IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
WEAR STUDIES ON THE HEAT TREATED AL6061-μSIC AND AL6061-NSIC METAL MATRIX COM...IAEME Publication
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have a potential for enhanced wear conflict in
excess of the unreinforced aluminum alloy and are the most capable in achieving
enhanced mechanical properties. In the present investigation, composites of Aluminum
6061(Al6061) matrix material is reinforced with micron size Silicon carbide (μSiC)
reinforcement with 5, 10 and 15 weight percentages (wt.%) and nano size SiC (nSiC)
with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt.% are fabricated by stir casting technique. The stir casted
composites are further heat treated and the specimens are prepared as per ASTM
standards to conduct hardness and wear tests. The fabricated and heat treated nano
composites showed enhancement in hardness and wear resistance more than the micro
composites. The microstructure of the worn out specimen are examined by scanning
electron microscope. Taking into contemplation all the factors, it can be concluded that
aluminum based composite with 1.0% by weight nano SiC reinforcement acquire
superior wear resistance properties as compared to micro SiC reinforced aluminum
metal matrix composites.
Fabrication and mechanical properties of stir cast al si12 cub4c compositeseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Characterization of Multiaxial Cold Rolled Al6061theijes
Multi directional Cold rolling of Al 6061 along the transverse and longitudinal direction results in more uniform distribution of the particulates. This rolling is associated with a considerable amount of damage to the particulates. Room temperature tensile tests and Vickers hardness test carried out on the rolled alloy at different reduction ratios showed, significant increase in strength and hardness. However, the test results show that the alloy could be cold rolled up to 50% reduction without forming any edge crack. Such behaviors of rolled al alloy are analyzed on the basis of change of microstructure from cores to fine results in increase of tensile strength and hardness by increasing the reduction ratio in the cold rolling process.
Micro-structural and Tribological Behaviour of AA6063/12SiC-5Gr Hybrid Compos...ijsrd.com
In this paper the friction and wear behavior of aluminium matrix reinforced with silicon carbide and graphite is investigated. A pin on disc type apparatus is used to measure the sliding wear rate (WR), the frictional force (F) and the coefficient of friction (μ). Friction and wear behavior of the hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMC) have been investigated at various loads, sliding velocity and constant sliding distance. The applied loads are 20N, 40N, 60N and 80 N respectively, sliding speeds are 1.5 m/sec and 3 m/sec and the sliding distance is 1500 m. The aluminium based MMC has been produced by stir casting technique. AA6063 with 12SiC-5Gr composite is machined to the required size. Optical microscope is used for investigating the microstructure and surface properties of the specimen. The addition of graphite and silicon carbide reinforcement to AA 6063 alloy increases the wear resistance and hardness of the composites.
WEAR STUDIES ON THE HEAT TREATED AL6061-μSIC AND AL6061-NSIC METAL MATRIX COM...IAEME Publication
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have a potential for enhanced wear conflict in
excess of the unreinforced aluminum alloy and are the most capable in achieving
enhanced mechanical properties. In the present investigation, composites of Aluminum
6061(Al6061) matrix material is reinforced with micron size Silicon carbide (μSiC)
reinforcement with 5, 10 and 15 weight percentages (wt.%) and nano size SiC (nSiC)
with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt.% are fabricated by stir casting technique. The stir casted
composites are further heat treated and the specimens are prepared as per ASTM
standards to conduct hardness and wear tests. The fabricated and heat treated nano
composites showed enhancement in hardness and wear resistance more than the micro
composites. The microstructure of the worn out specimen are examined by scanning
electron microscope. Taking into contemplation all the factors, it can be concluded that
aluminum based composite with 1.0% by weight nano SiC reinforcement acquire
superior wear resistance properties as compared to micro SiC reinforced aluminum
metal matrix composites.
Fabrication and mechanical properties of stir cast al si12 cub4c compositeseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Characterization of Multiaxial Cold Rolled Al6061theijes
Multi directional Cold rolling of Al 6061 along the transverse and longitudinal direction results in more uniform distribution of the particulates. This rolling is associated with a considerable amount of damage to the particulates. Room temperature tensile tests and Vickers hardness test carried out on the rolled alloy at different reduction ratios showed, significant increase in strength and hardness. However, the test results show that the alloy could be cold rolled up to 50% reduction without forming any edge crack. Such behaviors of rolled al alloy are analyzed on the basis of change of microstructure from cores to fine results in increase of tensile strength and hardness by increasing the reduction ratio in the cold rolling process.
Micro-structural and Tribological Behaviour of AA6063/12SiC-5Gr Hybrid Compos...ijsrd.com
In this paper the friction and wear behavior of aluminium matrix reinforced with silicon carbide and graphite is investigated. A pin on disc type apparatus is used to measure the sliding wear rate (WR), the frictional force (F) and the coefficient of friction (μ). Friction and wear behavior of the hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMC) have been investigated at various loads, sliding velocity and constant sliding distance. The applied loads are 20N, 40N, 60N and 80 N respectively, sliding speeds are 1.5 m/sec and 3 m/sec and the sliding distance is 1500 m. The aluminium based MMC has been produced by stir casting technique. AA6063 with 12SiC-5Gr composite is machined to the required size. Optical microscope is used for investigating the microstructure and surface properties of the specimen. The addition of graphite and silicon carbide reinforcement to AA 6063 alloy increases the wear resistance and hardness of the composites.
Experimental Analysis of Mechanical Properties on AA 6060 and 6061 Aluminum A...IJERA Editor
Due to the substantial increased in demands of aluminum in industries like automotive industry and building industry, it is required for improvement of its mechanical properties by addition of suitable alloying elements to aluminum. The objective of this research is to study the effect of various alloys addition to aluminum and their effects on tensile strength, hardness and microstructure. The mechanical properties of AA 6060 and AA 6061 aluminum alloy have been characterized in terms of tensile strength and hardness. The result has been used to determine the tensile strength and % elongation of the specimen. From the results, it has been observed that mechanical properties of Al-alloys increasing up to 0.65% of Mg addition due to grain refinement, where as increase in Mg contents beyond 0.71% mechanical properties starts decreasing. The microstructure of the fracture surface after tensile strength has been examined using inverted microscope.
Studies on Al8081-B4C Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated by Stir Casting MethodIJMER
Aluminium MMCs are preferred in the fields of aerospace, military, automotive, marine and
in many other domestic applications. In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop and
study the, Mechanical properties of Al-8081/B4C reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites. The
composite was prepared by using Liquid Metallurgy Route (Stir Casting Technique). Liquid state has
some important advantages such as better matrix particle bonding, easier control of matrix structure,
simplicity, low cost of processing, nearer to net shape and wide selection of material. Al-8081 alloy
was taken as the base matrix to which B4C particulates are used as reinforcements. Al8081-B4C
composites were prepared by varying weight percentage of B4C i.e 0 to 6 %, in steps of two. The
objective is to study the effect of B4C particulates on mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile
strength, yield strength and hardness of Al8081 alloy composites. The results of this study revealed
that, as the B4C content was increased, there were significant increases in the ultimate tensile strength,
yield strength and hardness in the composites as compared to the base matrix
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimization of process parameter for stir casted aluminium metal matrix comp...eSAT Journals
Abstract From the past few years, materials research and development has shifted from monolithic to composite materials, adjusting to the need for reduced weight, low cost, quality, and high performance of the composites. Aluminium metal matrix composite used in areas of aerospace and automotive industries include high performance, economic and environmental benefits. The aim involved in designing the metal matrix composite is to combine the desirable attributes of metals and ceramics. The present investigation has been done to study the effect of different input process parameters namely particle size of alumina, wt. % of alumina and stirring time on the hardness, impact strength and tensile strength. Three parameter i.e. particle sizes of alumina (75, 105 and 150 micron), wt. % of reinforcement (3%, 6% and 9%), stirring time (15, 20 and 25 minute) was used to fabricate different sample of AMMCs by using stir casting technique. Each parameter has three different levels. L9 orthogonal array table used to made different specimen. The effect of these input process parameter on the output response have been analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The contribution of each process parameters on the hardness, impact strength and tensile strength was analyzed by using ANOVA. The results have shown that the wt. % of alumina, stirring time and the particle size of alumina have a significant effect on the hardness, impact strength and tensile strength. Keywords: MMC’s, pure aluminium, 퐴푙2푂3 particulates, Stir-Casting, Taguchi method
Aluminum-lithium alloys used in the aerospace industry as structural components
and strengthened by age-hardening. This study aims to improve properties of Al-Li
alloys such as strength, behavior hot rolling and addition element, i.e. Mg and Cu to
this alloy. Several tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of alloy, such as
hardness, tensile, and microstructure by OP, SEM and XRD. Result showed that
addition 3.2% Cu to base alloy improve strength from (62MPa) to (78MPa) when
aging at 175°C.and improve hardness from (97.3 Hv) to (119.79Hv) At the same
temperature. But the improvement is great when addition 0.6% Mg to base alloy
improve tensile strength from (62MPa) to (124MPa) at the same time improved
hardness from (119.79Hv) to (152.96Hv) at the same temperature.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental Analysis of Mechanical Properties on AA 6060 and 6061 Aluminum A...IJERA Editor
Due to the substantial increased in demands of aluminum in industries like automotive industry and building industry, it is required for improvement of its mechanical properties by addition of suitable alloying elements to aluminum. The objective of this research is to study the effect of various alloys addition to aluminum and their effects on tensile strength, hardness and microstructure. The mechanical properties of AA 6060 and AA 6061 aluminum alloy have been characterized in terms of tensile strength and hardness. The result has been used to determine the tensile strength and % elongation of the specimen. From the results, it has been observed that mechanical properties of Al-alloys increasing up to 0.65% of Mg addition due to grain refinement, where as increase in Mg contents beyond 0.71% mechanical properties starts decreasing. The microstructure of the fracture surface after tensile strength has been examined using inverted microscope.
Studies on Al8081-B4C Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated by Stir Casting MethodIJMER
Aluminium MMCs are preferred in the fields of aerospace, military, automotive, marine and
in many other domestic applications. In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop and
study the, Mechanical properties of Al-8081/B4C reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites. The
composite was prepared by using Liquid Metallurgy Route (Stir Casting Technique). Liquid state has
some important advantages such as better matrix particle bonding, easier control of matrix structure,
simplicity, low cost of processing, nearer to net shape and wide selection of material. Al-8081 alloy
was taken as the base matrix to which B4C particulates are used as reinforcements. Al8081-B4C
composites were prepared by varying weight percentage of B4C i.e 0 to 6 %, in steps of two. The
objective is to study the effect of B4C particulates on mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile
strength, yield strength and hardness of Al8081 alloy composites. The results of this study revealed
that, as the B4C content was increased, there were significant increases in the ultimate tensile strength,
yield strength and hardness in the composites as compared to the base matrix
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimization of process parameter for stir casted aluminium metal matrix comp...eSAT Journals
Abstract From the past few years, materials research and development has shifted from monolithic to composite materials, adjusting to the need for reduced weight, low cost, quality, and high performance of the composites. Aluminium metal matrix composite used in areas of aerospace and automotive industries include high performance, economic and environmental benefits. The aim involved in designing the metal matrix composite is to combine the desirable attributes of metals and ceramics. The present investigation has been done to study the effect of different input process parameters namely particle size of alumina, wt. % of alumina and stirring time on the hardness, impact strength and tensile strength. Three parameter i.e. particle sizes of alumina (75, 105 and 150 micron), wt. % of reinforcement (3%, 6% and 9%), stirring time (15, 20 and 25 minute) was used to fabricate different sample of AMMCs by using stir casting technique. Each parameter has three different levels. L9 orthogonal array table used to made different specimen. The effect of these input process parameter on the output response have been analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The contribution of each process parameters on the hardness, impact strength and tensile strength was analyzed by using ANOVA. The results have shown that the wt. % of alumina, stirring time and the particle size of alumina have a significant effect on the hardness, impact strength and tensile strength. Keywords: MMC’s, pure aluminium, 퐴푙2푂3 particulates, Stir-Casting, Taguchi method
Aluminum-lithium alloys used in the aerospace industry as structural components
and strengthened by age-hardening. This study aims to improve properties of Al-Li
alloys such as strength, behavior hot rolling and addition element, i.e. Mg and Cu to
this alloy. Several tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of alloy, such as
hardness, tensile, and microstructure by OP, SEM and XRD. Result showed that
addition 3.2% Cu to base alloy improve strength from (62MPa) to (78MPa) when
aging at 175°C.and improve hardness from (97.3 Hv) to (119.79Hv) At the same
temperature. But the improvement is great when addition 0.6% Mg to base alloy
improve tensile strength from (62MPa) to (124MPa) at the same time improved
hardness from (119.79Hv) to (152.96Hv) at the same temperature.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Malicious attack detection and prevention in ad hoc network based on real tim...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental study of the forces above and under the vibration insulators of ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Importance of post processing for improved binarization of text documentseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Characterization of mixed crystals of sodium chlorate and sodium bromate and ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Building extraction from remote sensing imageries by data fusion techniqueseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Nanoparticle based charge trapping memory device applying mos technology a co...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Development of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Using Stir Casting Methodtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Wear characteristics of pure aluminium, al alloy & al-alumina metal mtrix...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this report, the aluminium metal matrix was reinforced with 1.5 wt. % of alumina nano particles using non-contact cavitation method to prepare the metal matrix nano composite. Microstructural investigation was conducted on the worn out samples. It showed uniform distribution of alumina particles in the matrix. Sliding wear behavior of the as-cast MMNC was studied in dry condition, under different test conditions by varying the load (constant and step loads) and the sliding speed (constant and step speeds) using a Multiple Tribo Tester. It was found that resistance to sliding wear improved considerably with the addition of alumina nano particles. FESEM images of the worn out surfaces of pure Al, Al-alloy (duralumin) and MMNC reveal that the MMNC has greater resistance to sliding wear compared to pure aluminium and duralumin. Wear rate increases with increase in load and sliding velocity. Wear rate is more when load and speed are increased in steps. Delamination and abrasion are the dominating types of wear observed. Keywords: Wear rate, Al2O3, MMNC, Duralumin. Coefficient of friction.
Wear characteristics of pure aluminium, al alloy & al-alumina metal mtrix...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this report, the aluminium metal matrix was reinforced with 1.5 wt. % of Al2O3 nano particles using non-contact cavitation method to prepare the metal matrix nano composite. Microstructural examination conducted on the samples revealed a uniform distribution of alumina particulates. Sliding wear behavior of the as-cast MMNC was studied in dry condition, under different test conditions by varying the load and the sliding velocity, with an unlubricated Multiple Tribo Tester. It was found that resistance to sliding wear improved considerably with the addition of alumina nano particles. Microscopic examinations of the worn out surfaces of pure Al, Al-alloy (duralumin) and MMNC reveal that the MMNC has greater resistance to sliding wear compared to pure aluminium and duralumin. Wear increases with increase in load and sliding velocity. Wear is more when load and speed are increased in steps. Delamination and abrasion are the dominating types of wear observed. Keywords: Sliding Wear, Al2O3, MMNC, Duralumin, Delamination and Abrasion.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance of Composite Materials Using a Novel Techniqueinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
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Wear behaviour of si c reinforced al6061 alloy metal matrix composites by using taguchi’s techniques
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 800
WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF SiC REINFORCED Al6061 ALLOY METAL
MATRIX COMPOSITES BY USING TAGUCHI’S TECHNIQUES
Madeva Nagaral1
, Shivananda B K2
, Shambhuling V S3
, V Auradi4
1
Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SIT, Tumkur, Karnataka, India
2
Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MVJ Polytechnic, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
3
R&D Centre, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BEC, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
4
R&D Centre, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SIT, Tumkur, Karnataka, India
Abstract
In this present work, an attempt has been made to optimize the wear properties of Al6061- SiC particulate composites. The composites
containing 6 to 9 wt% of Silicon Carbide in steps of 3 wt% were prepared using liquid metallurgy route in particular stir casting
technique. For each composite, reinforcement particles were preheated to a temperature of 300˚C and then dispersed in steps of two
into the vortex of molten Al6061 alloy to improve the wettability and distribution. Dry sliding wear test method was used to conduct
the experiments by using Ducom made pin-on-disc wear testing machine. Twenty seven experiments were carried out with the help of
Taguchi L27 Orthogonal array. The influence of applied load, sliding speed and sliding distance on volumetric wear loss was
estimated. Smaller the better parameter was chosen to optimize the wear process of prepared composites. Results show that applied
load has the highest influence followed by speed and sliding distance.
Keywords: Al-6061Alloy, SiC, Wear Properties, Metal Matrix Composites, Stir Casting
----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AMMCs) are popular
materials for several applications in the field of automobile
and aerospace industries. The main advantages of using these
Al based composites materials are mainly due to strength to
weight ratio and low density. In particular particulate
reinforced MMCs have recently found special interest because
of their specific strength and specific stiffness at room or
elevated temperatures. It is well known that the elastic
properties of the metal matrix composite are strongly
influenced by micro-structural parameters of the
reinforcement such as shape, size, orientation, distribution and
volume or weight [1]. Several aluminium alloys are available
from 1XXX series to 8XXX, among all these alloys Al6061 is
having good cast-ability, formability and also weldabilty. Very
hard ceramic particles like B4C, TiC, WC, SiC and Alumina
can be used as the reinforcements in the base alloy matrix [2].
In all the engineering products and assemblies material loss is
the major problem to decrease the efficiency of the equipment.
So it is necessary to develop advanced materials which are
good in wear and seizure resistance. It has been reported by
several researchers that the volumetric wear loss of the particle
reinforced composites decrease with the increasing weight
percentage of particles [3]. The composites prepared by using
Al as matrix and hard ceramic particles as reinforcements will
perform better than steel made components. Therefore,
aluminium alloy based composites will replace many
engineering components in several industries [4]
Many researchers studied the effect of ceramic particles on
wear properties of aluminium based composites [5]. The
performance of metal matrix composite reinforced with
ceramic particles has been reported to be superior that of their
unreinforced matrix alloy [6]. Sahin et al. [7] reported that the
introductions of SiC particle into the aluminium alloy shown
greater effect on wear resistance. Limited attempts have been
made to examine the effect of micro size SiC particulates on
the sliding wear properties of Al based composites. It was
observed that as the SiC content was increased in the matrix
the wear or seizure resistance of pure aluminium could be
increased significantly [8]. Lim et al [9] studied the
tribological properties of SiC reinforced Al-Cu metal matrix
composites and found that there was enhanced in mechanical
and wear resistance capacity of composites.
Sahin et al. [10] studied wear behavior of Al2011 alloy
reinforced with different weight percentages of SiC with
varying particle size. The design of experiments was used to
know the influence of applied load, sliding distance, particle
size and volume fraction of reinforcement. As applied load
increases the volumetric wear loss was more and also the wear
rate increases with increase in sliding distance. There was
good bonding between matrix and filler material as particle
size of the filler material decreases [11].
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 801
In view of the above, an attempt is made in this investigation
to study the effect of applied load, sliding speed and sliding
distance on dry sliding wear behavior of the Al6061-SiC
composites using Taguchi design of experiments. The Signal-
to-Noise ratio was employed to find the effect of each
parameter on wear.
2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
2.1 Materials
Table -1: Chemical composition of Al6061 Alloy
Element Wt. Percentage
Magnesium 0.80
Silicon 0.64
Iron 0.23
Copper 0.17
Zinc 0.031
Manganese 0.072
Titanium 0.015
Chromium 0.014
Others 0.15
Aluminium Bal
Metal matrix composites containing 6 and 9 wt. percentages of
SiC particles were produced by liquid metallurgy route. For
the production of MMCs, an Al6061 alloy was used as the
matrix material while SiC particles with an average size of
100-125µm were used as the reinforcements. The chemical
composition of the Al6061 alloy is shown in Table- 1.
2.2 Composite Preparation
In stir casting method before the casting reinforcements,
stirrer, permanent mould preheated to 250oC to remove
moisture and gases from the surface of the reinforcements,
and equipments before casting.
Now the required amount of Al6061 is weighed and placed in
the graphite crucible and heated to 750oC using resistance
furnace then the degassing tablet is added to minimize the
coating film defects by expelling the volatile components
present in the melt during casting. The tablet helps in the
removal of entrapped air in the melt and thus prevents casting
defects like porosity and blow holes. Then the matrix Al6061
is reinforced with SiC particulates with different weight
percentages (6 and 9). The micro particle of SiC was added at
the temperature of 750̊C and a constant vigorous stirring was
done for 15mins until a clear vortex is formed.
Before the addition of reinforcements the magnesium was
added to decrease the surface tension and viscosity of the melt.
At the pouring temperature of 730̊C the molten mixture was
poured into the cast iron mould and allowed to solidify for few
minutes. After complete solidification and then it is withdrawn
from the mould and machined according to ASTM standards.
Now the produced composite is subjected to dry sliding wear
tests.
2.3 Wear Behaviour
A pin-on-disc tribometer is used to perform the wear
experiment. The wear track, alloy and composite specimens
are cleaned thoroughly with acetone prior to test. Each
specimen is then weighed using a digital balance having an
accuracy of ±0.0001 gm. After that the specimen is mounted
on the pin holder of the tribometer ready for wear test.
Specimens of size 8mm diameter and 25mm length were cut
from the cast samples, machined and then polished. During the
test, the sample is held pressed against a rotating EN32 steel
disc (hardness of 65HRC) by applying load that acts as
counter weight and balances the pin. The track diameter was
chosen as 80mm and the parameters such as the load, sliding
speed and sliding distance were varied in the range given in
Table-2. Once the surface in contact wears out, the load
pushes the arm to remain in contact with the disc. This
movement of the arm generates a signal which is used to
determine the maximum wear. Weight loss of each specimen
was obtained by weighing the specimen before and after the
experiment by a single pan electronic weighing machine with
an accuracy of .0001g after thorough cleaning with acetone
solution.
Table -2: Process Parameters and Levels
PARAMETERS
LEVEL
A:
SPEED
B:
LOAD
C:SLIDING
DISTANCE
D:MAT
ERIAL
1 200 1 2000 0
2 400 2 3000 6
3 600 3 4000 9
2.4 Plan of Experiments
Dry sliding wear rate test was performed with three
parameters: applied load, sliding speed, and sliding distance
and varying them for three levels. According to the rule that
degree of freedom for an orthogonal array should be greater
than or equal to sum of those wear parameters, a L27
Orthogonal array which as 27 rows and 13 columns was
selected as shown in Table-3[12]. A total of 27 experiments
were performed based on the run order generated by Taguchi
model. The response for model is wear rate. In Orthogonal
array, first column is assigned to sliding speed, second column
is assigned to load, fifth column is assigned to sliding distance
and ninth column is assigned to material composition. The
objective of model is to minimize the wear rate.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 802
The Signal to Noise (S/N) ratio, which condenses the multiple
data points within a trial, depends on the type of
characteristics being evaluated. The S/N ratio characteristics
can be divided into three categories, viz. „nominal is the best‟,
„larger the better‟, and „smaller the better‟ characteristics. In
this study, „smaller the better‟ characteristics was chosen to
analyze the dry sliding wear resistance.
Table -3: L27 Orthogonal Array Used In Taguchi Method
RUN X1 X2 X5 X9
1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 2 2
3 1 1 3 3
4 1 2 1 2
5 1 2 2 3
6 1 2 3 1
7 1 3 1 3
8 1 3 2 1
9 1 3 3 2
10 2 1 1 2
11 2 1 2 3
12 2 1 3 1
13 2 2 1 3
14 2 2 2 1
15 2 2 3 2
16 2 3 1 2
17 2 3 2 2
18 2 3 3 3
19 3 1 1 3
20 3 1 2 1
21 3 1 3 2
22 3 2 1 1
23 3 2 2 2
24 3 2 3 3
25 3 3 1 2
26 3 3 2 3
27 3 3 3 1
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Results of Statistical Analysis of Experiments
The results for various combinations of parameters were
obtained by conducting the experiments as per the orthogonal
array. The measured results were analyzed using the
commercial software MINITAB 14 specifically used for
design of experiments applications. Table 4 shows the
experimental results of wear rate.
Table -4: Results of Wear Test
RUN A B C D
Vol. Wear
Loss
S-N
Ratio
1 200 1 2000 0 0.003702 48.631
2 200 1 3000 6 0.002941 50.63
3 200 1 4000 9 0.002564 51.821
4 200 2 2000 6 0 .004779 46.413
5 200 2 3000 9 0.004395 47.15
6 200 2 4000 0 0.005555 45.114
7 200 3 2000 9 0.004861 46.267
8 200 3 3000 0 0.006662 43.53
9 200 3 4000 6 0.005882 44.715
10 400 1 2000 6 0.003676 48.692
11 400 1 3000 9 0.003296 49.642
12 400 1 4000 0 0.004454 47.024
13 400 2 2000 9 0.004761 46.446
14 400 2 3000 0 0.006292 44.024
15 400 2 4000 6 0.005147 45.768
16 400 3 2000 0 0.007407 42.607
17 400 3 3000 6 0.006251 44.081
18 400 3 4000 9 0.005128 45.801
19 600 1 2000 9 0.003076 50.24
20 600 1 3000 0 0.004221 47.491
21 600 1 4000 6 0.003676 48.692
22 600 2 2000 0 0.007407 42.607
23 600 2 3000 6 0.006613 43.592
24 600 2 4000 9 0.005201 45.678
25 600 3 2000 9 0.00783 42.124
26 600 3 3000 6 0.006813 43.333
27 600 3 4000 0 0.009629 40.328
To measure the quality characteristics, the experimental values
are transformed into signal to noise ratio. The influence of
control parameters such as load, sliding speed, and sliding
distance on wear rate using signal to noise response and also
the ranking of process parameters using signal to noise ratio
obtained for different parameter levels for wear rate are given
Table 5. The control factors statistically significant in the
signal to noise ratio and it could be observed that the load is a
dominant parameter on the wear rate.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 803
Table -5: Response Table for S/N ratios smaller is better for
Volumetric Wear Loss
LEVEL A B C D
1 47.13 49.21 46 44.59
2 46.01 45.2 45.94 46.07
3 44.9 43.63 46.09 47.37
DELTA 2.23 5.58 0.15 2.78
RANK 3 1 4 2
Fig. 1 and 2 shows the influence of process parameter on wear
rate graphically. The analysis of these experimental results
using S/N gives the optimum condition resulting in minimum
wear rate. The optimum condition for wear rate is as shown in
fig. 2.
600400200
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
321
400030002000
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
960
SPEED
MeanofMeans
LOAD
SLIDING DISTANCE MATERIAL
Main Effects Plot for Means
Data Means
Fig -1: Main Effect plot for Mean-Volumetric Wear Loss
MeanofSNratios
600400200
50
48
46
44
321
400030002000
50
48
46
44
960
SPEED LOAD
SLIDING DISTANCE COMPOSITION
Main Effects Plot (data means) for SN ratios
Signal-to-noise: Smaller is better
Fig -2: Main Effects plot for S/N ratio Volumetric Wear Loss
CONCLUSIONS
The present work on SiC particulate reinforced Al6061
composite by two stage addition using melt stirring method
has led to the following conclusions.
Aluminium based metal matrix composites have
been successfully fabricated by Melt stirring method
by two stage addition of reinforcement combined with
preheating of particulates.
From experimental details it was revealed that as
percentage of SiC increases the wear rate decreases.
Based on Taguchi L27 Orthogonal Array wear test
experiments were conducted successfully and
calculated wear rate was substituted in MINITAB 14
and analysed the effect of each parameter on wear rate.
From response table signal to noise ratio for smaller is
the better option, it was found that Load is affecting
more on wear rate.
Design of experiments by Taguchi method was
successfully used to optimize the tribological
behaviour of Al6061-SiC composites.
Finally from our work by using Taguchi L27
Orthogonal Array, we found that Test Run No. 3 is the
optimized RUN.
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5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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