine operation.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of the Piston using Three MaterialsIRJET Journal
The document discusses the design and analysis of a piston using three different materials - grey cast iron, aluminum alloy, and aluminum-nickel carbide graphite composite. A piston model based on a Bajaj Pulsar 220cc engine was created in Solidworks and imported into ANSYS for structural and thermal analysis. Static structural analysis under 13.65MPa pressure found the aluminum-nickel carbide graphite composite had the lowest maximum stress, total deformation, maximum strain, and maximum shear stress. Thermal analysis from 400°C to 30°C also showed this composite had the highest heat flux. It was concluded this composite material would be the most suitable for pistons out of the three materials analyzed.
Ijaems apr-2016-20 Design, Modeling and Analysis of Structural Strength of Cy...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The proficiency of any automobile engine is deals with the structural strength of its cylinder and cylinder head. Cylinder and cylinder head are most important parts of an engine because the piston moving inside the cylinder, so friction between cylinder wall and piston is very higher and due to this the mechanical load or fatigue load acting on the cylinder. So that structure of cylinder should be stronger. The combustion chamber, crank case, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft and cylinder are placed under the cylinder head. Cylinder head provides the protection against the high thermal and mechanical load on an engine, so the cylinder head is “a protector” of an engine and its parts. The review of existing literature on design, modeling and analysis of cylinder and cylinder head is presented. 3D-model of cylinder and cylinder head were created using Pro/Engineer software and ANSYS was used to analyze the thermal and structural analysis. So finally design considerations, material specifications, failure analysis, these all are reviewed successfully over here.
Design Analysis and Optimization of Internal Combustion Engine Piston using C...IJERA Editor
In the internal combustion engine there are many reciprocating parts which are responsible for giving the
motion to the engine. from them the piston is very important part of the internal combustion engine.. The
working condition of the piston is so worst in comparison of other parts of the internal combustion engine.
There is very high probability to failure of the piston due to high wear and tear. So there is necessary to
inspection the working condition of piston. In before there is no availability of software packages. So there is
difficult to check out the failure of the piston, it is also very time taken process. In now days the software
packages are used to consume less time and give quality assurance.
In this study work there are two steps of analysis of the piston they are Designing and Analysis. Firstly design
the model of the piston in giving design specification on the modelling software like INVENTOR . Then giving
it the constraints which are act on the working condition of the piston after import the model of the piston into
the analysis software ANSYS in IGES format. Then the analysis become completed on the different
parameters(temperature, stress, deformation) and easily analysis the result. In this work the piston become
optimized after the reducing the material of the piston. the mass and volume of the piston become reduced. The
deformation also increased after the optimization which is responsible for the stress distribution on the piston
head or piston crown.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Ceramic(Sic) Gas Turbine VaneIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a ceramic (silicon carbide) gas turbine vane. The objective was to develop a cooled ceramic vane design for the first stage of a high-pressure turbine that could utilize the higher temperature capability of composites compared to metals. A 3D model of the vane was created in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS to investigate thermal and structural performance using silicon carbide and titanium T6 materials. Results showed the silicon carbide design experienced less deformation and stress compared to titanium under high temperatures, making it more suitable for high-performance gas turbines.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Ceramic(Sic) Gas Turbine VaneIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a ceramic (silicon carbide) gas turbine vane. The objective was to develop a cooled ceramic vane design for the first stage of a high-pressure turbine that could utilize the higher temperature capability of composites compared to metals. A 3D model of the vane was created in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS to investigate thermal and structural performance using silicon carbide and titanium T6 materials. Results showed the silicon carbide design experienced higher heat flux but lower stresses compared to titanium, indicating it is better suited for withstanding the high temperatures in a gas turbine.
IRJET- Fabrication of Foundry Cum Forging FurnaceIRJET Journal
This document describes the fabrication of a coal-fired crucible furnace using locally sourced materials. Mild steel sheet was used to fabricate the furnace casing and other components. Refractory bricks lined the inside and were mortared together. A burner housing introduced air from a blower to fuel combustion inside. Proper insulation and an exhaust system allowed the furnace to efficiently melt metals for casting or heat them for forging. The furnace was designed to operate without extensive electricity usage, making it suitable for small foundries.
IRJET- Modeling & Analysis of a 100cc I.C. Engine PistonIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a finite element analysis of the stress distribution in pistons made of two different aluminum alloys for a 100cc internal combustion engine.
2) A piston model was designed in SOLIDWORKS and then imported into ANSYS for thermal and stress analysis under different top land thicknesses.
3) The results showed that a top land thickness of 2.50mm resulted in the least equivalent stress and strain for the aluminum alloy material when subjected to a 500N load.
Enhancement of Heat Transfer Analysis and Optimization of Engine Fins of Vary...ijtsrd
The Engine cylinder is one of the major automobile components, which is subjected to high temperature variations and thermal stresses. In order to cool the cylinder, fins are provided on the cylinder to increase the rate of heat transfer. By doing thermal analysis on the engine cylinder fins, it is helpful to know the heat dissipation inside the cylinder. The principle implemented in this project is to increase the heat dissipation rate by using the invisible working fluid, nothing but air. As know, by increasing the surface area we can increase the heat dissipation rate, so designing such a large complex engine is very difficult. The main purpose of using these cooling fins is to cool the engine cylinder by air. The main aim of the project is to analyse the thermal properties by varying geometry, material, distance between the fins and thickness of cylinder fins. Parametric models of cylinder with fins have been developed to predict the transient thermal behaviour. The models are created by varying the geometry circular and also by varying thickness of the fins for both geometries. The 3D modelling software used is Pro/Engineer. Thermal analysis is done on the cylinder fins to determine variation temperature distribution over time. The analysis is done using ANSYS. Thermal analysis determines temperatures and other thermal quantities. In this thesis, using materials cast iron, Copper and Aluminium alloy 6082 are also for cylinder fin body. Thermal analysis is done using all the three materials by changing geometries, distance between the fins and thickness of the fins for the actual model of the cylinder fin body. K. Karthikeyan | C. Saravanan | Dr. T. Senthil Kumar"Enhancement of Heat Transfer Analysis and Optimization of Engine Fins of Varying Geometry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14327.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/14327/enhancement-of-heat-transfer-analysis-and-optimization-of-engine-fins-of-varying-geometry/k-karthikeyan
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF ENGINE BLOCK FOR SELECTION OF SUITABLE MATERIAL FOR COST ...Ijripublishers Ijri
The Aim of this project is to design a combustion chamber using Pro-E and perform analysis using ANSYS software.
The analysis of the combustion chamber is done by using different materials. By conducting the above analysis on the
combustion chamber combustion rate, pressure and temperature gradient conditions are found and the best material
for the combustion chamber is suggested.
Thermal analysis is conducted to find heat dissipation rate in engine block with the variation of materials Structural
and fatigue analysis(dynamic) is conduct on engine block at working load conditions to evaluate and compare stress,
strain, deformation and fatigue life with the variation of materials.
Frequency analysis is conducted on engine block with the variation of materials to evaluate frequency,
Using these values material selection will be done, the value should be nearby previous one (cast iron) maximum accepted
variation value 65HZ.
IRJET- High Effect of 22Cr10AlY Coating Thickness on Air Hot Corrosion of...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the effect of coating thickness on the oxidation and hot corrosion behavior of nickel-based alloys exposed to air at 850°C and 900°C under cyclic conditions. Nickel-based alloy samples were coated with 22Cr10AlY coatings of thicknesses 50 microns and 100 microns using detonation gun coating. The samples were then subjected to cyclic oxidation testing involving heating for 5 hours at 850°C and 900°C followed by 20 minutes cooling for 10 cycles. Weight change measurements were made to determine the kinetics of oxidation and hot corrosion. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the corroded products. It was observed that the coated nickel alloy with 100 micron coating showed better resistance to oxidation
IRJET- Performance Analysis of IC Engine with Introduction of HTC MaterialIRJET Journal
This document discusses coating engine components with highly thermal conducting (HTC) materials to improve heat transfer and reduce operating temperatures. It analyzes coating the exhaust valve, inlet valve, cylinder head, and valve seats with sintered copper. Thermal analysis using FEM software shows coating can reduce maximum temperatures from 451°C to 373°C on the valve and 435°C on the valve seat. This allows engines to operate at higher RPMs within safe temperature ranges and reduces harmful emissions produced at high temperatures. The document concludes coating high heat areas improves heat transfer and dissipation, enhancing engine performance and efficiency.
IRJET- Thermal Analysis of Piston using AnsysIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a thermal analysis of a piston using ANSYS software to determine the thermal flux and temperature distribution with different materials.
2. A piston model was created in CATIA and imported into ANSYS for meshing and thermal analysis. The materials analyzed were aluminum alloy A360 and cast iron.
3. The results showed that aluminum alloy heats up more than cast iron within one minute but cast iron is heavier. Therefore, a combination of both materials may provide better performance.
IRJET- Static and Thermal Analysis of Piston with Different Thermal CoatingsIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that performed static and thermal analysis of a piston design with different thermal coating materials. A piston was designed using CATIA software and imported into ANSYS for analysis. Thermal analysis was conducted by selecting aluminum alloy and titanium alloy as piston materials and applying a 1mm coating of either Ni-Cr-Al or Mg-ZrO3. The maximum and minimum heat flux distributions were observed for different piston and coating material combinations. Results were presented graphically to identify the most suitable design combination for withstanding thermal stresses and reducing heat transfer. A literature review discussed previous research on analyzing piston coatings and materials to improve engine performance and efficiency.
IRJET- Design and Specification of Internal Combustion EngineIRJET Journal
- The document discusses the design and specification of internal combustion engines. It describes key components of IC engines like the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and flywheel.
- The main types of IC engines are described as two-stroke and four-stroke engines. In a two-stroke engine, the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes are completed in two piston strokes. In a four-stroke engine, these strokes are completed over four piston strokes.
- The document provides diagrams of engine components like the piston, connecting rod, flywheel, and comparisons between external and internal combustion engines. Designs of engine parts in CAD software are also shown.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ALPHA STIRLING ENGINEIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of an alpha Stirling engine. It discusses how the engine parts were designed using SolidWorks and then fabricated using CNC machining. Key parts like the piston head and tube were made of copper for good heat transfer. Theoretical calculations estimated the engine could produce 0.785 kW of power at 300 rpm. The design and fabrication process aimed to build a working prototype of the Stirling engine that converts solar energy into electricity without pollution.
Similar to Design and Analysis of Aluminum Alloy for Gasoline Generator Piston using Aluminum Scrap (20)
This document provides an overview of cosmetic science, summarizing different types of cosmetics including skin, hair, face, eye, and nail cosmetics. It describes key ingredients and formulations for different cosmetic products like moisturizers, cleansers, hair conditioners, mascara, lipstick, and nail polish. The document also discusses trends in cosmetic use throughout history and how cosmetics help beautify and care for skin, hair, nails, and facial features.
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of ParalysisYogeshIJTSRD
Paralysis is a complete loss of motor power in any muscle group. When paralysis affects all four extremities, it is called quadriplegia when it affects only the lower extremities, paraplegia and when it affects the extremities on one side of the body, hemiplegic. For this reason, the term paralysis is generally reserved for more focal, less stereotyped weakness, for instance, affecting all the muscles innervated by a peripheral nerve. Many different anatomical lesions and etiologies can cause paralysis and determine its treatment. Bikash Debsingha | Dr. Gourav Kr. Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paralysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45108.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/45108/review-of-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-paralysis/bikash-debsingha
Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods A...YogeshIJTSRD
Cooling towers make use of evaporation whereby some of the water is evaporated into a moving air stream and subsequently discharged into the atmosphere which results in cooling of the remainder water. The current research reviews various studies conducted on cooling tower using experimental and numerical techniques. Different design configuration and operating conditions on cooling towers are evaluated by various researchers. Significant findings from researches have shown new and improved design of cooling tower with much better performance as compared to conventional design. Neetish Kumar Sao | Dr. Surendra K. Dwivedi "Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45100.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/45100/comparative-analysis-of-forced-draft-cooling-tower-using-two-design-methods-a-review/neetish-kumar-sao
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
This document summarizes a research study about the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators in the Philippines. It finds that most respondents enjoy seeing their students succeed but find grading and dealing with difficult students stressful. Financially, only one respondent felt stable while others said their salaries were just enough to get by. Respondents did not initially intend to become teachers but stayed for reasons like family and valuing the teaching profession. While teaching had rewards, low salaries and qualifications impacted job satisfaction for some. Overall, the study provides insights into criminology educators' experiences in the Philippines.
A Review Herbal Drugs Used in Skin DisorderYogeshIJTSRD
The human bodys skin is an organ that allows it to interact with the environment while also shielding it from harmful external influences. People of all ages suffer from skin diseases all over the world. Its vital to keep your skin in good form for a healthy physique. Plants have been employed in some form or another since the beginning of time. This research has highlighted some prevalent skin disease issues, as well as the herbals utilized in disease therapy and the various formulations accessible in the pharmaceutical industry. Some medicinal plants have been shown to be quite effective in removing or reducing skin infection disorders. Chandramita Borah | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "A Review: Herbal Drugs Used in Skin Disorder" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45118.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45118/a-review-herbal-drugs-used-in-skin-disorder/chandramita-borah
Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectiv...YogeshIJTSRD
The aim of information retrieval systems is to retrieve relevant information according to the query provided. The queries are often vague and uncertain. Thus, to improve the system, we propose an Automatic Query Expansion technique, to expand the query by adding new terms to the user s initial query so as to minimize query mismatch and thereby improving retrieval performance. Most of the existing techniques for expanding queries do not take into account the degree of semantic relationship among words. In this paper, the query is expanded by exploring terms which are semantically similar to the initial query terms as well as considering the degree of relationship, that is, “fuzzy membership- between them. The terms which seemed most relevant are used in expanded query and improve the information retrieval process. The experiments conducted on the queries set show that the proposed Automatic query expansion approach gave a higher precision, recall, and F measure then non fuzzy edge weights. Tarun Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectivity Measures" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45074.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/45074/automatic-query-expansion-using-word-embedding-based-on-fuzzy-graph-connectivity-measures/tarun-goyal
A New Proposal for Smartphone Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System f...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper proposes a Smartphone based system for the detection of drowsiness in automotive drivers. The proposed system uses three stage drowsiness detection technique. The first stage uses the percentage of eyelid closure PERCLOS which is obtained by capturing images with the front camera of the Smartphone with a modified eye state classification method. The system uses near infrared lighting for illuminating the face of the driver during night driving. The second step uses the voiced to the unvoiced ratio VUR obtained from the speech data from the microphone, in the event PERCLOS crosses the threshold. The VUR is also compared with a threshold and if it is a value greater than that of the threshold, it moves on to the next verification stage. In the final verification stage, touch response is required within the stipulated time to declare whether the driver is drowsy or not and subsequently sound an alarm. To awake the driver, a vibrating mechanism is done and also the live GPS location is also sent to an emergency contact. We have studied eight other reference papers for the literature review. The system has three advantages over existing drowsiness detection systems. First, the three stage verification process makes the system more reliable. The second advantage is its implementation on an Android smart phone, which is readily available to most drivers or cab owners as compared to other general purpose embedded platforms. The third advantage is the use of SMS service to inform the control room as well as the passenger regarding the loss of attention of the driver. Abishek K Biju | Godwin Jolly | Asif Mohammed C A | Dr. Paul P Mathai | Derek Joseph "A New Proposal for Smartphone-Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System for Automotive Drivers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45083.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/45083/a-new-proposal-for-smartphonebased-drowsiness-detection-and-warning-system-for-automotive-drivers/abishek-k-biju
Data Security by AES Advanced Encryption StandardYogeshIJTSRD
Now a days with the rapid development of multimedia technologies, research on safety and security are becoming more important. Multimedia data are generated and transmitted through the communication channels and the wireless media. The efficiencies of encryption based on different existing algorithms are not up to the satisfactory limit. Hence researchers are trying to modify the existing algorithm or even develop new algorithms that help to increase security with a little encryption time. Here in this paper, we have furnished a new technology to modify the AES algorithm which gives more security with a little encryption time and which can be used to encrypt using 128 bit key. Theoretical analysis on the proposed algorithm with the existing reveals the novelty of our work. Here we have proposed a technique to randomize the key and hidden the key data into an encrypted digital image using the basics concept of cryptography and also using the concept of digital watermarking, the concept of key hide has also been encrypted. We have also proposed a new technique to reposition the pixels to break the correlation between them. So, the proposed scheme offers a more secure and cost effective mechanism for encryption. Next on the AES criteria list good performance. Widespread market adoption will require reasonably good performance on a variety of platforms, ranging from easy tocrack smart cards to the largest servers. Good algorithm performance includes speed for the encryption and decryption process as well as the key schedule. Prateek Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Data Security by AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45073.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/45073/data-security-by-aes-advanced-encryption-standard/prateek-goyal
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
There is a need for temperature drop in a buried pipeline based on the media and process. Need of some methodology and design requirement for a set of conditions by reducing pipeline surface temperature and the temperature drops to atmospheric temperature at a particular distance of pipeline. Based on the conduction principle, desire reduction up to atmospheric temperature can be possible. Let us understand by below methods and design of Heat sink for buried pipe line. Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Heat Sink for Underground Pipe Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45117.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45117/heat-sink-for-underground-pipe-line/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber Optic Cable CoreYogeshIJTSRD
Fiber optic cables have single core and multiple core options, but single and multiple core fiber cable -˜s core design need to be updated. Newly proposed design gives facilities to multiple usage than traditional design of cable core. Cable core design needs improvement by using present technology for decreasing material and cost and by improving efficiency of cable. Research need to be carried out in this direction. What do you think Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber-Optic Cable Core" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45116.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45116/newly-proposed-multi-channel-fiberoptic-cable-core/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and PoliceYogeshIJTSRD
The need to understand and at the same time give prescriptions for the direction of security reform in Third world countries after the end of World War II has prompted the emergence of a big project called the study of security reform SSR . Within this framework emerge various theories and strategies for security reform, with various variations, including ideological variations that underlie these theories. The reform of the structural aspect is a reform of the institutional and structure of an institution, the instrumental reform includes the reform of the system, laws and regulations, while the reform of the cultural aspect is a reform of the habits or organizational culture in institutions in general and in particular the Timor Leste’s security institutions, both military and police. Arquimino Ramos "Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and Police" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45061.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/45061/security-sector-reform-toward-professionalism-of-military-and-police/arquimino-ramos
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians Lipid Profile and Antioxid...YogeshIJTSRD
The study sought to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in South West Nigeria can enhance farmers turnover. It employed the survey research design to collect data with the help of a structured questionnaire to elicit information from respondents selected from six 6 south western states. Research data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that the use of social media WhatsApp and Facebook in marketing of agricultural products significantly enhances farmers turnover. The managerial implication is that use of Whatsapp and Facebook in the marketing of agricultural products for the enhancement of farmers’ turnover was found to have significant influence on the enhancement in farmers’ turnover from agricultural products. Policy makers in government should provide the enabling environment for the telecommunication companies to enhance their reach by installing their facilities across the length and breadth of the country so that the network coverage will be strong at all times so that the benefits of social media usage will not be constrained. Egejuru, Leonard O | Akubugwo, Emmanuel I | Ugorji, Beatrice N "Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians: Lipid Profile and Antioxidants Vitamins (A and C)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/45021/comparative-studies-of-diabetes-in-adult-nigerians-lipid-profile-and-antioxidants-vitamins-a-and-c/egejuru-leonard-o
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
Novel Drug Delivery System An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
In present scenario evolution of an existing drug molecule from a old form to a novel delivery system can significantly improve its performance in terms of patient compliance, safety and efficacy. In the form of a control drug delivery system an existing drug molecule can get a new life. An appropriately designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a major advance for solving the problems related towards the release of the drug at specific site with specific rate. The porpuse for delivering drugs to patients efficiently and with fewer side effects has prompted pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of new drug delivery system. This article covers the basic information regarding Novel Drug Delivery Systems and also advantages, factor etc. Chiranjit Barman | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Novel Drug Delivery System: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45068.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/45068/novel-drug-delivery-system-an-overview/chiranjit-barman
With the growth of technology their grows threat to our data which is just secured by passwords so to make it more secure biometrics came into existence. As biometric systems are adopted and accepted for security purpose for various information and security systems. Hence it is immune to attacks. This paper deals with the security of biometric details of individuals. In this paper we will be discussing about biometrics and its types and the threats and security issues which is not talked about usually. The different technologies evolved and had contributed to biometrics in long run and their effects. Sushmita Raulo | Saurabh Gawade "Security Issues Related to Biometrics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44951.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/44951/security-issues-related-to-biometrics/sushmita-raulo
Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initi...YogeshIJTSRD
A mathematical equation which involves a function and its derivatives is called a differential equation. We consider a real life situation, from this form a mathematical model, solve that model using some mathematical concepts and take interpretation of solution. It is a well known and popular concept in mathematics because of its massive application in real world problems. Differential equations are one of the most important mathematical tools used in modeling problems in Physics, Biology, Economics, Chemistry, Engineering and medical Sciences. Differential equation can describe many situations viz exponential growth and de cay, the population growth of species, the change in investment return over time. We can solve differential equations using classical as well as numerical methods, In this paper we compare numerical methods of solving initial valued first order ordinary differential equations namely Euler method, Improved Euler method, Runge Kutta method and their accuracy level. We use here Scilab Software to obtain direct solution for these methods. Vibahvari Tukaram Dhokrat "Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initial Value Problems in First Order Ordinary Differential Equations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45066.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathematics/45066/comparative-analysis-of-different-numerical-methods-for-the-solution-of-initial-value-problems-in-first-order-ordinary-differential-equations/vibahvari-tukaram-dhokrat
Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing ContentYogeshIJTSRD
Bituminous mixes are most commonly used all over the world in flexible pavement construction. It consists of asphalt or bitumen used as a binder and mineral aggregate which are mixed together, laid down in layers and then compacted. Under normal circumstances, conventional bituminous pavements if designed and executed properly perform quite satisfactorily but the performance of bituminous mixes is very poor under various situations. Today’s asphaltic concrete pavements are expected to perform better as they are experiencing increased volume of traffic, increased loads and increased variations in daily or seasonal temperature over what has been experienced in the past. In addition, the performance of bituminous pavements is found to be very poor in moisture induced situations. Considering this a lot of work has been done on use of additives in bituminous mixtures and as well as on modification of bitumen. Research has indicated that the addition of polymers to asphalt binders helps to increase the interfacial cohesiveness of the bond between the aggregate and the binder which can enhance many properties of the asphalt pavements to help meet these increased demands. However, the additive that is to be used for modification of mix or binder should satisfy both the strength requirements as well as economical aspects. Naveen Kumar | Ms. Shivani "Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing Content" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45089.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45089/evaluation-of-different-paving-mixes-using-optimum-stabilizing-content/naveen-kumar
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD43838 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2021 Page 323
capital flight caused by product imports. A truly
made-in-Nigeria Piston will be a plus to the local
content drive of the Federal Government of Nigeria.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Piston
A piston is a reciprocating component in an engine
that transfers chemical energyinto mechanical energy
following fuel combustion. The piston's job is to
transfer energy from the connecting rod to the
crankshaft. The piston ring is used to seal the cylinder
and piston together. It must be able to work in low-
friction environments, with high explosive forces, and
at temperatures ranging from 2000°C to 2800°C.The
piston must be powerful but light in weight to avoid
inertia forces caused by reciprocating action.
2.2. Parts of a piston
The piston comprises majorly of two parts which are:
1. Piston crown
2. Piston skirt
2.1.1. Piston crown
The top of the piston is known as the crown or head.
During normal engine operation, the upper surface of
the piston (closest to the cylinder head) is subjected to
pressure fluctuations, temperature stresses, and
mechanical load. As has been proved, low-rate, low-
performance engines have a flat head. Pistons utilized
in some high-powered engines have their crown
raised like a dome and is used to expand the
compression ratio, as well as manage combustion.
Some piston may have their crowns shaped in a dish-
like manner to type the desired shape of the
combustion chamber, collectively with the cylinder
head. There are grooves positioned towards the top of
the pistons. They're shaped to fit the piston rings
within. Lands are the bands that are left between the
grooves. These lands act as a buffer between the rings
and the gas pressure, allowing them to flow freely in
a circular course [5].
2.1.2. Piston Skirt
The piston's skirt is the area beneath the rings. Its goal
is to create a device that is capable of absorbing
aspect thrust caused by gas strain [7].
2.2. Functions of Piston
1. To receive and transfer the propulsion force
created by the chemical reaction of the fuel in the
cylinder.
2. To reciprocate in the cylinder provide seal in
suction, compression, expansion and exhaust
stroke.
2.3. Piston Materials
Pistons are typically composed of Aluminum and cast
iron alloys. However, in comparison to cast iron
alloy, the Aluminum alloy is preferred because of its
light weight, which is ideal for the reciprocating
portion. Aluminum alloys have some disadvantages
over cast iron alloys, including lower strength and
wear resistance. Aluminum has a heat conductivity
that is around three times that of cast iron alloys. The
aluminum pistons' thickness has been increased,
which is vital for the other strength and proper
cooling.
3. Methodology
3.1. Design Consideration for a Piston
The following factors should be considered when
developing a piston:
1. To survive the tremendous gas pressure and
inertia forces, it must be extremely strong.
2. It should have minimum mass to minimize the
inertia force
3. It should seal the cylinder effectively against gas
and oil leakages.
4. It should have enough bearing surface to prevent
excessive wear.
5. It should immediately disperse combustion heat to
the cylinder walls.
6. It should be able to reciprocate at a fast pace while
being quiet
7. It should be constructed in such a way that it can
tolerate heat and mechanical distortion
8. It should be strong enough to sustain the piston
pin.
3.2. The Piston Material:
The materials used to develop the Piston were End-of-
life (EOL)/spent aluminum alloy piston scrap of
generator, motorcycles, small vehicles and heavy-duty
vehicles. These materials were obtained locally from
the scrap market at Effurun, Delta State and a
Roadside mechanic workshop at Sapele. The melting
of aluminum was done using electrically operated
crucible furnace.
3.3. CAD Design/Model:
A model of the TG 950 generator piston to be
developed was designed using Solidworks with the
requisite dimensions measured using appropriate
callipers. Figure 3.1 is a depiction of the CAD model
generated using SolidWorks.
Figure 1: CAD model of the TG-950 Piston
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3.4. Moulding
The Moulding process involves the following steps as
previously described in chapter one, which are:
3.4.1. Mould preparation:
Firstly, the mould was oiled and preheated to around
300-5000
F (150-2600
C) by keeping it very close to
the furnace to allow better metal flow and reduce
defects. Then, a parting powder/grease is applied to
the mould cavity surfaces to facilitate part removal
and increase the mould lifetime.
Figure 2: Mould assembly
Figure 3: Mould preparation
Melting and Pouring
The furnace used for the project is electrically
controlled gas-fired crucible furnace. The gas used to
fire this furnace was propane Gas (C3H8).
3.4.2. The melting process
During the melting operation, the following were
carried out.
1. The aluminium piston scrap were washed and
dried thoroughly
2. The furnace crucible was filled with the scrap of
piston and was covered
3. The power cable was connected to a power source
and the power button was switched on
4. As the piston melts, more piston scraps were fed
into the furnace in order to obtain more volume
5. After the last piece of aluminum alloy piston
scrap in the furnace has turned molten the furnace
was allowed to run for about forty-five minutes to
reach the pouring temperature.
3.4.3. The pouring process
The pouring temperature of aluminum is between
6500
C-7000
C. before pouring, the mould is properly
arranged at the mouth of the furnace. A ladle
constructed in the workshop was also used to properly
channel the molten aluminum alloy into the rotating
moulds. Molten metal found rising in the riser,
showed that the molten has filled the required cavity.
The molten metal was allowed to solidify and cool.
When it was cold enough to handle the permanent
mould was taken to the mechanical workshop where
it was carefully disassembled in order to remove the
Piston from the mould.
3.5. Machining
The cast piston was machined to finish on a lathe
machine. The following machining operations were
carried out:
1. Turning: The cast piston was set-up in a lathe by
gripping the crown-end in a 3-jaw chuck. With
the first setting, the skirt zone was turned up to
thirty-five millimeters (35mm) in length. Then the
second setting was made by gripping the skirt
zone while the crown was turned.
2. The ring grooves were also with a parting tool on
the lathe.
3.6. Design consideration and geometric values of
the TG 950 Generator piston
3.6.1. The geometric values of the piston
The geometric values considered for the design of the
piston as measured using a vernier caliper is shown
Table 1 below.
Table 1: Geometric values considered for the
piston
DIMENSION
SIZE
(mm)
The diameter of the piston crown (D) 45
The thickness of the piston Head (tH) 4
The radial thickness of Ring (t1) 2
Axial thickness of the piston ring (h) 1
Width of ring land (h2) 1
The thickness of the piston barrel at the
open end (t2)
25
Length of the skirt (ls) 12
Piston pin diameter (d0) 2
Piston length (l) 42
The engine specification used is a two-stroke single-
cylinder type TG-G950 petrol engine as shown in
Table 2.
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Table 2: The engine specification for TG 950
Generator
PARAMETERS VALUES
Engine type Two-stroke petrol engine
Number of cylinders Single cylinder
Bore 45mm
Stroke 550V, 600W max.
Power 10.39 Nm, 6500 rpm
Torque 120kmph
Top speed 4.00 L
Fuel capacity 20-25 L
Fuel consumption 0.50 L
Oil capacity 0.50 L
Starting system Recoil
3.6.2. Design considerations for the piston
The following parameters were considered in the
design;
Thickness of Piston head (tH)
Heat flows through the Piston head (H)
Axial thickness of the ring (t2)
Radial thickness of the ring (t1)
Maximum thickness of the barrel (t3)
Piston pin
Width of the top land (b1)
Width of second land (b2)
A. Thickness of Piston Head (tH)
The piston head thickness can be calculated using
Grashoff’s formula
Factor of safety = 2.25
tH =
(3.1)
Where,
P = maximum pressure in N/mm2
(P = 5N/mm2
)
D = cylinder bore/outside diameter of the material of
the piston.
t = permissible tensile stress for the material of the
piston
t = 135.7 Mpa
tH = = 3.7mm
B. Heat Flow through the Piston Head (H):
This can be calculated using the formula
H = C × HCV × M × BP
(3.2)
H = 0.05 × 47000 × 0.069 × 7.5
H = 1216.125
Where;
H = Heat flow through the piston head.
C = Constant heat supplied to engine (C = 0.05)
HCV = Higher calorific value of petrol (HCV=47000
KJ/Kg)
M = Mass of fuel used per cycle (M=0.069 Kw/hr.)
BP = Break power (BP=7.5W)
C. Piston Pin Diameter d0
d0 = 0.28D to 0.38D (3.3)
where;
D = Piston head diameter (45mm)
d0 = 0.28 × 45
d0 = 12mm
D. Shrinkage Allowance
Final shape – Original shape = shrinkage × 0.6 (3.4)
50 – 45 = 5mm
5 × 0.6 = 3mm
E. Theoretical Stress Calculation
The piston crown is designed for bending by
maximum gas forces Pzmax as uniformly loaded round
plate freely supported by a cylinder.
The stress acting in Mpa on piston crown: b = or
b = Pz × 2
(3.5)
Where;
Mb = (1/3) Pzmax ri3
is the bending moment, MN m;
Wb = (1/3) ri 2
is the moment of resistance to
bending of a flat crown, m3
;
= Thickness of piston crown
Pzmax = is the maximum combustion pressure, MPa =
5Mpa.
This value varies from 2Mpa - %MPa in case of
aluminum alloy.
ri = (3.6)
It can also be calculated using; = (3.7)
Where
ri = The crown inner radius.
s = thickness of the sealing parts
dt = Radial clearance between piston ring and channel
t1 = Radial thickness of ring
D1 = external diameter of piston crown
D2 = internal diameter of piston
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But from the analytical design, the thickness of the
barrel is 2mm
D2 = D – 2t2 (3.8)
D2 = 45 – 2(2)
D2 = 41mm
Therefore, the inner crown radius is, ri
ri = [ ]
ri = 20.5mm
Hence the force acting on the piston van be calculated
using equation (3.5)
b = 5 × ( 2
b = 105.8MPa
Therefore, the required theoretical stress obtained
from calculation is 105.8MPa.
For the design to be failsafe, the obtained value of
theoretical stress must be less than the permissible
stress. The permissible stress calculated previously
was 135.7Mpa, which is greater than the obtained
stress (105.8Mpa). Hence the design is safe.
3.7. Design calculation on the vertical centrifugal
machine
The vertical centrifugal casting machine used in this
study was locally fabricated. The following are the
major components of the vertical centrifugal machine:
1. Battery
2. DC winch motor
3. Circular steel plate
3.7.1. Determination of power supplied to motor
Pin = IV (3.9)
Pin = 12 × 9 = 108W
Where Pin is the input power, I is the current and V is
the voltage
Determination of angular speed ω
ω = (3.10)
ω = 31.42rad/sec
Where ω is the angular speed; rpm is the rotational
speed in revolutions per minute; and is the
mathematical constant pi (3.14)
3.7.2 Determination of torque generated
= (I × V × E × 60) / (rpm × 2 ) (3.11)
= 13.57Nm
Where is the torque of motor; E I the 10%
efficiency (0.1); and rpm is the rotational speed in
revolution per minute
3.7.2. Determination of centrifugal force on
machine
F = m × r × ω2
(3.12)
F = 16,573.041N
Where m is the mass of the permanent litre; r is the
radius of rotating disc; and ω2
is the angular speed
3.8. Thermal Analysis and Characterization of
developed piston
The piston developed was subjected to thermal
analysis to predict the performance of the piston
during service and characterized by subjecting the
samples to XRF and SEM-EDS to ascertain the
elemental composition and the morphology of the
piston. The material properties of the aluminum 6061
alloy are presented in table 3.
Table 3: Aluminum 6061 Alloy Material
property
S/N Property Values
1 Mass density 2700kgm-3
2 Tensile strength 124084000Nm-2
3 Yield strength 55148500Nm-3
4
Thermal expansion
coefficient
2.4e-05
k
5 Thermal conductivity 170W/m.K
6 Specific heat 1300J/kg.K
7 Elastic modulus 6.9e+10
8 Poisson’s ratio 0.33
4. Design Analysis
4.1. Thermal Analysis and Characterization of the developed piston
The piston developed was subjected to Thermal analysis to predict the performance of the piston during service.
The piston developed was characterized by subjecting the samples to XRF and SEM-EDS to ascertain the
elemental composition and the morphology of the piston.
4.2. Thermal Analysis of the piston developed
A model of the piston was developed using SolidWorks and thermal analysis performed on the piston using
SolidWorks. The model of the piston and meshed generated. A total of 65565 tetrahedral elements and 101293
nodes was generated.
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Figure 4: Mesh generated for the Piston developed
Figure 5: Total Heat Flux in the Piston
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD43838 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2021 Page 328
Figure 6: Temperature Distribution of the Piston
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Characterization of the TG 950 Generator Piston
Table 4: XRF Result of the Piston material
Compound Al Ti V Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Sb Ba Ce Eu Os Pb
Concentrate
d
Unit
95.5
%
0.03
%
0.002
%
0.093
%
0.15
%
1.06
%
0.820
%
1.436
%
0.28
%
0.17
%
0.05
%
0.36
%
0.058
%
0.012
%
The recycled aluminium piston materials used in this study were found to contain the much needed alloying
metals such as Iron and manganese, which are beneficial to the aluminium alloy piston.
Figure 7: SEM-EDS micrograph of the recycled aluminium for point 3
Figure 8: SEM-EDS micrograph of the recycled aluminium for point 4
8. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD43838 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2021 Page 329
Table 5: EDS of the points analysed
Element Symbol Element Name Point 3 Point 4
Al Aluminium 3.99 63.43
C Carbon 73.05 28.24
O Oxygen 14.37 2.04
Si Silicon 0.61 1.23
Mg Magnesium 0.43 0.63
Fe Iron 0.10 0.25
Na Sodium 0.78 0.57
N Nitrogen 6.28 2.17
Zn Zinc - -
Mn Manganese - 0.45
S Sulphur 0.28 0.55
P Phosphorus 0.11 0.42
Ti Titanium - -
Discussion
The recycled aluminium piston materials used in this
study were found from the SEM-EDS to contain the
alloying metals such as magnesium and manganese,
which are beneficial to the aluminium alloy piston.
The XRF and SEM-EDS conducted on the recycled
EOL aluminium revealed that aluminium is the most
predominant material followed byoxygen as tabulated
in the tables.The XRF gave the general elemental
composition of the aluminium alloy while the EDS
revealed the spot to spot surface composition on the
material The presence of C and O indicates the
existence of adventitious carbon and oxygen on the
surface of the aluminium in all the points. The
Centrifugal casting method used in the fabrication of
the TG 950 generator piston was found to be cost-
effective and flexible. The transient analysis
conducted for the developed piston using ANSYS
gave good approximations of the Total heat flux and
temperature distribution of the piston during service.
The presence of iron in the recycled aluminium and
the casting process are responsible for the porosity in
the cast metal. The TG 950 generator piston was
developed using End-of-Life recycled Aluminum
scrap. The developed piston was found to contain the
needed alloying metals such as Manganese and
Magnesium.
Conclusion
It important for engineers in Nigeria to complement
the effort of locally based engine spare parts
production companies so as to discourage the massive
importation of pistons from foreign countries.
Building indigenous capacity for the production of
aluminum alloys of all types in Nigerian technological
sphere may stimulate a very great boost.
Past studies on piston development done by some
Nigerian researchers employed reverse engineering in
the development of internal combustion engine
components rather than detailed design. This study
was carried out to fill the gap created by the constant
application of Reverse engineering in the manufacture
of generator pistons. A piston used in TG 950
generator was successfully designed. The designed
values of the piston parameters were in accordance
with the recommended range for small internal
combustion engines.
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