IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of mill scale and fly ash waste on the performance of cement mortareSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper investigates effect of mill scale and fly ash wastes as a replacement of fine aggregate generally natural sand on the performance of cement mortar. Utilization of fly ash and mill scale in cement mortar production not only provides significant environmental benefits but also enhances performance of the cement mortar when used at optimum amounts. They may be used in the form of finely ground additive to replace part of aggregates in cement mortar. This study looked at the feasibility of mill scale and fly ash waste inclusion as partial aggregate replacement in normal cement mortar. Properties of cement mortar incorporating fly ash and mill scale waste as partial substitution for natural aggregate were investigated. The study involves six replacement levels of mill scale and fly ash wastes into cement mortar for each mix design. Mortar cubes are tested for strength, & water absorption. The partial replacement of fine aggregate by M(3,30), M(5,30), M(8,30), M(10,30), M(12,30), M(15,30) ( M-mix of mill scale & fly ash %) improves the properties of normal mortar. In the design mix of industrial wastes produced, percentage of fly ash is kept constant (30 %) and mill scale is varied from 0 to 15 % by weight of natural sand. The test results indicate that the mechanical properties of mill scale and fly ash modified mortar are improved to a great extent, whereas the water absorption is reduced as compared to that of plain mortar.
Keywords: Mill Scale, Fly Ash, Compressive Strength, Durability, Water Absorption, Density
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of mill scale and fly ash waste on the performance of cement mortareSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper investigates effect of mill scale and fly ash wastes as a replacement of fine aggregate generally natural sand on the performance of cement mortar. Utilization of fly ash and mill scale in cement mortar production not only provides significant environmental benefits but also enhances performance of the cement mortar when used at optimum amounts. They may be used in the form of finely ground additive to replace part of aggregates in cement mortar. This study looked at the feasibility of mill scale and fly ash waste inclusion as partial aggregate replacement in normal cement mortar. Properties of cement mortar incorporating fly ash and mill scale waste as partial substitution for natural aggregate were investigated. The study involves six replacement levels of mill scale and fly ash wastes into cement mortar for each mix design. Mortar cubes are tested for strength, & water absorption. The partial replacement of fine aggregate by M(3,30), M(5,30), M(8,30), M(10,30), M(12,30), M(15,30) ( M-mix of mill scale & fly ash %) improves the properties of normal mortar. In the design mix of industrial wastes produced, percentage of fly ash is kept constant (30 %) and mill scale is varied from 0 to 15 % by weight of natural sand. The test results indicate that the mechanical properties of mill scale and fly ash modified mortar are improved to a great extent, whereas the water absorption is reduced as compared to that of plain mortar.
Keywords: Mill Scale, Fly Ash, Compressive Strength, Durability, Water Absorption, Density
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Laboratory Investigation of Conventional Asphalt Mix Using Shell Thiopave for...IJERA Editor
The characteristic performance of asphalt pavement always depends on the properties of bitumen, volumetric properties of asphalt mixtures. Bitumen is visco– elastic material where the temperature and rate of load application have a great influence on its behavior. There are different solutions to reduce the pavement distress such as using Thiopave (binder extender and asphalt mixture modifier) in the mix design. Thiopave can significantly alter the performance properties of the mix and it is helpful to extend the life span of pavement. In this study, investigating use of thiopave and the change in the performance properties is dependent both on the percentage of virgin binder using VG-30 bitumen that is substituted with thiopave with different percentages. The study indicated that 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% replacement of binder was done with thiopave. The most notable impact of the addition of thiopave to a bituminous mixture is an increase in the stiffness of the mixture for better resistance to fatigue cracking and rutting. Thiopave materials can have a positive impact on laboratory mixture performance. The addition of thiopave has been shown to significantly increase Marshall Stability. From this study it is observed that thiopave can be utilized up to 30% to 40% as replacement to bitumen.
Madura is one of the island that has a huge material potential. However, this island
still use material from Java for road infrastructure development. Road pavement is
needed to be as an infrastructure for social relationships, economic and culture. PT.
Hanil Jaya Steel as the steel smelting factory is the one of industrial company around
Surabaya that produce slag waste, the use of slag waste for minimalize buildup that
brings negative effect in environment. Thus, this research is implemented the use slag
steel waste as a replacement of Madura gravel, the gravel and sand will be taken from
Bangkalan. This study aimed to investigate the gravel’s influence of Bangkalan and
slag characteristic on asphalt concrete mixture. Experimental method is conducted in
this study by using the experiment to obtain the result, hence, the use of slag steel gravel
on asphalt concrete construction can be various with slag levels; 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%,
40% and 50%. SNI procedure will be followed while checking Madura’s aggregate,
slag aggregate and the asphalt. The result of examination and analysis of asphalt
concrete mixture characteristic using the variation level of slag steel gravel is shown
performance improvement of asphalt concrete mixture. The stability result of asphalt
level shows 6 % as the highest score, 5 % asphalt level of durability as the highest
score, 5.5 % asphalt level of Marshall Quotient as the highest score. By using 40mm
thickness and ± 3 mm tolerance as the footing layer
In preparation for a major project at Cementir's Taranto cement plant in southern Italy, the dilemma of whether to arrange the two new vertical mills for separate grinding or intergrinding arose. With the help of milling specialists Loesche, an extensive test programme was carried out to find the best option in terms of cement performance, flexibility and cost effectiveness.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Recent growth of construction
industry has increased the demand of cement.
Increase of the cement utilization demands for
higher production efficiency and ultimately low
production cost. The efficiency of the cement
production depends greatly upon the efficiency of
a grinding mill which consumes 60-70% of the
total electricity consumption of the cement
plant[12]. A grinding mill (Ball Mill) is used to
grind the cement clinker into fine cement powder.
Grinding Aids are used to improve the grinding
efficiency and reduce power consumption. This
paper discusses the grinding aids mechanism and
improvement in grinding efficiency due to various
grinding aids viz .polyols, amines . This paper also
focus on the effects of grinding aids on the
mechanical properties of cement such as setting
time, specific surface, compressive strength at various ages.
Enhancement of torsional resistance in fibrous normal strength concrete beamseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper highlights the influence of thickness of concrete cover on the torsional resistance in the fibrous rectangular solid concrete beams under pure torsion. In this investigation, thickness of concrete cover vary between 18 and 53 mm. To study the influence of concrete cover in under-reinforced fibrous normal strength concrete, four fibrous concrete beams were cast and test under pure torsion. The under-reinforced concrete beams was designed based on ACI-318-14. The transverse and longitudinal reinforcement indexes are kept constant in the beams. While the aspect ratio of the beam cross section and span to depth ratio of the beams are 1.22 and 5.75, respectively. The test results were claimed that the torsional resistance provided by concrete and reinforcements plus fibre were enhanced at crack and peak loads up to 76.4% and 64.4%, respectively. In contrast, twisting angle, shear strain in concrete, strain in transverse and longitudinal reinforcements were reduced up to 57.8%, 65%, 89.3% and 95.6%, respectively. The spacing between cracks and the angle of inclination of crack at failure was increased whereas the number of cracks reduced. The dimensional analysis was used to proposed equations to predict torsional resistance at crack and peak loads including the contribution of concrete cover. In addition, the Buckingham П theorem was used for this purpose. Based on the 34 data from previous researches and the data in this research, nonlinear multiple regressions in Minitab software version 16 was used to predict the coefficients of the proposed П-groups equations. The proposed models have shown a good agreement with test results. Keywords: Fibrous Concrete, Concrete Cover, and Dimensional Analysis
Utilization of Industrial Waste Material in GSB LayerIJERA Editor
India has series of steel plant clusters located along its length and breadth of the territory. Several million metric tons of iron and steel are produced in these plants annually. Along with the production of iron and steel, huge quantities of solid wastes like blast furnace slag and steel slag as well as other wastes such as flue dust, blast furnace sludge, and refractories are also being produced in these plants. These solid wastes can be used as non-traditional/non-conventional aggregates in pavement construction due to acute scarcity of traditional/conventional road construction materials. A study was conducted to investigate the possibility of using Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) with various blended mixes of traditional/conventional aggregates in subbase layer with different percentages. This study also presents the result of experimental investigation on the influence of Rice husk ash (RHA) on the index properties of Red soil which is used as filler material in subbase layer.
Effect of sugarcane bagasse ash on strength properties of concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The present study focuses on the utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as replacement material for cement in concrete production. Sugarcane Bagasse ash contains high amorphous silica content and aluminium ion. For experimental investigations, Sugarcane bagasse ash and its chemical properties are obtained from KCP sugar factory, Andhra Pradesh. Ordinary Portland cement was partly replaced by sugarcane bagasse ash in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight and the influence of Sugarcane bagasse ash as a partial replacement material has been examined on fresh concrete tests by Compaction factor test and Slump cone test as well as on hardened concrete with tests for Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength and Modulus of Elasticity. The results indicate that inclusion of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in concrete up to 20% level significantly enhanced the strength of concrete. The highest strength was obtained at 10% Sugarcane bagasse ash replacement level. Keywords: Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, By-Product, Amorphous Silica and Strength
HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE WITH QUAINARY BLENDAM Publications
The concrete is probably most extensively used for construction material in the world. The conventional concrete does not serve the present needs. It is considered as durable & strong material, reinforced concrete is one of the most popular materials. It improves workability, durability & the ultimate strength of the concrete. The utilization of supplementary cementitious material is accepted since it leads to several possible improvements in the concrete composites as well as overall economy. Subsequently these have led to the development of binary, ternary, quaternary blend which can further improve properties of concrete. The present paper deals with the study of properties namely workability & compressive strength of various grade of HPC using quainary mixesto find out the sustainable saving in quainary of cement & less production of cement meansincorporating cement , fly ash, silica fume, GGBS & rice husk ash with admixture & to reduce the quantity of cement with SCMs & durability of the concrete which helps to increased the workability& increase the strength of the concrete using various percentage of SCMs in M80 grade Concrete.The result also shows that strength of ternary, quaternary blended concrete. Therefore it can be said that, quainary mix is replacement of 40% cement. The virtual elimination of voids can be reduced due to use of one more cementitious material i.e. Rice Husk in quainary blended HPC Concrete & hence the strength of concrete can be increased than Ternary and Quaternary blend.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and development of high frequency resonant transition convertereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Laboratory Investigation of Conventional Asphalt Mix Using Shell Thiopave for...IJERA Editor
The characteristic performance of asphalt pavement always depends on the properties of bitumen, volumetric properties of asphalt mixtures. Bitumen is visco– elastic material where the temperature and rate of load application have a great influence on its behavior. There are different solutions to reduce the pavement distress such as using Thiopave (binder extender and asphalt mixture modifier) in the mix design. Thiopave can significantly alter the performance properties of the mix and it is helpful to extend the life span of pavement. In this study, investigating use of thiopave and the change in the performance properties is dependent both on the percentage of virgin binder using VG-30 bitumen that is substituted with thiopave with different percentages. The study indicated that 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% replacement of binder was done with thiopave. The most notable impact of the addition of thiopave to a bituminous mixture is an increase in the stiffness of the mixture for better resistance to fatigue cracking and rutting. Thiopave materials can have a positive impact on laboratory mixture performance. The addition of thiopave has been shown to significantly increase Marshall Stability. From this study it is observed that thiopave can be utilized up to 30% to 40% as replacement to bitumen.
Madura is one of the island that has a huge material potential. However, this island
still use material from Java for road infrastructure development. Road pavement is
needed to be as an infrastructure for social relationships, economic and culture. PT.
Hanil Jaya Steel as the steel smelting factory is the one of industrial company around
Surabaya that produce slag waste, the use of slag waste for minimalize buildup that
brings negative effect in environment. Thus, this research is implemented the use slag
steel waste as a replacement of Madura gravel, the gravel and sand will be taken from
Bangkalan. This study aimed to investigate the gravel’s influence of Bangkalan and
slag characteristic on asphalt concrete mixture. Experimental method is conducted in
this study by using the experiment to obtain the result, hence, the use of slag steel gravel
on asphalt concrete construction can be various with slag levels; 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%,
40% and 50%. SNI procedure will be followed while checking Madura’s aggregate,
slag aggregate and the asphalt. The result of examination and analysis of asphalt
concrete mixture characteristic using the variation level of slag steel gravel is shown
performance improvement of asphalt concrete mixture. The stability result of asphalt
level shows 6 % as the highest score, 5 % asphalt level of durability as the highest
score, 5.5 % asphalt level of Marshall Quotient as the highest score. By using 40mm
thickness and ± 3 mm tolerance as the footing layer
In preparation for a major project at Cementir's Taranto cement plant in southern Italy, the dilemma of whether to arrange the two new vertical mills for separate grinding or intergrinding arose. With the help of milling specialists Loesche, an extensive test programme was carried out to find the best option in terms of cement performance, flexibility and cost effectiveness.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Recent growth of construction
industry has increased the demand of cement.
Increase of the cement utilization demands for
higher production efficiency and ultimately low
production cost. The efficiency of the cement
production depends greatly upon the efficiency of
a grinding mill which consumes 60-70% of the
total electricity consumption of the cement
plant[12]. A grinding mill (Ball Mill) is used to
grind the cement clinker into fine cement powder.
Grinding Aids are used to improve the grinding
efficiency and reduce power consumption. This
paper discusses the grinding aids mechanism and
improvement in grinding efficiency due to various
grinding aids viz .polyols, amines . This paper also
focus on the effects of grinding aids on the
mechanical properties of cement such as setting
time, specific surface, compressive strength at various ages.
Enhancement of torsional resistance in fibrous normal strength concrete beamseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper highlights the influence of thickness of concrete cover on the torsional resistance in the fibrous rectangular solid concrete beams under pure torsion. In this investigation, thickness of concrete cover vary between 18 and 53 mm. To study the influence of concrete cover in under-reinforced fibrous normal strength concrete, four fibrous concrete beams were cast and test under pure torsion. The under-reinforced concrete beams was designed based on ACI-318-14. The transverse and longitudinal reinforcement indexes are kept constant in the beams. While the aspect ratio of the beam cross section and span to depth ratio of the beams are 1.22 and 5.75, respectively. The test results were claimed that the torsional resistance provided by concrete and reinforcements plus fibre were enhanced at crack and peak loads up to 76.4% and 64.4%, respectively. In contrast, twisting angle, shear strain in concrete, strain in transverse and longitudinal reinforcements were reduced up to 57.8%, 65%, 89.3% and 95.6%, respectively. The spacing between cracks and the angle of inclination of crack at failure was increased whereas the number of cracks reduced. The dimensional analysis was used to proposed equations to predict torsional resistance at crack and peak loads including the contribution of concrete cover. In addition, the Buckingham П theorem was used for this purpose. Based on the 34 data from previous researches and the data in this research, nonlinear multiple regressions in Minitab software version 16 was used to predict the coefficients of the proposed П-groups equations. The proposed models have shown a good agreement with test results. Keywords: Fibrous Concrete, Concrete Cover, and Dimensional Analysis
Utilization of Industrial Waste Material in GSB LayerIJERA Editor
India has series of steel plant clusters located along its length and breadth of the territory. Several million metric tons of iron and steel are produced in these plants annually. Along with the production of iron and steel, huge quantities of solid wastes like blast furnace slag and steel slag as well as other wastes such as flue dust, blast furnace sludge, and refractories are also being produced in these plants. These solid wastes can be used as non-traditional/non-conventional aggregates in pavement construction due to acute scarcity of traditional/conventional road construction materials. A study was conducted to investigate the possibility of using Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) with various blended mixes of traditional/conventional aggregates in subbase layer with different percentages. This study also presents the result of experimental investigation on the influence of Rice husk ash (RHA) on the index properties of Red soil which is used as filler material in subbase layer.
Effect of sugarcane bagasse ash on strength properties of concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The present study focuses on the utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as replacement material for cement in concrete production. Sugarcane Bagasse ash contains high amorphous silica content and aluminium ion. For experimental investigations, Sugarcane bagasse ash and its chemical properties are obtained from KCP sugar factory, Andhra Pradesh. Ordinary Portland cement was partly replaced by sugarcane bagasse ash in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight and the influence of Sugarcane bagasse ash as a partial replacement material has been examined on fresh concrete tests by Compaction factor test and Slump cone test as well as on hardened concrete with tests for Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength and Modulus of Elasticity. The results indicate that inclusion of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in concrete up to 20% level significantly enhanced the strength of concrete. The highest strength was obtained at 10% Sugarcane bagasse ash replacement level. Keywords: Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, By-Product, Amorphous Silica and Strength
HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE WITH QUAINARY BLENDAM Publications
The concrete is probably most extensively used for construction material in the world. The conventional concrete does not serve the present needs. It is considered as durable & strong material, reinforced concrete is one of the most popular materials. It improves workability, durability & the ultimate strength of the concrete. The utilization of supplementary cementitious material is accepted since it leads to several possible improvements in the concrete composites as well as overall economy. Subsequently these have led to the development of binary, ternary, quaternary blend which can further improve properties of concrete. The present paper deals with the study of properties namely workability & compressive strength of various grade of HPC using quainary mixesto find out the sustainable saving in quainary of cement & less production of cement meansincorporating cement , fly ash, silica fume, GGBS & rice husk ash with admixture & to reduce the quantity of cement with SCMs & durability of the concrete which helps to increased the workability& increase the strength of the concrete using various percentage of SCMs in M80 grade Concrete.The result also shows that strength of ternary, quaternary blended concrete. Therefore it can be said that, quainary mix is replacement of 40% cement. The virtual elimination of voids can be reduced due to use of one more cementitious material i.e. Rice Husk in quainary blended HPC Concrete & hence the strength of concrete can be increased than Ternary and Quaternary blend.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and development of high frequency resonant transition convertereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Computational analysis of effect of stacking orientation on low velocity impa...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Bit error rate analysis of miso system in rayleigh fading channeleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Behavior of square footing resting on reinforced sand subjected to incrementa...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Microstructure analysis of steel 85 & al 7050 for cold expanded holeseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Intelligent location tracking scheme for handling user’s mobilityeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Wear behaviour of si c reinforced al6061 alloy metal matrix composites by usi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Control of inverters to support bidirectional power flow in grid connected sy...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Enhanced equally distributed load balancing algorithm for cloud computingeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Software testing effort estimation with cobb douglas function a practical app...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimization of energy use intensity in a design build frameworkeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Distance protection of hvdc transmission line with novel fault location techn...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance evaluation of dense bituminous macadam mix a refusal density ap...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Secondary compaction is a state; where the pavement which is compacted with the conventional compaction has been further
compacted due to the movement of traffic and which corresponds to the ultimate density which can be attained on the bituminous
pavement called as “Refusal density” of the pavement. Secondary compaction has to be studied in detail and it is understood that the
75 blows of the Marshall test does not determine the actual field circumstances. The Marshall design actually in the field will not
simulate the field conditions hence there will be a reduction in the air voids at the refusal density. Then due to fineness of the mix, this
causes the plastic deformation on the pavement surfaces. Hence an attempt has been made to study the air void content at refusal
density. Also the Bulk Density, Air voids (Va), Voids in mineral aggregate (VMA),Voids filled with Bitumen (VFB) of the mix at the
refusal density are also studied. For the simulation of the field density in the laboratory a Hugo hammer is used. The usage of the
Polymer Modified Bitumen reduces the plastic deformation and other distresses of the pavement.
Keywords: Dense bituminous macadam (DBM), Refusal density, Hugo hammers.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental Investigation on Effect the Warm Mix Asphalt WMA Using Zyco Ther...ijtsrd
Roads are the backbone of countrys development, however the excessive stage of emission generated in paving traditional bituminous pavements is usually a most important concern. For decades, Hot Mix Asphalt HMA had a top hand in pavement development all over the world. Use of reclaimed asphalt pavement RAP helps keep herbal assets and money. The share of RAP that can be utilized correctly in hot mix recycling is specifically dictated by means of sensible considerations. To keep away from deterioration of the aged binder, RAP ought to no longer be uncovered to pretty excessive temperatures. This learn about investigated the feasibility of the usage of a warm mix asphalt WMA additive Hot combine asphalt was once convenient to produce, however required excessive temperatures to be maintained at some point of transportation and laying. As HMA manufacturing includes high energy consumption, manufacturing of bituminous combine with decrease temperatures the usage of specific technique is developed which is labeled as Warm Mix Asphalt Technology. In the existing study, ZycoTherm additive, has been used in one of a kind dosages at exceptional temperatures to put together heat combine asphalt in the laboratory. ZycoTherm additive can be used with an ideal dosage of 0.07 by means of weight of bitumen at 135 , mixing temperature for WMA, and 30 RAP with 70 virgin aggregates containing 0.07 ZT WMA at 135 , offers higher balance and overall performance than different mixes. Hence, 30 70 is the most superior blend. Vikash Kumar Meena | Manoj Berawa "Experimental Investigation on Effect the Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Using Zyco Therm Additive with Partial Replacement of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50197.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50197/experimental-investigation-on-effect-the-warm-mix-asphalt-wma-using-zyco-therm-additive-with-partial-replacement-of-reclaimed-asphalt-pavement-rap/vikash-kumar-meena
A Review on Bituminous Mix Design by Adding Different Percentages of Crumb Ru...ijtsrd
Bitumen, also known as asphalt in the United States, is a substance that forms through the distillation of crude oil. It has waterproofing and adhesive properties. Bitumen production through distillation removes lighter crude oil components, such as gasoline and diesel, leaving the “heavier” bitumen behind. The producer often refines it several times to improve its grade. Bitumen can also occur in nature Deposits of naturally occurring bitumen form at the bottom of ancient lakes, where prehistoric organisms have since decayed and have been subjected to heat and pressure.Bitumen is generally for industry use. Bitumen was first used for its natural adhesive and waterproofing characteristics, but it was also used as a medicine. It was used to bind building materials together, as well as to line the bottoms of ships. Ancient civilizations traded the material. Herodotus, a fifth century BC Greek historian, claimed that the walls of ancient Babylon contained bitumen. Pawan Kumar Pandit | Prof. Afzal Khan "A Review on Bituminous Mix Design by Adding Different Percentages of Crumb Rubber for Improving Strength of Pavements" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49574.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/49574/a-review-on-bituminous-mix-design-by-adding-different-percentages-of-crumb-rubber-for-improving-strength-of-pavements/pawan-kumar-pandit
Modification of Asphalt by the Use of Crumb RubberIJERA Editor
Health aspects enforced to ponder a study on asphalt which incorporate rubber crumbs to increase strength and flexibility of asphalt. Disposal of waste tires is a menace and it’s a serious problem globally because it is not easily biodegradable as these tires consume large spaces, open burning cause serious problems. By the use of rubber tires, this scrap is utilized efficiently and reduces the cost of asphalt to produce economical system. The asphalt is absorbed by the rubber particles which swells at high temperature allowing greater concentration of liquid asphalt. The partial replacement of crumb rubber in asphalt is 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (D05, D10, D15, and D20). The analysis of incorporated asphalt was done in hot mix asphalt. The generated results showed that the value for resilient modulus and creep stiffness is more as compared to the conventional asphalt and in the accumulated strain the values are much lesser which is positive approach.
Effect of the use of crumb rubber in conventional bitumen on the marshall sta...eSAT Journals
Abstract In today’s era, solid waste management is the thrust area. Out of this various waste materials, plastic waste, tyre waste and municipal solid waste are of great concern. On the other side, the road traffic is increasing. The traffic intensity isalso increasing. The load bearing capacities of the road are to be increased. Our present work is helping to take care of both these aspects.Plastic waste, consisting of carry bags, cups, thermocoles, etc. can be used as a coating over aggregate and this coated stone can be used for road construction. Secondly the waste tires are powdered and the powder is blended with bitumen and this blend is used along with plastic coated aggregate. The mix polymer coated aggregate and tyre modified bitumen have shown higher strength. Use of this mix for road construction helps to use both plastics waste and tyre waste.Stone aggregate is coated with the molten waste plastics. The coating of plastics reduces the porosity, absorption of moisture and improves soundness.The polymer coated aggregate bitumen mix forms better material for flexible pavement construction as the mix shows higher Marshall Stability value and suitable Marshall Coefficient. Moreover the polymer coated aggregate helps to use Crumb rubber modified bitumen resulting in better result. Moreover the polymer coated aggregate helps to use Crumb rubber modified bitumen resulting in better result.Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB) is hydrocarbon binder obtained through physical and chemical interaction of crumb rubber (produced by recycling of used tires) with bitumen and some specific additives. The Flextal range of CRMB offers binders which are stable and easy to handle with enhanced performances.( www.total.co.in)[1] Keywords:CRMB, Pavement, Bitumen, Crumb Rubber, and Marshall Stability Value
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Density and compaction characteristics of wma using additives
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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DENSITY AND COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF WMA USING
ADDITIVES
Dheeraj Kumar N1
, Varadraj N.K2
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, DSCE, India
2
Student, M.Tech, Highway Technology, DSCE, Bangalore, India
Abstract
Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is an emerging technology that can allow asphalt to be produced and compacted at a significantly
lower temperature. Several new processes have been developed to reduce the mixing and compacting temperatures without
scarifying the quality of resulting pavement. One of the processes is by adding chemical additives in the mix. The additives added
with the aggregates improve the compactibility of the mixture and reduces the rutting potential of the pavement. WMA offers many
significant advantages such as energy saving, decreased emission and fumes, decrease binder aging and extend paving season
into the cold-winter months and at places located at high altitudes. One of the WMA processes utilizes Sasobit®, a synthetic long
chain Fischer-Tropsch wax. Sasobit® can be blended with the binder at a terminal or in the asphalt tank. Sasobit® was shown to
improve the compactability of mixtures and overall reduction in air voids. The addition of Sasobit® increases the rutting potential
of asphalt mix. The rutting potential will increase with decreasing mixing and compaction temperatures. In this thesis warm mix
asphalt is designed for Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) of grade 2 with the addition of Sasobit® and test for compactability
characteristics and property of asphalt mixture against deformation are carried out.
Keywords: Dosage, Indirect tensile strength, Rutting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) is a new technology which was
introduced in recent years. WMA is gaining attention all
over the world because it offers several advantages over
conventional asphalt concrete mixes. The benefits include
(1) Reduced energy consumption in the asphalt mixture
production process; (2) Reduced emissions, fumes, and
undesirable odours; (3) More uniform binder coating on
aggregate which should reduce mix surface aging; and (4)
Extended construction season in temperate climates. WMA
requires the use of additives to reduce the temperature of
production and compaction of asphalt mixtures.
Traditional HMA is usually produced at temperatures
between 140 and 180°C (284 and356°F) and compacted at
about 80 to 160°C (175 to 320°F). The temperature of the
asphalt mix has a direct effect on the viscosity of the asphalt
cement binder and thus compaction. As hot mix asphalt
temperature decreases, its asphalt cement binder becomes
more viscous and resistant to deformation, which results in a
smaller reduction in air voids for a given compactive effort.
The goal of the WMA process is to reduce the high
temperatures at which traditional asphalt mixes are produced
and placed without adversely affecting these properties. Its
benefits are reduction in the energy consumption that is
required to heat traditional HMA to temperatures. The aim
of lowering of Hot Mix Asphalt operating temperature is to
Reduce the high asphalt operating temperature
keeping the primary physical and mechanical
characteristics of Hot Mix Asphalt.
Lowering of Hot Mix Asphalt operating
temperature is based on binder viscosity reduction
in specified range of temperature.
Reduction of binder viscosity enables the complete
coating of aggregates in lower temperature.
1.1 Objectives
To compare the properties of WMA to that of
HMA for the DBM mix (grading 2) specified by
MoRT&H.
To determine and compare the volumetric
properties and stability of bituminous mix produced
using HMA and Sasobit® as warm mix additive.
Comparison of Indirect Tensile strength value of
WMA produced at varying temperatures.
To evaluate the rutting performance of WMA at
different mixing temperatures using Rolling
Compactor cum Rut Analyser (RCRA) equipment.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
In 1956, Prof. Ladis Csanyi, Iowa State University, realized
the potential of foamed bitumen for use as a soil binder.
Since then, foamed asphalt technology, which allows lower
mixing temperatures, has been used successfully in many
countries. The original process consisted of injecting steam
into hot bitumen. In 1968, Mobil Oil Australia, which had
acquired the patent rights for Csanyi’s invention, modified
the original process by adding cold water rather than steam
into the hot bitumen. The bitumen foaming process then
became more practical [4].Conoco was later licensed to
market foamed asphalt in the U.S. and further advanced the
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technology and evaluated the product as a base stabilizer
both in the laboratory and in the field. [8]
In the early 1970s, Chevron developed mixture design and
thickness design methodologies for paving mixtures (base,
open-graded, and dense-graded) stabilized with Emulsified
asphalt. In 1977, Chevron published their “Bitumuls Mix
Manual” as a practical guideline, which contains much
valuable information for specifying, designing, and
producing emulsion-stabilized mixtures. Later, other similar
guidelines followed (FHWA, 1979; Asphalt Emulsion
Manufacturers Association [AEMA], 1981). [1]
Kuennen reported that emulsified asphalt mixes are popular
in rural settings where distances from HMA plants and
lower traffic volumes may preclude HMA. Further, cold-
mix plants have a lower initial cost than conventional HMA
plants, are more easily transported, and may be situated
anywhere without Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
permits due to their lack of emissions. Furthermore, they are
amenable to mixes with high percentages of reclaimed
asphalt pavement. [5]
In 1994, Maccarone et al., studied cold-mixed asphalt-based
foamed bitumen and very high binder content emulsions and
concluded that the use of cold mixes for use on roads was
gaining acceptance worldwide due to energy efficiency and
lower emissions. In fact, they stated that, “Cold technologies
represent the future in road surfacing”. [6]
In 1995, Shell Bitumen filed a patent to cover a warm-mix
asphalt technique that used a two-component technique, of
Shell Global Solutions, described an innovative WMA
process that was tested in the laboratory and evaluated in
large-scale field trials (in Norway, the United Kingdom, and
the Netherlands) with particular reference to the production
and placement of dense-graded wearing courses. Shell’s
work resulted in the development of WAM-Foam®. [2]
Jenkins et al., introduced a new process involving a half-
warm foamed bitumen treatment. They explored the
concepts and possible benefits of heating a wide variety of
aggregates to temperatures above ambient but below 212°F
before the application of foamed Bitumen. Preheating
aggregates enhanced particle coating, mix cohesion, tensile
strength, and Compaction. This is particularly beneficial for
mixes containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) or
densely graded crushed aggregates. [3]
3. METHODOLOGY
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the laboratory
performance of warm mix asphalt mixtures with additives
(Sasobit®) for Dense bituminous macadam (DBM) Grade-2.
After the determination of gradation, Marshall stability tests
were conducted to determine the volumetric properties of
the specimens; and rutting properties using Rolling
Compaction and Rut Analysis (RCRA) Equipment for
different mixing temperatures.
The coarse aggregates used in the present study are crushed
hard rock passing 40mm, 20mm, 12mm and 6mm sieve
sizes. The quarry dust passing 2.36mm sieve is used as
mineral filler. Various tests conducted to determine basic
properties of aggregates are given in Table, 3.1. VG-30
(60/70) penetration grade bitumen is used in the present
study. The tests conducted to determine the basic properties
of bitumen are shown Table 3.2.
Table -3.1: Physical properties of Coarse aggregates.
SI.
No.
Properties
Test
method
Obtained
values
IS
Specifications
1
Crushing
value
IS-2386
part IV
25.1 % Max 30%
2
Abrasion
value
IS-2386
part IV
34.38% Max 35%
3
Impact
value
IS-2386
part IV
23.9% Max 27%
4
Combined
Flakiness
and
Elongation
index
IS-2386
part I
21.56% Max 30%
5
Water
absorption
test
IS-2386
part III
0.25% Max 2%
Table-3.2: Physical properties of Bitumen.
SI.
No.
Properties
Test
method
Obtained
values
1
Penetration(mm)
(100g, 25˚C, 5 sec)
IS: 1203
- 1978
65
2 Softening point(˚C)
IS: 1205
-1978
52.4
3
Ductility at 25˚C
(mm)
IS: 1208
-1978
100
4 Specific gravity
IS: 1202
-1978
1.01
5 Flash point test(˚C)
IS: 1209
-1978
280
6 Fire point test(˚C) IS: 1209
-1978
315
Aggregate gradation greatly influences the performance of
the pavement layers. For the design purpose binding course
layer, Dense Bituminous macadam (DBM) of Grade 2 is
selected. Table 3.3 shows obtained gradation for DBM
Grade-2.
Table -3.3: Combined obtained gradation of DBM Grade-2
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Fig -3.1: Combined obtained gradation of DBM Grade-2
3.1 Marshall Stability Test
The Marshall stability tests were conducted with varying
percentage of binder content to determine the optimum
binder content for HMA. Tests were also conducted for
WMA to determine its volumetric properties with Sasobit®
as additive at OBC for different mixing temperatures
(120˚C, 130˚C, 140˚C). The tests were conducted according
to IS specifications. The Marshall stability test results
obtained are presented in Table -3.4 to Table -3.7
Table -3.4: Marshall Stability test results for HMA
SI.
No
Properties
HMA
1
Optimum binder
content in (%)
5.0
2 Stability (Kg) 1140
3 Flow (mm) 5
4 Bulk density (gm/cc) 2.27
5
Volume of air voids in
(%)
3.38
6 VMA (%) 18.7
7 VFB (%) 59.16
Table -3.5: Marshall Stability test results for WMA at
120˚C
SI.
No
Properties
WMA AT 120˚C
Sasobit® percentage
1.5% 2% 2.5%
1 Stability (Kg) 1304 1329 1287
2 Flow (mm) 4.75 4.8 4.15
3
Bulk density
(gm/cc)
2.31 2.34 2.30
4
Volume of air
voids in (%)
7.85 6.74 8.35
5 VMA (%) 17.12 16.11 17.57
6 VFB (%) 54.13 58.20 52.45
Table -3.6: Marshall Stability test results for WMA at
130˚C
SI. No Properties
WMA AT 130˚C
Sasobit® percentage
1.5% 2% 2.5%
1
Stability
(Kg)
1333 1436 1330
2 Flow (mm) 4.77 5 4.4
3
Bulk density
(gm/cc)
2.29 2.37 2.34
4
Volume of
air voids in
(%)
8.65 5.30 6.67
5 VMA (%) 17.83 14.82 16.06
6 VFB (%) 51.51 64.25 58.44
Table -3.7: Marshall Stability test results for WMA at
140˚C
SI.
No
Properties
WMA AT 140˚C
Sasobit® percentage
1.5% 2% 2.5%
1 Stability (Kg) 1217 1229 1360
2 Flow (mm) 4.25 4 4
3
Bulk density
(gm/cc)
2.33 2.32 2.31
4
Volume of air
voids in (%)
7.04 7.48 7.75
5 VMA (%) 16.39 16.79 17.02
6 VFB (%) 57.04 55.42 54.49
Fig -3.2: Relation between Stability and various mixing
temperatures
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
120˚ C 130˚ C 140˚ C 160˚ C
Stability(Kg)
Mixing Temperature (˚C)
HMA
1.5%
Sasobit®
2%
Sasobit®
2.5%
Sasobit®
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Fig -3.3: Relation between Bulk density and various mixing
temperatures
Fig -3.4: Relation between Volume of air voids and various
mixing temperatures
3.2 Indirect Tensile Strength Test (ITS):
The indirect tensile strength test was conducted on
unconditioned specimens casted at OBC with additive
percent corresponding to maximum stability obtained from
Marshall stability test for each mixing temperature. The
specimens were soaked in water bath at 25±1˚C for 2 hours
and tested for load at failure. The results of indirect tensile
strength test performed on DBM mix are presented below.
Table -3.8: Results of Indirect tensile strength test.
Temperature (˚C)
Indirect tensile strength
(N/mm2
)
110 0.252
120 0.349
130 0.376
140 0.30
HMA 0.303
Fig -3.5: Variation of Indirect tensile strength with
gradation
3.3 Rutting Characteristics
The DBM specimens of Grade 2 and height 63.5mm were
casted at OBC with Sasobit® and analysed for rut depth of
12mm at a tyre pressure of 8.4 Kg/cm2
for various mixing
temperatures and field temperatures (30˚C and 60˚C).
Table -3.9: Relationship between number of passes at
varying rutting temperatures for DBM at different mixing
temperatures.
Rutting
Temperature
(˚C)
Number of passes
Mixing temperatures of DBM
HMA 120˚C 130˚C 140˚C
30 10700 12900 15200 13700
60 3900 3950 4200 4150
Fig 3.6: Relationship between number of passes at varying
rutting temperatures.
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28
2.3
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38
120˚ C 130˚ C 140˚ C 160˚ C
Bulkdensity(g/cc)
Mixing Temperature (˚C)
HMA
1.5%
Sasobit®
2%
Sasobit®
2.5%
Sasobit®
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
120˚ C 130˚ C 140˚ C 160˚ C
Airvoids(%)
Mixing Temperature (˚C)
HMA
1.5%
Sasobit®
2%
Sasobit®
2.5%
Sasobit®
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
110˚C 120˚C 130˚C 140˚C HMA
ITS(N/mm2)
Indirect tensile strength (N/mm2)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
HMA 120˚C 130˚C 140˚C
Numberofpasses
30˚C
60˚C
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Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 607
Fig -3.7: Relationship between number of passes and
temperature at 30˚C.
Fig -3.8: Relationship between number of passes and
temperature at 60˚C
4. CONCLUSIONS
In the present study, the importance was to add the warm
mix additives to Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) mix
and to evaluate the various mix properties like Marshall
Stability, flow, bulk density, voids in the mix and VFB. Also
Indirect Tensile Strength was investigated for OBC and
Rutting test was done for various field temperatures.
The OBC was found to be 5% for HMA at 160˚c
temperature.
The maximum stability for 60/70 grade bitumen is
achieved at 130˚C temperature with 2% dosage
rate. Among 120˚,130˚, 140˚C temperature ,the
130˚C temperature shows better and maximum
stability
From Marshall stability test, it can be concluded
that there is an increase in stability up to 25% at
130˚C for 60/70 grade bitumen after adding
Sasobit® to the mix .Hence the warm mix additive
of 2% Sasobit® at 130˚C temperature can be used
as an alternative for HMA.
The addition of WMA additive Sasobit® improves
the bulk density of the mix by 4.08%. Hence 130˚C
temperature with additives shows better and
maximum bulk density.
The Indirect tensile strength of a mix with WMA
additive was 24% higher than HMA. i.e., this
shows that the WMA additive play important role
in increasing the strength of the specimen. Hence
the WMA specimen at 130˚C temperature with 2%
Sasobit® additive dosage meets the requirement of
HMA specimen of 160˚c temperature.
The rutting test conducted with Rolling Compactor
cum Rut Analyser (RCRA) equipment for rutting
temperature of 30˚C shows maximum number of
passes at 130˚C with Sasobit® of 2% dosage. There
is an increase in 42% with the addition of additive.
As the rutting temperature increases to 60˚C, there
is a considerable decrease in number of passes.
Even though the maximum number of passes is
showed by WMA at 130˚C with Sasobit®.
REFERENCES
[1] Chevron, Butumuls Mix Manual, Chevron USA,
Asphalt Division, California, 1977.
[2] Harrison, T., and Christodulaki, “Innovative
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a Better World,” Proceedings, First International
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Australian Asphalt Pavement Association, Kew,
Victoria, Australia, 2000.
[3] Jenkins, K.J., J.L.A. de Groot, M.F.C. van de Ven,
and A.A.A. Molenaar, “Half-Warm Foamed
Bitumen Treatment, a New Process,” 7th
Conference on Asphalt Pavements for Southern
Africa (CAPSA), Victoria Fals, South Africa, 1999.
[4] Kristjansdottir, O., “Warm Mix Asphalt for Cold
Weather Paving,” Report No. WA-RD 650.1, A
thesis for partial fulfilment of the degree of Master
of Science in Civil Engineering, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington, 2006
[5] Kuennen, T., “Paths to Progress - 2005,” Better
Roads, James Informational Media, Inc., Des
Plaines, Illinois, December 2004.
[6] Maccarone, S., G. Holleran, and A. Ky, “Cold
Asphalt Systems as an Alternative to Hot Mix,
“Proceedings, 9th International AAPA Conference,
Surfers Paradise, Queensland, Australia, 1994.
[7] MoRTH “Specifications for Roads and Bridge
Works”- 2004, Fifth revision, Indian Roads
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[8] Ruckel, P.J., L.L. Kole, F. Abel, R.E. Zator, J.W.
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pp. 93-109.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
HMA 120˚C 130˚C 140˚C
Numberofpasses
30˚C
3750
3800
3850
3900
3950
4000
4050
4100
4150
4200
4250
HMA 120˚C 130˚C 140˚C
Numberofpasses
60˚C