This document provides an introduction to a course on power engineering and machinery essentials. The course will cover internal combustion engines, turbo-machinery, thermal engineering, and refrigeration and low temperature engineering over 32 hours. The first part of the course focuses on internal combustion engines, covering their working principles, classifications, components and the conversion of chemical energy from fuel combustion into mechanical energy that turns the crankshaft and wheels.

1. Power Engineering and Machinery Essential
Internal Combustion Engines
KAUSHIK M PRAJAPATI
110863119012
LAXMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
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2. A good beginning is half done
Do it now
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3. Course introduction
• Limited selective course
• Duration of the course ： 32 hours
• Final examination ： pen exam
• Contents and course structure ： The course is
divided into two terms:
• In the first term, students may learn some
introductive materials about thermal and power
engineering, including internal combustion engine,
turbo-machinery, thermal engineering and
refrigeration & low temperature engineering .
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4. Course introduction (continued)
• Internal combustion engine-working principle
of ICE and Functions of main components
• Turbo-machinery-the fundamental knowledge
of steam turbine, compressor and gas
turbine. (Professor Wang)
• Thermal engineering-fossil fuel power plants
and atomic fuel power plants (Professor
Shen)
• Refrigeration & low temperature engineering
–basic vapor-compression refrigeration cycle
and absorption system. (Dr. Zuo)
• In the second term, students will learn some
specific basic knowledge in their major fields. 4

5. Course introduction (continued)
• The course is designed so that you will know
all the aspects about thermal and power
engineering rather than to limit your
knowledge to only one specific area. The four
parts of the course are equally important. The
scores for the final examination is evenly
divided between the four parts. So you must
study every part very carefully.
• Basic requirements ：
– Attending the class
– Taking note
– Mutual communication, seminar (discussion)
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6. Internal combustion engine
Reference book:
1. Teaching materials
2. English reading course for specialty of
automobile 《汽车英语阅读》 哈尔滨工业
大学出版社
3. 《 Power 》 Joseph. Duffy
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8. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this part, you should be able to
do the following:
• Grasp the definition of the basic terms of ICE.
• Explain the principles of a combustion engine.
• Explain the process of an engine cycle.
• State the classifications of engines.
• Discuss the construction of an engine.
• List the auxiliary assemblies of an engine.
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9. Internal combustion engine
Main contents:
1. The introduction of I.C.E (Chapter 1)
(I.C.E and E.C.E, early development)
2. The working principle of I.C.E (Chapter
1)
(4-cycle and 2-cycle engine, comparison)
3. Reciprocating engine design (Chapter 2)
(classification and main components )
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10. Chapter 1 internal combustion engine
1.1 combustion engines
1. Combustion engine is a machine that
converts heat energy into mechanical
energy.
 Internal combustion engine
 External combustion engine
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11. 2. Definition of I.C.E and E.C.E
I.C.E (internal combustion engine)
-----is any engine that operates by
burning its fuel inside the engine.
E.C.E (external combustion engine)
-----is any engine that operates by
burning its fuel outside the engine.
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12. 3.simple external and internal combustion
engine
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13. • External combustion engine
Fuel (chemical energy) burning-heat
energy-outside of boiler-water-steam-
force the piston to move (mechanical
energy).
• Internal combustion engine
Fuel (chemical energy) burning-heat
energy-inside of cylinder-expanding
gases-force the piston to move
(mechanical energy).
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14. 4.Three elements which all ICEs rely
on:
Fuel: contains potential energy for
operating the engine.
Air :contains oxygen necessary for
combustion.
Ignition: it can start the combustion.
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15. 1.2 I.C.E versus E.C.E
(1) Similarity: ① both are heat engines.
② energy transforms in the
same way -reciprocating motion
to rotary motion
(2) Differences: ① the fuel burns in different place
②the combustion rate
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16. 1.3 Early development
(1) The first reciprocating I.C.E
• a. in 1680, the first reciprocating I.C.E. was
made by Christian Huygens, a Dutch scientist.
• b. gunpowder explosion -----piston move
upward------gases were cooled----piston move
downward
• c. provided inventors with a fundamental
idea
(2) Static spark ignition
• a. In 1799, Philip Lebon patented the first
successful gas engine.
• b. air and fuel -ignited by an electric spark-----
push the piston move back and forth 16
• c. static electricity is unreliable and much

17. (3) Gas flame ignition
• In 1823, Samuel Brown invented a gas engine.
• the mixture is ignited by a constantly lighted
gas flame which situated outside of the cylinder.
(4) Separate compression pump
• In 1838, William Barnet patented a gas engine,
which compressed the gas and air mixture with a
separate pump.
(5) First practical engine
• In 1860, Pierre Lenoir constructed the first
practical gas engine.
• The mixture is drawn into the cylinder and is
ignited by electric spark from an induction coil.
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18. (6) Four cycles
In 1862, Beau Derochas described the
principle of four cycles. It is the foundation of the
modem internal reciprocating engine.
• a. Suction of gas and mixture
• b. Compression of mixture
• c. Ignition and expansion of mixture
• d. Exhaust of burned gases
(7) Otto engine
In 1876, Otto designed the engine with higher
efficiency based on this four cycles principle.
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19. (8) Gasoline engine
In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler patented the first
gasoline engine. This engine worked on the four-
cycle principle and the gasoline was vaporized
with the carburetor.
(9) Diesel engine
In 1892, Rudolph Diesel patented the new
compression ignition engine. This engine
employed compression high enough to ignite the
mixture of oil and air. Today diesel engine is
named in honor of Mr. Diesel.
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20. 1.4 Development of power
1.How does the power of an ICE produce ?
It comes from the burning of a mixture
of fuel and air in a small, enclosed space.
fuel-burn-gas expanding-piston moves-
cranking the engine-wheel-vehicle
2. How does the power transmit to the
wheel?
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21. Cylinder, piston, connecting rod, and
crankshaft for a one-cylinder engine.
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22. • The cylinder is closed at one end by the
cylinder head.
• Inside the cylinder is the piston, a
movable metal plug that fits snugly into
the cylinder, but can still slide up and
down easily.
• This up-and-down movement,
produced by the burning of fuel in the
cylinder, results in the production of
power from the engine.
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23. • The crankshaft is a shaft with an offset
portion-the crank— that describes a
circle as the shaft rotates.
• The top end of the connecting rod
connects to the piston and must
therefore go up and down.
• Since the lower end of the connecting
rod attaches to the crankshaft, it moves
in a circle; however it also moves up
and down.
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24. • When the piston of the engine slides
downward :
• The upper end of the connecting rod
moves downward with the piston in a
straight line.
• The lower end of the connecting rod
moves down and in a circular motion at
the same time.
• This moves the crank; in turn, the crank
rotates the shaft.
• Drive the wheel to rotate.
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