This document summarizes test results for demulsifier formulations on two crude oil samples. For the first sample, the best performing individual demulsifier bases were DG270, DB5951, DB9392, DB9947 and W033 based on water dropping and salt content. The top performing formulations were DB9947/DB9392/DB9393 and W033/DB9392/DB9393. For the second sample, the best individual bases were DG270, D3575X, D311, DB9429, and DB9947. The top formulations were W033/DP188/DB9393 and DB9947/DG270/DB9393, which achieved lower salt contents
Episode 46 : PRODUCTION OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM RBD PALM KERNEL OIL SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 46 : PRODUCTION OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM
RBD PALM KERNEL OIL
Oleo chemicals
The term ― oleo chemicals refers to any chemical compounds derived from natural oils
almost 95% of natural oils and fats are used in food application
small percentage is applied in non-food purposes such as soap manufacturing
The advantages of using oleo chemicals over petrochemicals are:
Oleo chemicals are derived from renewable resources .
Oleo chemical production requires less energy and causes less pollution .
Oleo chemicals are fully non-toxic .
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 46 : PRODUCTION OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM RBD PALM KERNEL OIL SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 46 : PRODUCTION OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM
RBD PALM KERNEL OIL
Oleo chemicals
The term ― oleo chemicals refers to any chemical compounds derived from natural oils
almost 95% of natural oils and fats are used in food application
small percentage is applied in non-food purposes such as soap manufacturing
The advantages of using oleo chemicals over petrochemicals are:
Oleo chemicals are derived from renewable resources .
Oleo chemical production requires less energy and causes less pollution .
Oleo chemicals are fully non-toxic .
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
This document gives a brief description on defoamer chemicals used in industry. Foaming is a problem in processing industry like, food, paper and pulp, paint and coating, printing, dyeing, oil drilling, boiler steam production, water treatment, waste management, etc.
Oleochemical Technology. Production of fatty acids & glycerine starting from vegetable & animal oil and fats Hydrolysis is the basic production step, the fats and oils are split into crude glycerine and a mixture of crude fatty acids, under the combined action of water, temperature and pressure. The temperature exceeds 200°C and the products are kept under pressure for more than 20 minutes.. Fats & oils crude glycerine + crude fatty acids + water
3. • A process for the esterification of a triglyceride. • The process comprises forming a single phase solution of said triglyceride in an alcohol selected from methanol and ethanol, the ratio of alcohol to triglyceride being 15:1 to 35:1. • The solution further comprises a co-solvent in an amount to effect formation the single phase and a base catalyst for the esterification reaction. • After a period of time, ester is recovered from the solution. • Esterification is rapid and proceeds essentially to completion. • The esters may be used as biofuel or biodiesel
4. Glycerine (also called glycerin or glycerol) is an alcohol which is used as a moisturizer in soaps and lotions. Glycerine has a sweet taste, and it can be used as a food preservative and a non-sugar sweetener.
5. Glycerine Lubricants (jet engine, refrigeration) Plasticizer for Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) Explosives Polyurethane Foam
6. Examples of Derivative
7. Process involves 1. A fatty acid or fatty acid mixture is esterified in a column reactor. 4. As the liquid flows down the trays it encounters progressively drier lower alkanol. 5. The ester product recovered from the bottom of the reactor has an ester content of at least 99 mole % (calculated on a lower alkanol free basis). 2. Relatively dry lower alkanol vapour (water content not more than 5 mole %) is injected into the bottom of the column reactor. 3. Water of esterification is removed from the top of the column reactor in the vapour stream, whilst ester product is recovered from the sump of the reactor.
This document explains on emulsion and emulsifiers ad their application in industry. Emulsifiers are used in cosmetic, personal care, pharma preparations, food applications, paints, oilfiled applications, defoamers, agricultural applications and cleaning compositions
This document gives a brief description on defoamer chemicals used in industry. Foaming is a problem in processing industry like, food, paper and pulp, paint and coating, printing, dyeing, oil drilling, boiler steam production, water treatment, waste management, etc.
Oleochemical Technology. Production of fatty acids & glycerine starting from vegetable & animal oil and fats Hydrolysis is the basic production step, the fats and oils are split into crude glycerine and a mixture of crude fatty acids, under the combined action of water, temperature and pressure. The temperature exceeds 200°C and the products are kept under pressure for more than 20 minutes.. Fats & oils crude glycerine + crude fatty acids + water
3. • A process for the esterification of a triglyceride. • The process comprises forming a single phase solution of said triglyceride in an alcohol selected from methanol and ethanol, the ratio of alcohol to triglyceride being 15:1 to 35:1. • The solution further comprises a co-solvent in an amount to effect formation the single phase and a base catalyst for the esterification reaction. • After a period of time, ester is recovered from the solution. • Esterification is rapid and proceeds essentially to completion. • The esters may be used as biofuel or biodiesel
4. Glycerine (also called glycerin or glycerol) is an alcohol which is used as a moisturizer in soaps and lotions. Glycerine has a sweet taste, and it can be used as a food preservative and a non-sugar sweetener.
5. Glycerine Lubricants (jet engine, refrigeration) Plasticizer for Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) Explosives Polyurethane Foam
6. Examples of Derivative
7. Process involves 1. A fatty acid or fatty acid mixture is esterified in a column reactor. 4. As the liquid flows down the trays it encounters progressively drier lower alkanol. 5. The ester product recovered from the bottom of the reactor has an ester content of at least 99 mole % (calculated on a lower alkanol free basis). 2. Relatively dry lower alkanol vapour (water content not more than 5 mole %) is injected into the bottom of the column reactor. 3. Water of esterification is removed from the top of the column reactor in the vapour stream, whilst ester product is recovered from the sump of the reactor.
This document explains on emulsion and emulsifiers ad their application in industry. Emulsifiers are used in cosmetic, personal care, pharma preparations, food applications, paints, oilfiled applications, defoamers, agricultural applications and cleaning compositions
Plan an ETP with detail process discussion following the instructionsMd Fahimuzzaman
Effluent is the stream of excess chemical liquor from an industry after using in original operation. For example, the excess dye liquor extracted from the textile industry after dyeing is an effluent of that dyeing industry. Effluent Treatment Plant or ETP is a waste water treatment method which is particularly designed to purify industrial waste water for its reuse and it’s aim is to release safe water to environment from the harmful effect caused by the effluent. Textile industry uses numerous hazardous chemicals during processing such as heavy metals, salts, surfactants, sulphite, and formaldehyde, which can cause major pollution in the effluents’ receiving waters. Since textile waste water contains a diversity of impurities and therefore specific treatment technology called ETP is required. The ETP Plant works at various levels and involves various physical, chemical, biological and membrane processes to treat waste water from different industrial sectors like chemicals, drugs, pharmaceutical, refineries, dairy, ready mix plants & textile etc.
TERCOSCO This newly developed procedure is based on a twofold exchange chemical reaction between the crude oil organic Sulphur components and TERCOSCO additive, which results in the annihilation of C-S chemical link, releasing the various Sulphur compounds. Once released, those Sulphur compounds, using the heavy metals already present in the sour crude oil, will form Metallic Sulphur Salts which are later (10 min.) washed out by adding 5% water. Full process takes place at low temperature (50°C) and atmospheric pressure.
DrilSmooth system is a unique, water-based drilling fluid .pptxWaelElEssawy2
DrilSmooth system is a unique, water-based drilling fluid developed for fractured and stabilizing mechanically weak or poorly consolidated formations and drilling high-angle or horizontal wells.
This document highlights on the global merket position of pour point depressant used in crude oil transportation from drilling wells and also land transportation through pipe lines.
The document describes the market potential of quaternary ammonium compounds. Its application as disinfectant for various types of virus, bacteria, fungus and algae. It explains the preparation of benzalkonium chloride, cetyl pyridinium chloride, tallow alkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride,etc. It also explains the formulations as home care,hand wash, wipes, etc..
The document is a project report for manufacturing MEA TRIAZINE from paraformaldehyde and monoethanol amine. MEA TRIAZINE is used as H2S scavanger in crude oilfields.
The document describes the application of super absorbent polymer. It finds use in diapers, female sanitary napkins, agricultural application as water retainer, etc...
Demulsifiers-water in oil emulsion separation results-m
1. 1
Demulsifiers: Water-in oil emulsion separation results
Chandran Udumbasseri, Technical Consultant
cudumbasseri@yahoo.co.in; chandran.udumbasseri#@gmail.com
Introduction
Crude oil emulsion breaking is one of the hardest operations in oil separation from
entrapped saline water. The oil coming out of a crude oil drilling well is composed of
dissolved natural gas, water trapped as free and emulsified, and solid materials like sand,
mud, insoluble inorganics, sludge, and other rock sediments from the bottom of the well.
The water is usually salty and varies from well to well. The composition of each well is
different. It necessitates different types of processing chemistry for each well. There is only
a general outline of processing for all types of crude emulsion separation but needs specific
processing chemistry well.
The crude oil coming out of a well is sent to separating plant where demulsifier is injected
in the incoming pipeline. Due to turbulent flow the demulsifier gets mixed up evenly in the
crude oil and initiates emulsion breaking. The crude then goes to high pressure separating
tank (horizontal, slanted, spherical, hemispherical or vertical) where freed natural gas
moves to collecting compressors, water separates at the bottom while oil float as top layer.
The water is drained from the tank as the oil is allowed to move to low pressure separator
where remaining gas is removed from the crude oil. The crude which is wet coming out of
this second separator is sometimes heated to facilitate emulsion breaking or allowed to go
to dehydrator unit for removing residual water electro statically. After complete water
removal by dehydrator the oil is dry in nature with some crystals of salt remaining in the
suspended state in the oil. So the oil is again washed with water by mixing wash water.
Outgoing oil is tested to ensure dryness and salt level.
Some test results are given below for different oils
Saudi oil
Flow diagram
HPPT
HPPT
LPPT
DehydratorDesalter
Shipment line
Production
Header
Sample Point
Wash water injection
1. Plant 1
Process Data
Process Information
Total production rate 233000BD
Total crude oil rate 145000BD
Percentage water cut 38-42%
Temperature at production header 130F
Oil level in separators & dryers 50%
Salt in crude, average 5 PTB
2. 2
Water cut
Free Water 20-40%
Total water 52-58%
Emulsion 12-38%
After bottle testing the best performing demulsifier bases are given below
Demulsifier
Bases
Conc Water
dropping
mls/minutes
W
Q
IQ
Salt
content
Chemistry RSN
ppm 10 20 40 PTB
DG270 20 12 20 32 F F- 17.85 Modified ester 6.7
DI938 20 6 9 12 F F 48.8 Polymeric polyol 7.7
Croda-D3501X 20 9 16 18 F F 24.6 Alkoxylated phenolic resin 15
D311 20 9 12 18 P F 27.9 Oxylate phenolic resin 18
D309 20 8 9 10 G F 46.6 Oxylate phenolic resin 29
DB5951 20 7 12 24 P F + 27.9 Tetrol 11
DI945 20 10 11 18 F F 44.9 Amine alkoxylate 16
D3575X 20 13 19 24 G G 19.38 Mixed resin ethoxylate 17
DB9393 20 0 0 Tr - - 3.4 Amine ethoxylate 6.7
D3422X 20 0 3 12 F F- 3.56 Imine alkoxylate 8
D510 20 4 6 12 P P 7.28 Imine alkoxylate 11
DB9947 20 4 16 18 F G 9.17 Resin EO/PO alkoxylate 13
DB9429 20 5 18 22 G F+ 35.4 Resin alkoxylate 10-14
D304 20 5 12 14 G G 13.17 Resin alkoxylate 21
DRA21 20 9 14 16 P P 8.25 Oxy phenolic resin 21
DRI9030 20 0 5 16 F G 11.68 Esterified phenolic polymer 7-8
DRI9037 20 0 10 16 F F 7.68 Polyol 7-8
RDM9510 20 0 5 8 P P 9.24 Blend 7-9
13190 20 9 18 20 G F 7.3 Epoxy resin 7.6
PG1.5 20 0 0 5 P P 5.15 Polyglycol 14.1
PG2.5 20 1 5 16 F F- 9.5 Poly glycol 17.3
DRC232 20 8 10 14 G G 53.9 Oxylated resin 14.3
DEE5 20 0 0 0 - - 1.48 Polyethylene amine mixture 6
RS19 20 10 24 30 G G 17.82 Alkoxylated resin 12
RS15 20 5 14 24 F F 29.2 Alkoxylated resin 13
CB361 20 9 16 18 G F 27.8 NPF-EO/PO
DB9392 20 0 9 22 G P 2.49 PEI alkoxylated 8.3
Basorol-P17R2 20 2 2 6 G P 5.5
Syn PEL101 20 5 9 14 G G 35.4
Syn T1301 20 14 20 20 G F 30.2
W033 20 3 10 13 G G 29.2 Polyol 16
W0801 20 3 5 10 G G 24
3073 20 4 6 15 F P 37.1
The following formulations were found better performers
Selected Formulations
Formulation Ratio Grading Average activity
DB9947/DB9392/DB9393 2/2/1 1 42%
W033/DB9392/DB9393 2/2/1 2 42%
DB9947/DG270/DB9393 2/2/1 3 42%
DB9958/DG270/DB9393 1/1/1 4 42%
DRI9037/DB9392/DB9393 2/2/1 5 50%
DG270/DB5951/DB9393 1/2/1 6 50%
3. 3
Conclusion-Final Formulation
Formulation
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes WQ IQ
Top oil water cut,
%
Salt
content
ppm 10 20 40 W1 W2 ∆ PTB
incumbent
20 Tr 4 18 F2+
F 5.2 5.2 0 24.9
30 5 18 50 F-
P 2.0 2.15 0.15 5.67
(F1)DB9947/DB9392/DB9393
2/2/1
20 4 6 42 VG G 0 0 0 2.04
30 14 48 54 VG G 0 0 0 2.08
(F2)W033/DB9392/DB9393
2/2/1
20 5 12 36 G F+
0.05 0.05 0 1.29
30 20 36 52 F-
G 0 0 0 0.84
Evaluation
Evaluation of results: The final demulsifier is based on DB9947, DB9392, DB9393, DB
5951, DB9958 (all BASF bases), DG270 (Marchem) and W033 (Deshi)
The table of bases screening is giving the following data for using formulations
Formulation
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes
WQ IQ
Salt
conte
nt
Chemistry
ppm 10 20 40 PTB
DG270 20 12 20 32 F F- 17.85 Ester
DB5951 20 7 12 24 P F + 27.9 Tetrol
DB9392 20 0 9 22 G P 2.49 PEI alkoxylate
DB9947 20 4 16 18 F G 9.17 ResinEO/PO alkoxylate
DRI9037 20 0 10 16 F F 7.68 Polyol
W033 20 3 10 13 G G 29.2 Polyol
DB9393 20 0 0 Tr - - 3.4 Imine ethoxylate
Highest water dropper is DG270. The efficiency reduces down the line. Low salt content is
present in DB9393 without any water dropping while DB9392 shows both low salt (2.49)
and comparatively higher water dropping (22). W033 is poor water dropper and high salt,
but with good water quality. DB9947 and DRI 9037 show similar behavior in water
dropping and salt.
The formulator used DB9947/DB9392/DB9393 (resin alkoxylate /PEI alkoxylate / amine
alkoxylate), W033/DB9392/DB9393 (polyols /PEI alkoxylate / amine alkoxylate),
W033/DB9392/DB9392 (polyols /PEI alkoxylate /amine ethoxylate) and
DB9947/DG270/DB9393 (resin alkoxylate/ester/amine ethoxylate) as the first four
formulations
For the final approved selection the following two formulations were selected.
Formulation
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes WQ IQ
Top oil water
cut, %
Salt
content
ppm 10 20 40 W1 W2 ∆ PTB
(F1)DB9947/DB9392/DB9393
2/2/1
20 4 6 42 VG G 0 0 0 2.04
(F2)W033/DB9392/DB9393
2/2/1
20 5 12 36 G F+
0.05 0.05 0 1.29
In formulation F1, water dropping was 42ml, salt content 2.04PTB; top oil water cut 0%,
very good water quality and good interface quality.
How was the quantity of dropped water increased to 42? This is the synergistic effect that
helped the formulation to drop more water.
The salt content considerably reduced to 2.04PTB, which is due to the removal of most of
the water from the organic layer. The top oil BS&W was 0% which supported the low salt
4. 4
content in the oil layer. In F1 the interface quality was reported as good which supported
the very low BS&W (0%).
Coming to F2 water dropping is a little less (36) but salt content was reported as low as
1.29PTB. This shows that F2 needed more time for flocculating the remaining water which
was already separated and hangs in the oil layer. It was evident from the quality of
interface which says Fair plus that means some more time is required for the clearing of
interface.
It appears a little bit complicated to come out with constructive formulations that can
perform well in bulk trials. Mostly the formulators’ knowledge and experience matters a lot
in the conclusion.
Criteria for better performing demulsifier formulation:
1.1. Competent formulator with outstanding chemical knowledge and experience is
a plus point for a formulation. Such formulator can bring out best performing
formulation even if the demulsifier bases are not up to the requirements.
1.2. Well performing demulsifier bases can give very good performing formulations.
Below are given more results from bottle testing which can be evaluated and understood.
2. Plant 2
Process Data
Process Information
Total production rate 215000BD
Total crude oil rate 147000BD
Total water cut 68000BD
Percentage water cut 29-32%
Temperature at production header 130F
Oil level in separators & dryers 50%
Salt in crude, average 6 PTB
BS&W
Free water 3-5%
Total water 40-45%
Emulsion 35-42%
Demulsifier bases performed with this crude
Demulsifier
Bases
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes WQ IQ
Salt
content Chemistry RSN
ppm 10 20 40 PTB
DI937 50 1.5 1.3 5 F F 82.3 Polymeric polyol 7.7
DG270 50 2 2.5 9 F G 76 Modified ester 6.7
D311 50 0.2 7 9 P F 93 Oxylate phenolic resin 18
D3575X 50 4 6.5 8 F F 68.8 Resin ethoxylate 17
D510 50 0 0 0 - - 76 Imine alkoxylate 11
DRI9030 50 0 2 4 F F 70 Ester of phenolic polymer 7-8
DB9429 50 0 2.5 5 G F+ 77.8 Resin alkoxylate 10-14
RS15 50 0 0.5 3 G G 77.8 Alkoxylated resin 12-14
RS19 50 Tr 1 4 F F+ 75 Alkoxylated resin 12
3501X 50 1.8 4 6 F F 75 -
T1301 50 0 4 8 G G 75 - -
W-033 50 0.4 2.5 6 G G 75 Polyol -
DB9955 50 0 2 7 F+ G 75 EO/PO alkoxylate 13-15
Basorol L62 50 0 0.1 1.2 F+ F+ 71 - -
Kemelix-D310 50 0 2 4 F G 72 - -
CB MC238A 50 0.3 0.4 1.0 F F 33 - -
Croda-D300 50 0 0 0.6 F F+ 73 Blend 7-9
DG4283 60 9 10 12 F+ F+ 70.6 Rsin alkoxylate 10.6
5. 5
D3627X 60 3 7 9 F+ F+ 73 Resin alkoxylate 21
DB9946 60 1.3 9 10 VG G 67 Resin alkoxylate 10-12
SynPE25R2 60 0 2 3 F F+ 56 Polyol alkoxylate 13
DI224 60 0 0.4 1 F F+ 44 - -
DI936 60 4 7 9 F F+ 61 Polyol 8.4
Selected Formulations
Formulation Ratio Grading Average activity
W33/DP188/DB9393 4/1/1 1 42%
DB9947/DG270/DB9393 2/2/1 2 42%
DB9947/DB9392/DB9393 2/2/1 3 42%
DRI9030/D510/DB9393 2/2/1 4 42%
Conclusion-Final Formulation
Formulation
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes WQ IQ
Top oil water cut,
%
Salt
content
ppm 10 20 30 40 W1 W2 ∆ PTB
Incumbent
60 12 18 20 21 F F 13 15 2 44.8
70 16 23 23 24 F F 8 10 2 32.5
W033/DP188/DB9393;
4/1/1
60 16 20 24 26 VG VG 5 5 0 4.37
DB9947/DG270/DB9393;
2/2/1
60 23 24 28 36 G G 0.4 0.4 0 8.26
Evaluation:
In the Plant 2, efficient emulsion breakers are DB9947, DB9393, DB9392 (all from BASF),
DP188 (Majorchem), DG270 (Marchem), D510 (Croda), DRI9030 (Akzo) and W033 (Deshi)
Demulsifier
Bases
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes WQ IQ
Salt
conte
nt
Chemistry RSN
DG270 50 2 2.5 9 F G 76 Modified ester 6.7
D510 50 0 0 0 - - 76 Imine alkoxylate 11
DRI9030 50 0 2 4 F F 70 Ester of phenolic polymer 7-8
W-033 50 0.4 2.5 6 G G 75 Polyol -
The formulator has included the formulation from Plant 1 to see their performance. So he
has taken corresponding bases from those formulations. This definitely reduces the time of
scanning and formulations.
As the salts were found high (in the range of 60-75 PTB) it appears that more time was
required for individual bases to drop more water. The water cut was 45% but maximum
water dropped was 12 and formulator did not consider particular base for formulation. Also
the dosage concentration needed was more than 50ppm.
The selected formulations
Formulation
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes WQ IQ
Top oil
water cut, %
Salt
content
ppm 10 20 30 40 W1 W2 ∆ PTB
W033/DP188/DB9393; 4/1/1 60 16 20 24 26 VG VG 5 5 0 4.37
DB9947/DG270/DB9393; 2/2/1 60 23 24 28 36 G G 0.4 0.4 0 8.26
First formulation showed lower water dropping (26ml) while second formulation showed
(36ml) higher dropping. But the formulator did not consider water dropping as the best
criteria. First formulation showed very low salt content, 0% top oil BS&W, very good water
and interface quality. Low salt content and 0% BS&W ensure that the emulsion has
6. 6
completely broken; good water quality and interface quality ensure that there is no over-
treat and all the emulsion has broken.
This justifies formulator’s selection considering first formula as best performer.
It explains that more water dropping is not the criteria for selection. Ensuring complete
emulsion breaking is the criteria for selection of a formula.
3. Plant 3
Process Data
Process Information
Total production rate 369000BD
Total crude oil rate 262000BD
Total water cut 107000BD
Percentage water cut 29-34%
Temperature at production header 110F(Winter);
150F(summer)
Salt in crude, average 6 PTB
BS&W
Free water 4-16%
Total water 20-34%
Emulsion 4-30%
Demulsifier bases performed better with this crude
Selected Formulations
Formulation Ratio Grading Average activity
DB9947/DB9392/DB9393 2/2/1 1 37.5%
W033/ DB9392/DB9393 2/2/1 2 37.5%
W033/DG270/DB9393 2/2/1 3 37.5%
Demulsifier
Bases
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes WQ IQ
Salt
content Chemistry RSN
ppm 10 20 40 PTB
DI937 25 1.2 4 5 F F 40.7 Polymeric polyol 7.7
DG270 25 2 7 8 F F 66 Modified ester 6.7
D311 25 2.5 4 5 F F+ 73 Oxylate phenolic resin 18
D3575X 25 4 5 5 G F 62 Resin ethoxylate 17
DB9393 25 Tr Tr Tr - - 40 PEI ethoxylated 6.5
DB9392 25 Tr 1 4 F F+ 73 PIE ethoxylated 8.3
D510 25 0 0 0 - - 62 Imine alkoxylate 11
DB9947 25 1 1.8 4 F+ F2+ 69 Resin EO/Po ethoxylate 13
DRI9030 25 3 7 7 F F+ 62 Ester of phenolic polymer 7-8
PG1.5 25 1.2 1.5 4 VG F+ 90 Polyglycol 14
RS15 25 1.6 4 7 F F+ 68 Alkoxylated resin 12-
14
D3501X 25 2 3 4 F F 83 -
W-033 25 6 8 9 G G 70 Polyol -
DI936 25 3.5 5 8 F+ F 65 Acrylate polyol 8.4
Basorol K2090 25 Tr 3 5 F+ F+ 68 - -
CB DI910 25 0 0 0 - - 50 - -
DG4283 25 4 5 6 G F+ 68 Resin alkoxylate 10.6
RDM9510 25 4 8 9 F F+ 54 Blend 7-9
7. 7
Conclusion-Final Formulation
Formulation
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes WQ IQ
Top oil water cut,
%
Salt
content
ppm 10 20 30 40 W1 W2 ∆ uS/cm
Incumbent
30 6.5 9.5 12 18 F+ F 0 0.4 0.4 19.84
35 9 14 18 24 G F 0 0.4 0.4 19.45
40 12 17 20 26 F F 0 0.3 0.3 11.29
DB9947/DB9392/DB9393
2/2/1
35 9.5 18 24 30 G G 0 0 0 5.54
W033/ DB9392/DB9393
2/2/1
35 10 14 18 31 VG VG 0.05 0.05 0 5.92
Evaluation:
This plant (3) crude oil is similar to Plant 1 crude oil. So most of the demulsifiers
performed in 1 also performed in Plant 3. So the final selected formulation is the same.
4. Plant 4
Process Data
Process Information
Total production rate 374000BD
Total crude oil rate 286000BD
Total water cut 88000BD
Percentage water cut 22%
Water separation in HPPT 10-15 mbd
Temperature at production header 95-115F(W); 135F(S)
Oil level in separators 35%
Oil level dehydrator 50%
Oil level desalter 50%
Salt in crude, average 5-6 PTB
BS&W
Free water 0 – 2%
Total water 24-26%
Emulsion 24-26%
Demulsifier bases performing with this crude
Demulsifier
Bases
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes
WQ IQ
Salt
conte
nt
Chemistry RSN
ppm 10 20 40 PTB
DI938 30 2 2.5 3 F F 48.9 Polymeric polyol 7.7
DI937 30 1 3 4 F+ F 48 Polymeric polyol 7.6
DG4283 30 2 3 3 F+ F+ 46 Resin alkoxylate 10.6
DB9946 30 0 1 2 G F+ 50 Resin alkoxylate 11
D3627X 30 Tr 3 4 F+ F+ 46 Resin alkoxylate 21
D311 30 2 3 4 F F 44.6 Oxylate phenolic resin 18
D3575X 30 3 4 4 F+ F 48.9 Mixed resin ethoxylate 17
DB9393 30 0 0 Tr - - 50 Amine ethoxylate 6.7
DB9947 30 1 1.1 2 F+ F+ 50 Resin EO/PO alkoxylate 13
DRI9037 40 2 4 4 F+ F+ 51 Polyol 7-8
RDM9510 40 2 4 4 F+ F+ 49 Blend 7-9
RS15 40 Tr 1.8 4 F+ F+ 46 Alkoxylated resin 13
DB9392 40 0 0 0 - - 56 PEI alkoxylated 8.3
W033 40 1 3 4 G G 52
Selected Formulations
Formulation Ratio Grading Average activity
W033/DB9392/DB9393 2/2/1 1 35%
W033/RS15/ DB9393 2/2/1 2 35%
W033/DRI9037/ DB9393 2/2/1 3 35%
8. 8
Conclusion-Final Formulation
Formulation
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes WQ IQ
Top oil water cut,
%
Salt
content
ppm 10 20 30 40 W1 W2 ∆ PTB
Incumbent 60 9 10 12 16 F F 4 4.5 0.5 24.9
W033/DB9392/DB9393;2/2/1 40 9 16 22 22 VG VG 0.05 0.05 0 4.74
W033/RS15/ DB9393;2/2/1 40 10 18 22 22 VG VG 0.1 0.1 0 4.79
W033/DRI9037/ DB9393;2/2/1 40 10 14 17 22 VG VG 0.1 0.15 0.05 6.71
Evaluation: The plant 4 crude oil appears similar to that of 1, 2 and 3. So the final
formulation is similar to that of previous formulations.
5. Plant 5
Process Data
Process Information
Total production rate 392000BD
Total crude oil rate 327000BD
Total water cut 60000BD
Percentage water cut 14-17%
Temperature at production header 95-115F(W);
135F(S)
Oil level in separators 50%
Oil level dehydrator 50%
Oil level desalter 50%
Salt in crude, average 5-6 PTB
BS&W
Free water 0 – 3%
Total water 14-17%
Emulsion 14-16%
Demulsifier bases performing with this crude
Demulsifier
Bases
Con
c
Water dropping
mls/minutes
WQ IQ
Salt
conte
nt
Chemistry RSN
ppm 10 20 40 PTB
D501 25 0 0.5 1 F+ F 42.7 Polyol 22
D400 25 2 3 3 G F+ 36.7 Ethoxylate phenolic resin 18
PE10100 30 3 4 4 F+ F 48.9 EO/PO Block polymer 20.1
W033 40 0 Tr 2.4 G G - Polyol 10
RS15 40 Tr Tr 0.5 F+ F+ 42.7 Alkoxylated resin 13
L62 40 0 Tr 0.3 G G 42 -
CB-AP954 40 0 0.1 1.0 G G 40 -
D401 40 0 0.1 0.4 F+ F+ 43 -
D3424X 40 0 0.2 0.5 F+ F+ 42 -
DB9954A 50 0 1 1 F+ F+ 47 Resin alkoxylate 11
DRI9037 30 Tr Tr 0.2 F+ F+ 40 Polymeric Polyol 7-8
Conclusion-Final Formulation
Formulation
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes
WQ IQ
Top oil water cut, % Salt
conten
t
ppm 10 20 30 40 W1 W2 ∆ PTB
Incumbent
70 3 4.5 5 6 F+ F+ 12 12 0 43.5
75 3.1 4.8 5 6 F+ F+ 12 12 0 45
W033/D501/DRI9037
(1/2/1) with 10% (H
Acid)
60 2 4.8 7 8 VG G 11 11 0 33.8
9. 9
Evaluation
The demulsifier bases that worked in this crude oil were very limited; a maximum of 57%
water was dropped with the formulation. All the three bases in this formulation were
polyols from different suppliers - D501 (polyol RSN 22), W033 (polyol RSN 10), DRI9037
(polyol RSN 7-8). As the RSN differs each of them works at different solvent conditions.
Most of the time polyols appear as assisting demulsification rather than actual main
emulsion breaker. So there is a lack of competent emulsion breaker in the list of
demulsifiers that were used for screening this crude oil emulsion. The H-acid was used
here to clarify both water quality and improve interface quality. Need of a highly branched
flocculant demulsifier is lacking in this testing
6. Plant 6
Process Data
Process Information
Total production rate 367000BD
Total crude oil rate 327000BD
Total water cut 40000BD
Percentage water cut 16-18%
Temperature at production header 110-120F(W); 135F(S)
Oil level in separators 50%
Oil level in dehydrator/desalter 50%
Salt in crude, average 5-6 PTB
Water cut
Free water 2– 4%
Total water 16-18%
Emulsion 12-16%
Demulsifier bases performing with this crude
Demulsifier
Bases
Con
c
Water dropping
mls/minutes
WQ IQ
Salt
conte
nt
Chemistry RSN
ppm 10 20 40 uS/cm
D501 35 Tr 1.8 2 F+ F 29.2 Polyol 22
DB9393 35 Tr 1 2 F F 24.2 Amine ethoxylate 6.5
D311 35 0 0 0 - - 37 Oxylated phenolic resin 18
W033 35 1 2.5 3 F G 32 Polyol 16
RS15 35 3 Tr 0.5 F+ F+ 42.7 Alkoxylated resin 13
DRI9037 35 Tr Tr 1 F F 30 Polymeric Polyol 7-8
CBDI950 35 0 1 2 P P 33 Polyol 8
DI937 35 0 0.1 0.4 F+ F+ 34.6 Polymerized polyol 7.6
CB 461 35 Tr 1 1.5 F+ F+ 32 NPR rsin alkoxylate 12.5
CBRO510 35 0.6 1.8 2 P F 33.7 Resin alkoxylate 20
DI945 35 0 1 2 F F 30.7 Amine oxyalkylate 16
DG4283 35 0.5 3 3 G F 32.7 Resin alkoxylate 10.6
D3575X 35 1 2 3 G F 29.4 Modified resin ethoxylate 17
D3627X 35 1 1.5 1.5 F F 30 Resin alkoxylate 21
D3535X 35 1 2 3 F F 32 APF resin ethoxylate 17
DB9946 35 1.5 1.8 2.5 F F 28.2 Resin alkoxylate 11
DB9947 35 1 2 2 F F 29 Resin (EO/PO) alkoxylate 13
DB9955 35 1.5 3 3 F F 28 Resin alkoxylate EO/PO 14
PE6400 35 1 1.5 1.8 F F 29 EO/PO block 20.1
DP-188 35 0.8 1 2 F F 26 Polyol 16
DB9942 35 Tr 2 3 F F 44 Resin alkoxylate 8-9
10. 10
DRC232 35 0.5 1 4 F F 40 Resin alkoxylate 14.3
DPG482 35 0.5 1 2.8 F F 44 Polyglycol 18.8
DB9429 35 Tr 1 2.8 F F - Resin alkoxylate 10-14
DE-E5 35 Tr 1 1.2 F F 26 Amine alkoxylated 6
DRI9045 35 1.2 1.8 2 F F 40 -
CB361 35 1 2 2 F F 42 NPF EO/PO -
DRC168 35 0 2 2 F F 44 -
RS11 35 Tr 1.8 2 F F 40 Alkoxylated resin 17
L101 35 0 1 1.6 F F 39 -
Conclusion-Final Formulation
Formulation
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes WQ IQ
Top oil water cut,
%
Salt
content
ppm 10 20 30 40 W1 W2 ∆ PTB
Incumbent 50 7 9 9 10 F+ F- 3 3.5 0.5 14.71
W033/DP188/DB939
(2/1/1)
40 7 10 13 15.5 G G 0.6 0.6 0 9.73
RS15/DEE5/DB9393
(2/1/1)
40 4 10 13 14 G G 0.2 0.2 0 8.97
Evaluation: The crude oil feed for this plant different in its behavior compared to 1, 2, 3,
and 5. The water cut in this crude oil emulsion is 16-18% so the expected water dropping
was around 11-12 ml from 100ml sample, taking in to account of an average dropping of
70% emulsion breaking. But the highest amount of water dropped is just free water.
The screen test did not support the formulator with good information. The salt test also
did not support with good information.
So the formulator depended on synergism.
The final formulations selected were W033/DP188/DB9393 and RS15/DEE5/DB9393. The
formulator reached at these formulations after a number of tests.
W033 and DP188 are polyols, DB9393 and DEE5 are imine alkoxylates and RS15 is a resin
alkoxylate.
Polyol with imine alkoxylate synergism (F1) dropped almost 92% water in the emulsion.
Salt content reduced to 9PTB and top oil BS&W 0% with a 0.6% suspended water.
Resin with imine alkoxylates synergism dropped 85% water, salt content reduced to 9PTB
and top oil BS&W 0% with suspended water of 0.2%
The study of synergism was explained in the following article shown in Linkedin
slideshare:” Review of demulsifier bottle testing procedure” by the same author.
7. Plant 7
Process Data
Process Information
Total production rate 288000BD
Total crude oil rate 154000BD
Total water cut 134000BD
Percentage water cut 46%
Temperature at production header 108F(W);
150F(S)
Oil level in separators 50%
Salt in crude, average 5-6 PTB
BS&W
Free water 50– 56%
Total water 50-56%
Emulsion 0-2%
11. 11
Demulsifier bases performing with this crude
Demulsifier
Bases
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes WQ IQ
Salt
content Chemistry RSN
ppm 10 20 40 PTB
DG270 15 24 32 34 G G 51.4 Modified ester 6.7
DB9393 15 Tr 0.2 7 G F+ 4.32 Amine ethoxylate 6.7
DI945 15 11 12 20 VG G 81.2 Amine oxyalkylate 16
D3575X 15 12 18 19 F+ F+ 120 Modified resin ethoxylate 17
DE E5 15 0 6 33 F F+ 6.32 Polyethylene amine alkoxy 6
D3422X 15 1.5 5 36 F+ F+ 3.86 Polyimine alkoxylate 8
DEPA10 15 8 12 22 F+ F+ 5.78 Polyethylene imine alkoxy 9-10
DB9390 15 7 14 27 VG G 5.88 PEI alkoxylate
DB9392 15 4 16 40 VG G 5.12 PEI alkoxylate
DB9360 15 3 6 10 VG G 17 PEI alkoxylate -
DRI9037 15 4 10 18 F+ F + 22 Polymeric Polyol 7-8
DI936 15 3 10 20 F F 32 Acrylic polyol 8.4
DB9904 15 10 20 26 G F 73 Tetrol 11-12
DP188 15 1 18 42 VG F+ 3.78 Polyol 16
DG4283 15 10 14 15 F+ F 98 Resin alkoxylate 10.6
DB9947 15 13 16 24 VG G 95 Resin EO/PO alkoxylate 13
RDI3124 15 8 12 16 F G 123 Resin oxyalkylate 13.9
DR19030 15 2 8 19 F+ F 5.85 Ester phenolic polymer 7-8
DRM9510 15 3 9 14 F+ F+ 40 Blend 7.9
DRC232 15 12 18 21 F G 88 Oxylated resin 14.3
CB361 15 4 10 15 F+ F 104 NPF EO/PO -
Conclusion-Final Formulation
Formulation
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes WQ IQ
Top oil water
cut, %
Salt
content
ppm 5 10 20 30 40 60 W1 W2 ∆ uS/cm
Incumbent 11 22 28 36 43 48 52 VG F 0.3 0.4 0.1 28.1
DI945/D3422X/CB9393
(2/2/1), F1
15 20 28 39 48 51 54 VG G 0.1 0.2 0.1 7.95
D3575X/DRM9510/DB9393
(2/1/1), F2
15 20 28 35 43 50 52 F G 0.15 0.2 0.05 9.55
D3575X/DI936/DB9393
(1/2/1), F3
15 20 36 48 50 50 52 F G 0.1 0.2 0.1 9.79
Evaluation:
The water cut in this plant is 50-56%.better performers are:
Demulsifier
Bases
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes WQ IQ
Salt
content Chemistry RSN
ppm 10 20 40 PTB
DG270 15 24 32 34 G G 51.4 Modified ester 6.7
D3422X 15 1.5 5 36 F+ F+ 3.86 Polyimine alkoxylate 8
DB9392 15 4 16 40 VG G 5.12 PEI alkoxylate
DP188 15 1 18 42 VG F+ 3.78 Polyol 16
DE E5 15 0 6 33 F F+ 6.32 Polyethylene amine alkoxy 6
Evaluation:
In the final formulation the bases used were much different, may be the reproducibility of
performance lost or not found in the subsequent tests, which were not presented here by
the formulator.
The final formulations show good water dropping, low salt content, low top oil BS&W, good
water quality (F1) and interface quality.
12. 12
DI945 (amine alkoxylate), D3422X (amine alkoxylate), CB9393 (resin alkoxylate), D3475X
(resin alkoxylate), DRM9510 (blend formulation), DI936( polyol) and DB9393 (amine
alkoxylate) are the selected bases for the final formulation
Here amine alkoxyalte and resin alkoxylate are the blend of formulation, F1 ad F2, and
polyol and amine alkoxylate are the blends of F3 formulation.
Formulation
Conc Water dropping
mls/minutes WQ IQ
Top oil water
cut, %
Salt
content
ppm 5 10 20 30 40 60 W1 W2 ∆ uS/cm
DI945/D3422X/CB9393
(2/2/1), F1
15 20 28 39 48 51 54 VG G 0.1 0.2 0.1 7.95
Plant crude oils and selected demulsifier blends
Plant crude oil Slected demulsifier blends
1 2 3
Plant1 Resin alkoxylate/amine
alkoxylate
Polyol/amine alkoxylate
Plant 2 Resin alkoxylate/amine
alkoxylate
Polyol/ester/amine
alkoxylate
Plant 3 Resin alkoxylate/amine
alkoxylate
Polyol alkoxylate/amine
alkoxylate
Plant 4 Resin alkoxylate/ amine
alkoxylate
Polyol/resin
alkoxylate/amine
alkoxylate
Polyol/amine alkoxylate
Plant 5 Polyol (RSN22)/polyol
(RSN 10)/polyol (RSN
7.5) with sulfonate acid
Plant 6 Polyol/amine alkoxylate Resin alkoxylate/amine
alkoxylate
Plant 7 Resin alkoxylate/amine
alkoxylate
Polyol/amine alkoxylate
From above data for all gas oil separating plants the demulsifier formulations that
performed well in bottle tests (also in subsequent field trials) are blends of resin
alkoxylates/amine alkoxylate and polyol/amine alkoxylates. In some cases resin
alkoxylate/polyol/amine alkoxylate blend was also working. Esters give added advantage
to the blends.
Polyols are usually EO/PO co-polymers with multiple hydroxyl end groups. The hydroxyl
end groups usually extend to water droplets of medium sized emulsions. Esters are also
hydroxyl containing polymers which associate with water by hydrogen bonding.
Amine/imine alkoxylates with their extended network functions as treaters that can break
even small micro emulsions. The nitrogen in amines like oxygen in polyols can develop
different types of association with water molecules using Vander Waals forces.
The general concept is that nitrogen and oxygen containing polymers with net work
character can break the water-in oil emulsion and flocculate.
Some typical formulations for Saudi Crude oils are given below:
15. 15
Iranian oil
The demulsifier formulations were developed for GOSPs having crude oils with API gravity
in the range 16-25. The crude oil appeared to contain more asphaltene and very viscous
and sticky in nature. The total retention time was 16-24 hours which shows bottle test
result conclusion may be time consuming if replicated plant retention time. So the tests
were restricted with 1 hour retention time for bottle testing. As the incumbent samples
were also tested along with that of vendor’s demulsifiers, the results can be comparable.
The dry crude oil specification was - salt content < 10PTB, and water (BS&W) <0.5%. As
the crude oil was sticky the demulsifiers were dosed at 60o
C to have good mixing and
distribution.
1. Plant 1
Process Data:
Process Information
Quantity Unit
Production Rate 73000bd MBD
Wash Water 3650bd BD
Salt inlet 5120 ppm
Free Water inlet 0.8 %
Specification
Salt Outlet 33 ppm
Water Outlet 0.025 %
Screening
S No Formula Ratio
Conc.
(ppm)
Water
dropping
Quality Top oil
water
cut, %
Salt
content
PTBW IF
1 Incumbent -1 --- 100 0 --- --- 2.2 18.1
2 Incumbent-2 --- 100 Tr --- --- 2.0 22.2
3 Incumbent- --- 100 0 --- --- 2.1 21.6
4 Vender 1 --- 100 Tr --- --- 2.1 21.5
5 D309 --- 100 6.5 G G 1.0 8.0
6 DB2903 --- 100 Tr --- --- 3.6 14.0
7 DB9955 --- 100 1 G F 3.4 13.8
8 DB9955/D510 1:1 100 1.5 G G 0.2 9.4
9 DB9955:DB2903:D510 1:1:1 100 1.3 VG G 1.7 12.8
10 D309:DB5914:D510 1:2:1 50 3 G F 1.4 12.0
11 D309:DB5914:D510 2:1:1 50 2 G F 1.5 12.5
12 D309:DB5914:DB9393 1:1:1 50 1 VG F 1.9 14.2
13 D309:DB5914:DI938 2:1:1 50 2 VG P 1.4 12.5
Final selection
S
No
Formula Ratio
Conc.
(ppm)
Water
dropping
WQ IQ
Top oil
water cut,
%
Salt content
PTB
1 D309:DB5914:DI938 2:1:1 50 6 G F 1.0 6.53
2 D309:DB5914:DI938 1:2:1 50 8 G F 1.0 4.0
3 Incumbent -1 --- 150 4 G F 1.4 9.9
16. 16
Evaluation:
The better performed demulsifier bases are given the table with final formulations. D309
was found good water dropper for this crude emulsion. The final formulations were with
D309, DB5914 and DI938
Demulsifier base-supplier Chemistry RSN
D309-Croda Ethoxylated phenolic resin 21
DB5914-BASF Tetrol EO/PO 39
DI938-Marchem Polymeric polyol 7.7
In this formulation, the demulsifier with RSN7.7 can remain in the organic layer, while
demulsifiers with RSN 21 and 39 can quickly move towards emulsion and thus to water.
But dosing demulsifier with higher RSN is a negative mark for this formulation which may
result in the poor performance of demulsifier while the needed dosage injection can go up
during the emulsion breaking process.
This shows that bottle test conclusion was not complete with the given timings and
available demulsifier bases.
In the laboratory the vendor’s formulation did better performance than incumbent even at
low dosage with high water dropping, salt content and water quality. The interface was not
sharp as required. The top oil WS&W was above requirement even though much better
than incumbent.
2. Plant 2
Process Data
Process information
Quantity Unit
Production Rate 112000 BD
Wash Water 4480 BD
Salt inlet 12690 ppm
Free Water inlet 3.6 %
Specification
Salt Outlet 28 ppm
Water Outlet 0.025 %
Demulsifiers and formulation that performed well
S
No
Formula Ratio
Conc.
(ppm)
Water
dropping
Quality Top oil
water
cut,%
Salt
content
PTB
w IF
1 Incumbent --- 100 0.8 F F 0.07 3.1
2 Vendor 1 --- 100 0.5 G F 0.1 3.5
3 Vendor 2 --- 100 0.5 G F 0.15 3.6
4 Vendor 3 --- 100 0.5 G F 0.05 2.2
5 D309 --- 100 2.8 G F 0 4.7
6 DI938:D309:DB9393 3:0.25:1 100 2.2 F P 0.1 6.7
7 DB9955: D510 1:1 50 1.2 G G 0 1.6
8 DB9955:D309:D510 1:1:1 50 1.2 VG G 0 0.7
9 DB9955:D309:DB9393 1:1:1 50 1.6 VG F 0 0.7
17. 17
Final selection
S
No
Formula Ratio
Conc.
(ppm)
Water
dropping
WQ IQ
Top oil
water
cut,%
Salt
content
PTB
1 Incumbent 150 38 G G 0 6.7
2 Vendor 1 250 36 G G 0 7.0
3 DB9955:D309:DB9393 1:1:1 100 38 G F 0 2.5
Evaluation:
The final formulation in Plant 2 is a blend of DB9955 D309 and DB9393
Demulsifier base-supplier Chemistry RSN
D309-Croda Ethoxylated phenolic resin 21
DB9955-BASF Resin alkoxylate 13.5-15.5
DB9393-BASF Amine alkoxylate 6.7
Two resin alkoxylates were blended with amine alkoxylate. RSN range shows a complete
distribution from oil to emulsion to water level.
Water dropping by this formulation at a lower dosage was better with very good low salt
content and top oil BS&W. Water quality for this formulation was good while interface
quality was satisfactory.
3. Plant 3
Process data
Process Information
Quantity Unit
Production Rate 112 MBD
Wash Water 4480 BD
Salt inlet 12690 ppm
Free Water inlet 3.6 %
Salt Outlet 28 ppm
Water Outlet 0.025 %
Demulsifier formulations:
S No Formula Ratio
Conc.
(ppm)
Water
dropping
Quality Top oil
water
cut
Salt
content
(µS/cm)W IF
1 Incumbent --- 200 0.5 P F 0.8 15.1
2 Vendor 1 --- 200 1.2 P G 0.8 17.6
3 D309 --- 100 0.8 P G 0.8 16.8
4 DB9955 : D510 1:1 100 1.2 P G 0.6 18.9
5 DB9955:DB2903:D510 1:1:1 100 1.2 F G 0.8 18.7
6 DB9955:D309:DB9393 1:1:1 100 0.6 P G 0.8 14.9
Final selection
S
No
Formula Ratio
Conc.
(ppm)
Water
dropping
Quality Top oil
water
cut
Salt
content
(µS/cm)W IF
1 Incumbent -1 --- 150 0.8 F G 0.4 10.3
2 DB9955:DB2903:D510,F1 1:1:1 75 1.2 F G 0.3 8.4
1 Incumbent -2 --- 150 1.0 F G 0.1 2.5
2 DB9955:DB2903:D510,F2 1:1:1 75 1.0 F G 0.4 10.5
1 Incumbent -3 --- 150 3.0 F G 0.2 1.9
2 D309:DB5914:DB9393,F3 2:1:1 75 2.1 F G 0.4 6.6
3 D309:DB5914:DB9393 1:2:1 75 2.0 F G 0.3 5.5
18. 18
Evaluation:
There were three flows to be evaluated for the different incumbent formulations. The
selected demulsifier bases have the following chemistry.
Demulsifier base-supplier Chemistry RSN
D309-Croda Ethoxylated phenolic resin 21
DB9955-BASF Resin alkoxylate 13.5-15.5
DB9393-BASF Amine alkoxylate 6.7
DB2903-BASF EO/PO block polymer 23
DB5914-BASF Tetrol 39-45
D510-Croda APF resin alkoxyate 8
F1&F2: DB9955(RSN:14)/DB2903(RSN:23)/D510(RSN:8):resin alkoylate/
EO-PO polymer/Resin alkoxylate
This formulation is more weighed towards water soluble area. But presence of D510 in the
oil layer can support more emulsion breaking
F3: D309 (RSN: 21) /DB5914 (RSN: 40) /DB9393 (RSN: 6.7) phenolic resin/tetrol/amine
alkoxylate
This formulation has amine alkoxylate which can break small emulsions.
Crude oils and demulsifier formulations
Plant
Selected formulations
Plant1 Resin alkoxylate/tetrol/polyol
Plant 2 Resin alkoxylate/resin alkoxylate/amine alkoxylate
Plant3-1&2 Resin alkoxylate/block polymer
Plant 3 -3 Resin alkoxylate/tetrol/amine alkoxylate
The general formulation for all these crude oil can be considered as resin alkoxylate and
polyol (tetrol and EO/PO polymers are polyols by nature). Second formulation is resin
alkoxylate with amine alkoxylate. Third one is resin alkoxylate, polyol and amine
alkoxylate.
Comparison of demulsifier formulations: Saudi oil & Iranian oil
Type Saudi oil Iran oil
1 Resin alkoxylate/amine alkoxylate Resin alkoxylate/amine alkoxylate
2 Resin alkoxylate/polyol Resin alkoxylate /polyol
3 Resin alkoxylate/polyol/amine
alkoxylate
Resin alkoxylate/polyol/amine alkoxylate
4 Polyol/amine alkoxylate NA
5 Polyol/ester/amine alkoxylate NA
6 Polyols with RSN ranging from oil
solubility to water solubility
NA
As concluded above combination of resin alkoxylate with amine alkoxylate, resin alkoxylate
with polyols and combination of all three types are the general formulation that works in
both oils.
The above conclusions are based on the available data. There are other types of
demulsifiers with different chemistry (diepoxides, PU demulsifiers, ether polyols, vegetable
oil based demulsifiers, sorbitan and starch based demulsifiers, silicone based demulsifiers,
19. 19
etc...). Further testing and screening with all types of demulsifiers may give more specific
and high performing formulations.