The document discusses the degumming process in oil refining. It aims to remove undesirable components like phosphatides and gums from crude oil. There are three main types of degumming processes: 1) Water degumming involves adding water to crude oil to hydrate gums and phosphatides, which are then separated. 2) Acid degumming uses acid to convert non-hydratable phosphatides into hydratable forms that can be removed. It is done dry or wet with added water. 3) Enzymatic degumming uses enzymes like phospholipase to convert non-hydratable phosphatides into hydratable ones that can then be mechanically separated from the

1. OIL REFINERY
‘Degumming Process’
By :
Izyan Hanis Bt Ramlan
Nor Adilah Bt Sazali
Mursyidah Bt Abdul Gani
Liyana Bt Jamil

2. Refining of crude oil
•
Crude oils as received from the extraction plant contain several
non-triglyceride components which must be removed.
•
Refining consists of several processes which accomplish this aim.
•
A refining process is carried out following extraction of crude edible oils by means of
screw presses and/or solvent extraction.
•
In refining, physical and chemical processes are combined to remove undesirable
natural as well as environmental-related components from the crude oil.
•
These components comprise for example phosphatides, free fatty acids, pigments
(such as chlorophyll), odors and flavors (including aliphatic aldehyde and ketone),
waxes as well as heavy metals, pesticides etc.

3. Oil Refining Objectives
1. Removal of undesired products from crude oils
•free fatty acids (FFA)
•phospholipids (gums)
•oxidised products
•metal ions
•colour pigments
•other impurities
2.Preservation of valuable vitamínes.
(vitamina E ortocopherol–natural anti-oxidants)
3.Minimize oil losses
4.Protection of the oil against degradation

4. 1) Degumming for
removal of phosphatides
OIL
REFINING
PROCESS
2)Neutralization for
removal of free fatty acids
3)Bleaching for removal of
color
4) deodorization to distill odors and
flavors

5. Basic Principle of Degumming

6. Degumming Process
 Degumming is the first stage in the refining process. It
is sued to separate the gums, phospholipids, proteins
etc… that are insoluble in oil when hydrated.
The aim of degumming operation;
• The emulsifying action of phospholipids increases oil
losses during alkali refining.
• Gums lead brown discoloration of oil after heating
during deodorization.
• Salts may be formed with cooper, magnesium,calcium
and iron, accelerating oxidative degredation of oil.
• Certain phospholipids, such as lecithin, find widespread
industrial application.

7. Types of Gums Need to Removed :
Two main types
 Hydratable Phosphatides-easy to remove
Non-Hydratable Phosphatides(NHP) -hard to
remove from oil
•some NHP removed with hydratables in
water degumming
•requires the use of a acid to convert to
hydratable for complete removal

8. 1) Water
Degumming
Type of
Degumming
Processes
2) Acid
Degumming
3) Enzymatic
Degumming

9. Water Degumming
• A large part of the phosphatides (gums) can be hydrated quickly
and easily. If the pressed or extracted oil contains a considerable
quantity of gums the oil is subjected to the water degumming
process immediately following extraction.
• In this process, water is added to the oil. After a certain reaction
period the hydrated phosphatides can be separated either by
decantation (settling) or continuously by means of centrifuges.
• They(Phosphatides) are formed when the oil absorbs water that
causes some of the phosphatides to become hydrated and thereby
oil-insoluble.
• In this process step a large part of hydratable and even a small
proportion of the non-hydratable phophatides are removed. The
extracted gums can be processed into lecithin for food, feed or for
technical purposes.

10. Steps in Water Degumming
• Heat oil to 60 -70 °C
• Water addition and mixing
• Hydration mixing 30 minutes
• Centrifugal separation of hydrated gums
• Vacuum drying of degummed oil
• Gums -dried for edible lecithin or recombined in meal

11. Acid Degumming
1) Dry acid degumming: Dry acid degumming is particularly suitable for processing oils with low gum contents such as palm
oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil or animal fats. Intensive mixing
is implemented following addition of acid to the pre-heated
crude oil. The conditioned gums are absorbed into the
bleaching earth and are separated by filtration.
The benefits of the dry acid degumming process are:
• Efficiency as a result of
– low energy consumption,
– low operation and maintenance costs (sturdy and reliable control
system),
• long service life (the components are acid proof),
• low investment costs,
• environmental-friendly as no wastewater or soap stock occur.

12. 2) Wet acid degumming :Initially oils with higher gum
contents (e.g. corn oil) are similarly processed as in
dry acid degumming. However, to achieve gum
hydration water is added following acid apportioning.
The gums are removed by a separator prior to
bleaching. This process is beneficial as
• centrifuges enable easy separation of gums in oil
types with higher non-hydratable gums contents
(e.g. rape oil and soybean oil),
• the consumption of bleaching earth is reduced
because the oil has already been extensively
degummed.
Dry or wet acid degumming are not always sufficient to
reduce gums to the value required in the oil prior to the
combined deodorization and distillation process.
Thus, a special degumming process is developed.

13. Steps in Acid Degumming
• Heat oil to 60 -70 °C
• Acid addition and mixing
• Hydration mixing 30 minutes
• Centrifugal separation of hydrated gums
• Vacuum drying of degummedoil
• Gums -recombined in meal

14. Enzymatic Degumming
Enzymatic degumming was first introduced by the German Lurgi
Company as the »Enzy Max process« .The EnzyMax process can
be divided into four different steps:
1. the adjustment of the optimal conditions for the enzyme
reaction, i.e. optimal pH with a citrate buffer and the
optimal temperature;
2. the addition of the enzyme solution;
3. the enzyme reaction;
4. the separation of lysophosphatide from the oil at
about 75 °C.
Enzymes for enzymatic degumming;
• Lecitase® 10L (pancreatic phospholipase A2)
• Lecitase® Novo (microbial lipase)
• Lecitase® Ultra (microbial lipase)

15. Steps in Enzymatic Degumming
• The enzyme solution (Aqueous solution of citric
acid, caustic soda and enzymes) is dispersed into
filtered oil at mild temperature,
• a high speed rotating mixer used for effective mixing of
enzyme and oil.
• The conversion of non-hydratable phospholipids
(NHPs) into hydratable phospholipase (HPs) is attained
by the effect of enzyme, t
• the enzyme treated oil is sent to mechanical separation
• the degummed oil received is dried under vacuum and
suitable for further process.

16. Enzymatic Degumming