The document discusses delineating the sphere of urban influence of three early urban centers in Eastern India - Tamluk, Contai, and Midnapore. It analyzes their hierarchical growth and influence over time as regional economic and administrative hubs from ancient dynasties to the present. Population and area data from 2001-2011 show that Tamluk experienced the highest annual population growth at 4.25% as it became the new district headquarters in 2001, doubling its area. Contai's annual population and area growth were nearly identical at 1.9% and 2.11%. While population increased for all three cities, their rates of population versus area growth differed. The document aims to model their spheres of influence based on socioeconomic
This document provides an overview of the theoretical literature on regional economic growth and development. It discusses various conceptual foundations and theories of regional development, including theories of convergence and divergence of regional incomes. The document outlines different paradigms such as export base theory, endogenous growth theory, and new economic geography. It emphasizes three themes: predictions of regional income convergence or divergence over time, assumptions about internal and external scale economies, and the role of space in shaping labor markets. The document concludes by examining the policy implications suggested by regional development theory.
This document defines and distinguishes various types of human settlements including villages, towns, cities, metropolises, and megalopolises. It provides definitions for de jure and de facto cities. A town is larger than a village but smaller than a city, usually having 2,500-20,000 people. A city is a large permanent settlement with a high population and importance. Metropolitan areas are economic and cultural hubs within cities. When two or more metropolitan areas merge due to growth, they form a megalopolis. Urban areas are defined by buildings and infrastructure within city boundaries, while rural areas have lower populations and are less developed.
Redefining Master Plans to Promote Smart and Sustainable CitiesIRJET Journal
This document discusses redefining master plans to promote smart and sustainable cities. It begins by noting that traditional master plans based on rigid land use planning have made cities inflexible and unsustainable, ignoring urban dynamism. The document argues for a new approach to master planning that makes cities more humane, equitable, efficient, and provides a good quality of life for all residents. It discusses how global urbanization trends show most of the world's population now lives in cities, and cities in India are growing rapidly without proper planning. The challenges of meeting housing, infrastructure, and service needs in a sustainable way are discussed. The document concludes that India must harmonize urban growth and development through effective urban planning to make cities smart and rational as
The document discusses the definition and history of towns and urban growth. It defines a town as a permanent settlement that is the focus of inhabitants and economic activity, with a minimum population size that varies by country. Towns emerged around rivers and grew due to agricultural surpluses that allowed specialization of labor. Urban growth is influenced by factors like migration, economic development, location, and infrastructure. The process of urbanization refers to the concentration of people in urban areas and the social and economic changes that accompany this transition from rural to urban living.
As integral part of human history, cities have emerged as great places to live, work and do business. Cities symbolise the dreams, hopes and aspirations of society. Driving infrastructure and technologies, cities are fast becoming hub of economic and technical innovations. Dictating economy, generating employment, determining quality of life, promoting ideas and innovations besides providing quality infrastructures, cities remain crucial to human growth, development and happiness. Despite distinct advantages, cities also represent chaos, disorder, dualities and contradictions. Polarised cities, showing great contrasts of wealth and poverty, lack capacity, capability and will to meet basic needs of shelter, healthcare, education, water and sanitation. In the process, majority of urban residents are being marginalised with quality of life fast becoming nightmare for people opting for making cities and towns, as their preferred place of residence. Population, poverty, pollution and exclusion have emerged the hallmarks of Indian urbanisation. As consumers of enormous energy /resources and generators of large waste, ecological footprints of cities are growing very fast, promoting green- house gas emissions and global warming. With urban population projected to reach 590 million in 2030, greatest challenge before parastatal agencies, professionals and administrators remains, how to harmonise the urban growth with quality of life and make cities great , happy and smart place to live and work. If genesis of problems of climate change, global warming, rising temperature, ozone depletion and rising carbon footprints is in cities then solution for such problems are also embedded in cities. Search for solutions to make cities safe, resilient, inclusive and sustainable would fall in the domain of rationalising prevailing planning, development and management practices; re-defining new order of urban planning, ; leveraging technology; rationalising travel; promoting governance and re-defining design strategies for built environment.
The document discusses the concept of peri-urbanization, which refers to the dispersive urban growth that creates hybrid rural-urban landscapes in the areas surrounding cities. Some key points about peri-urbanization include:
- Peri-urban areas are growing rapidly worldwide and account for almost as much built development as urban areas.
- This rapid growth risks increased urban sprawl, but also presents opportunities to improve quality of life and link cities to surrounding rural areas more sustainably.
- Peri-urbanization is driven by population growth, shifting employment from agriculture to other sectors, and rising land costs.
- Most future rural-urban land conversion will occur in peri-urban areas, presenting environmental and service delivery challenges
Defreezing master plans to create better master plansJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries look at,critically and objectively, the present system of preparing master plans/ development plans in India and suggests strategies and methodology to make it more rational, focused and user friendly by changing its intent, contents, scope and methodoloy
This document provides an overview of the theoretical literature on regional economic growth and development. It discusses various conceptual foundations and theories of regional development, including theories of convergence and divergence of regional incomes. The document outlines different paradigms such as export base theory, endogenous growth theory, and new economic geography. It emphasizes three themes: predictions of regional income convergence or divergence over time, assumptions about internal and external scale economies, and the role of space in shaping labor markets. The document concludes by examining the policy implications suggested by regional development theory.
This document defines and distinguishes various types of human settlements including villages, towns, cities, metropolises, and megalopolises. It provides definitions for de jure and de facto cities. A town is larger than a village but smaller than a city, usually having 2,500-20,000 people. A city is a large permanent settlement with a high population and importance. Metropolitan areas are economic and cultural hubs within cities. When two or more metropolitan areas merge due to growth, they form a megalopolis. Urban areas are defined by buildings and infrastructure within city boundaries, while rural areas have lower populations and are less developed.
Redefining Master Plans to Promote Smart and Sustainable CitiesIRJET Journal
This document discusses redefining master plans to promote smart and sustainable cities. It begins by noting that traditional master plans based on rigid land use planning have made cities inflexible and unsustainable, ignoring urban dynamism. The document argues for a new approach to master planning that makes cities more humane, equitable, efficient, and provides a good quality of life for all residents. It discusses how global urbanization trends show most of the world's population now lives in cities, and cities in India are growing rapidly without proper planning. The challenges of meeting housing, infrastructure, and service needs in a sustainable way are discussed. The document concludes that India must harmonize urban growth and development through effective urban planning to make cities smart and rational as
The document discusses the definition and history of towns and urban growth. It defines a town as a permanent settlement that is the focus of inhabitants and economic activity, with a minimum population size that varies by country. Towns emerged around rivers and grew due to agricultural surpluses that allowed specialization of labor. Urban growth is influenced by factors like migration, economic development, location, and infrastructure. The process of urbanization refers to the concentration of people in urban areas and the social and economic changes that accompany this transition from rural to urban living.
As integral part of human history, cities have emerged as great places to live, work and do business. Cities symbolise the dreams, hopes and aspirations of society. Driving infrastructure and technologies, cities are fast becoming hub of economic and technical innovations. Dictating economy, generating employment, determining quality of life, promoting ideas and innovations besides providing quality infrastructures, cities remain crucial to human growth, development and happiness. Despite distinct advantages, cities also represent chaos, disorder, dualities and contradictions. Polarised cities, showing great contrasts of wealth and poverty, lack capacity, capability and will to meet basic needs of shelter, healthcare, education, water and sanitation. In the process, majority of urban residents are being marginalised with quality of life fast becoming nightmare for people opting for making cities and towns, as their preferred place of residence. Population, poverty, pollution and exclusion have emerged the hallmarks of Indian urbanisation. As consumers of enormous energy /resources and generators of large waste, ecological footprints of cities are growing very fast, promoting green- house gas emissions and global warming. With urban population projected to reach 590 million in 2030, greatest challenge before parastatal agencies, professionals and administrators remains, how to harmonise the urban growth with quality of life and make cities great , happy and smart place to live and work. If genesis of problems of climate change, global warming, rising temperature, ozone depletion and rising carbon footprints is in cities then solution for such problems are also embedded in cities. Search for solutions to make cities safe, resilient, inclusive and sustainable would fall in the domain of rationalising prevailing planning, development and management practices; re-defining new order of urban planning, ; leveraging technology; rationalising travel; promoting governance and re-defining design strategies for built environment.
The document discusses the concept of peri-urbanization, which refers to the dispersive urban growth that creates hybrid rural-urban landscapes in the areas surrounding cities. Some key points about peri-urbanization include:
- Peri-urban areas are growing rapidly worldwide and account for almost as much built development as urban areas.
- This rapid growth risks increased urban sprawl, but also presents opportunities to improve quality of life and link cities to surrounding rural areas more sustainably.
- Peri-urbanization is driven by population growth, shifting employment from agriculture to other sectors, and rising land costs.
- Most future rural-urban land conversion will occur in peri-urban areas, presenting environmental and service delivery challenges
Defreezing master plans to create better master plansJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries look at,critically and objectively, the present system of preparing master plans/ development plans in India and suggests strategies and methodology to make it more rational, focused and user friendly by changing its intent, contents, scope and methodoloy
Urban and spatial planning and design play an important role in shaping sustainable and resilient cities. Effective planning promotes compact and connected urban forms that reduce sprawl, support public transportation, and encourage mixed-used development. This contrasts with unplanned urban extensions and car-centric development, which have led to less sustainable sprawling urban patterns. Good planning also fosters social inclusion, protects cultural heritage and the environment, strengthens resilience, and supports strong economies by improving productivity and land values. Public participation, multi-sectoral coordination, capacity building, and context-specific solutions are essential for successful urban and spatial planning.
In the socio-economic planning process, the understanding of the interrelationships underlying the two types of landscape above described is essential. Each regional context is characterized by particularities of history, by attitudes, beliefs and values, political and legal traditions different socio-economic patterns and concept of justice, interpretation of planning tasks and responsibilities and different structures of governance, in other terms: by its specific characteristics. In spatial planning, physical and social features like topography, drainage, climate, population settlements etc. are significant elements. They are interlinked and interdependent in such a way that they affect each other. So, change in any single element brings change in whole pattern of the region. This present review article attempts the analysis of different aspects of development in the region for its socio-economic development. It explains the concepts of space, region and planning and focuses on need of planning and types of planning locational theories of planning. The ideas of the present paper may be useful in generation of a platform for better spatial planning to bring improvement in social well- being of the people living in this region.
The document discusses various topics related to town planning and planning concepts including:
- Definitions of town planning and the role of planners
- The planning process including identification of problems, data collection/analysis, forecasting, implementation, and review
- Types of surveys including regional, town, land use, density, and traffic surveys
- Different types of plans including structural, comprehensive, and developmental plans
Regional aspects of development and planningKinza Irshad
The document discusses issues related to rapid urbanization and population growth in developing countries in Asia and around the world. It notes that the urban population in Asia is expected to increase dramatically by 2020, putting pressure on existing infrastructure and resources. Developing countries are making policies to address problems caused by this growth. The document also discusses regional planning as a tool to help guide development, reduce imbalances, and integrate economic, social, and environmental goals. It examines concepts of regions and regional development and argues regional planning can help implement national development goals through coordinated regional growth.
Land reforms to reduce disparity in Chongqing and ChengduLester Lim
A pdf file useful for understanding measures undertaken to reduce disparity in China. I found the document at http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/InternationalCooperation/SEPLS/SEPLS_Brussels2013/08-Yang-Effect_LandReform.pdf
The document discusses sustainable urban planning and development. It notes that current urban growth trends are unsustainable due to low densities, segregated land uses, and endless expansion. An alternative vision is presented of compact, mixed-use, and pedestrian-oriented development within existing urban footprints to conserve agricultural land and resources. Key principles include equitable distribution of wealth, local economies integrated with their regions, and non-motorized transportation to reduce pollution and infrastructure costs. The goal is sustainable cities that thrive in symbiosis with their regions while realizing humanity's highest potential.
This document summarizes a study on land quota markets and growth management in Chinese urbanization. It finds that local governments have circumvented central controls on land conversion by consolidating rural residential land to generate new land quotas for urban expansion. This has led to new spatial logics where remoteness increases the likelihood of land consolidation. It has produced mixed welfare impacts for peasants, benefiting those in deep rural areas through improved housing and infrastructure, while displacing those on urban fringes. The system also reinforces the dominance of large municipalities over counties in controlling land resources and distribution.
Risk, Finance and Urban Form: On the Spatial Consequences of the Non-Neutrali...David Bieri
Cities are not only central to the organization of production and consumption in a cash economy, but they also form the spatial locus for the accumulation of fixed capital via the built environment. Indeed, capital accumulation and the production of urbanization go hand in hand (Harvey 1985). This work investigates how the interplay between finance and urban real estate production gives rise to different notions of risk that are coupled to metropolitan form. Against the backdrop of the spatial consequences of the political economy of U.S. housing finance, I document the historical process by which institutional risk allocation failures have shaped post-war urban development and the U.S. housing cycle. The suburbs arose, in part, because building on the city’s edge was deemed risk-free, cheap and, perhaps, a natural extension of the frontier mentality that is intellectually anchored by the convex bid-rent curves that emanate from the elegant shorthand of the monocentric city model. But the devastation wrought by ongoing foreclosures across large swaths of suburbia is a sore reminder that building on the edge is anything but risk-free. Specifically, this papers aims to uncover how the increasing financialization of real estate gives rise to new forms of systemic risk, which in turn have little understood consequences for the spatial structure of cities (Bieri 2013). Linking Minsky’s (1993) work on the non-neutrality of money to the role of metropolitan form, this paper documents how the process of urbanization is fundamental to the geographic production of risk by investors and insurers of housing, mortgages, and mortgage-related derivatives. Rather than a state of exception, I argue that the recent upheavals in the housing market must thus be viewed as part of a macrohistory of risk-based financial instability, the causes of which alternatingly emanate from the real economy or the financial system (Davis 2009).
Bieri, David S. 2013. “Form Follows Function: On the Interaction Between Real Estate Finance and Urban Spatial Structure.” CriticalProductive, 2 (1): 7–16.
Davis, Gerald F. 2009. Managed by the Markets: How Finance Re-Shaped America. Oxford University Press.
Harvey, David. 1985. “The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization.” In , 1–31. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Minsky, Hyman P. 1993. “On the Non-Neutrality of Money.” Federal Reserve Bank of New York Quarterly Review, 18 (1): 77–82.
This document outlines the process and importance of civic surveys for urban planning purposes. It discusses the different types of surveys conducted, including civic surveys. Civic surveys collect data on land use, population, infrastructure, and other factors. This data is presented through maps, drawings and reports to analyze the existing conditions of the area and inform planning proposals. Collecting accurate data through surveys is essential for town planners to understand issues, diagnose problems, and design effective planning schemes tailored to the community's needs.
Redefining master plans for smart and sustainable citiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Master plans have traditionally focused on rigid land use planning, but this has made cities inflexible and unable to adapt to dynamic urban growth. It has also promoted unequal and unsustainable development. There is a need to redefine master plans to make cities more smart, sustainable, and equitable. New master plans should be flexible, community-oriented, and focus on transit-oriented compact development, energy efficiency, and inclusiveness. They should involve a variety of experts and stakeholders and use new technologies to guide sustainable urban form and development over time rather than rigidly defining land uses. The goal is to minimize urban problems and make cities higher quality places for all residents.
Rohtak, India has experienced significant urban growth and land use changes from 1983 to 2010. The city's population grew from 125,000 in 1971 to nearly 500,000 by 2010 as the city transitioned from a town to a municipal corporation. During this period, agricultural land decreased by 35 square kilometers as land was converted for residential, industrial, and other urban uses. Residential areas grew the most, increasing by nearly 16 square kilometers. The city's planned development has been guided by regional plans that designated Rohtak as a regional center to accommodate population growth through urban expansion.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides an introduction to town planning and planning concepts. It defines town planning as the art and science of ordering land use and infrastructure development to achieve the maximum degree of economic, social and environmental benefits. The document outlines the role of planners, aims of town planning like creating healthy, convenient and beautiful environments, and the typical planning process including data collection, analysis, plan making and implementation. It also describes different types of surveys and plans used in urban planning.
This document provides an overview of the Regional Plan 2021 for the National Capital Region (NCR) in India. Some key points:
- The NCR covers the National Capital Territory of Delhi as well as districts in the surrounding states of Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh based on plans established in the 1950s-1980s to decentralize growth from Delhi.
- The Regional Plan 2021 aims to provide a suitable economic base and infrastructure to absorb growth overflowing from Delhi, minimize environmental impacts, and promote sustainable development across the region.
- It divides the NCR into policy zones like the Central NCR intended to support Delhi with jobs and activities, and highway corridors. Population is
The Real and the Imagined Socially Responsible Real Estate in China - Context...STL Lab
The document discusses three case studies of socially responsible real estate development in China:
1) Liangzhu Cultural Village in Hangzhou, a new town developed by private capital with a focus on livability, cultural heritage, and community.
2) Suzhou-Singapore Industrial Park, a new city developed through government leadership with high-quality planning, functional zoning, and social services.
3) Urban renewal in Nanchang, which focuses on secondary development led by private capital and the market. The cases illustrate different approaches to socially responsible development in China.
Hammad Hayat Khan has a BS in Geography from the University of Karachi and an MS in Urban and Regional Planning from NED University of Engineering and Technology. He is currently a PhD scholar at NED University. The document discusses definitions of key terms related to urban planning such as urban, planning, and urban planning. It describes the roles and importance of urban planners in creating sustainable and equitable communities through comprehensive planning. Specific challenges facing urban planning in Pakistan are highlighted, including accommodating rapid population growth and the lack of coordination between planning agencies.
The enhancement of small historic centresVIVA_EAST
The enhancement of small historic centres: integration between urban and landscape quality
Authors: Authors: Francesco Selicato, Francesco Rotondo, Pierangela Loconte, Claudia Piscitelli
RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION AND URBAN INFORMAL SECTOR IN INDIA: AN INTER-STATE ANAL...Dr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes a research article about rural-urban migration and the urban informal sector in India. It finds that rural-urban migration has increased significantly with economic development in India. Migrants from rural areas often end up working in the urban informal sector due to lack of skills and experience for formal jobs. There is thus a close relationship between rural-urban migration and the growth of the urban informal sector, as migration fuels the informal sector while opportunities in the informal sector also attract more migrants. The document examines trends in internal migration and the informal sector across Indian states and identifies factors like rural unemployment, indebtedness, and industrialization that influence migration patterns.
Comprehensive Development of Amritsar- Need for A Planning and Urban Develop...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper was written when Amritsar development Authority was not created and Amritsar Master Plan was in evolution. Paper was written primarily to focus on the need of creating a dedicated agency for promoting the planned development of Amritsar Metroplis. Paper is being published by adding the post srcipt in the already published text
The rank-size rule states that the population of a city is equal to the population of the largest city divided by the rank of that city. Some countries closely follow this pattern, while others have a single dominant primate city that is much larger than the next largest city. Primate cities are more common in less economically developed countries and form due to rapid urbanization and migration to strategic ports and capital cities. While primate cities achieve economies of scale and attract migrants, they can also experience problems like housing shortages, traffic, crime, pollution, and unequal development between urban and rural areas.
1. The document summarizes research on the rural-urban fringe from an interdisciplinary team of academics and practitioners.
2. It discusses narratives of "disintegrated development" between natural/built environment perspectives and whose authority plans the fringe.
3. Opportunity narratives are presented that focus on learning from failures, securing multifunctional land uses, and maximizing public engagement in the fringe.
Urban and spatial planning and design play an important role in shaping sustainable and resilient cities. Effective planning promotes compact and connected urban forms that reduce sprawl, support public transportation, and encourage mixed-used development. This contrasts with unplanned urban extensions and car-centric development, which have led to less sustainable sprawling urban patterns. Good planning also fosters social inclusion, protects cultural heritage and the environment, strengthens resilience, and supports strong economies by improving productivity and land values. Public participation, multi-sectoral coordination, capacity building, and context-specific solutions are essential for successful urban and spatial planning.
In the socio-economic planning process, the understanding of the interrelationships underlying the two types of landscape above described is essential. Each regional context is characterized by particularities of history, by attitudes, beliefs and values, political and legal traditions different socio-economic patterns and concept of justice, interpretation of planning tasks and responsibilities and different structures of governance, in other terms: by its specific characteristics. In spatial planning, physical and social features like topography, drainage, climate, population settlements etc. are significant elements. They are interlinked and interdependent in such a way that they affect each other. So, change in any single element brings change in whole pattern of the region. This present review article attempts the analysis of different aspects of development in the region for its socio-economic development. It explains the concepts of space, region and planning and focuses on need of planning and types of planning locational theories of planning. The ideas of the present paper may be useful in generation of a platform for better spatial planning to bring improvement in social well- being of the people living in this region.
The document discusses various topics related to town planning and planning concepts including:
- Definitions of town planning and the role of planners
- The planning process including identification of problems, data collection/analysis, forecasting, implementation, and review
- Types of surveys including regional, town, land use, density, and traffic surveys
- Different types of plans including structural, comprehensive, and developmental plans
Regional aspects of development and planningKinza Irshad
The document discusses issues related to rapid urbanization and population growth in developing countries in Asia and around the world. It notes that the urban population in Asia is expected to increase dramatically by 2020, putting pressure on existing infrastructure and resources. Developing countries are making policies to address problems caused by this growth. The document also discusses regional planning as a tool to help guide development, reduce imbalances, and integrate economic, social, and environmental goals. It examines concepts of regions and regional development and argues regional planning can help implement national development goals through coordinated regional growth.
Land reforms to reduce disparity in Chongqing and ChengduLester Lim
A pdf file useful for understanding measures undertaken to reduce disparity in China. I found the document at http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/InternationalCooperation/SEPLS/SEPLS_Brussels2013/08-Yang-Effect_LandReform.pdf
The document discusses sustainable urban planning and development. It notes that current urban growth trends are unsustainable due to low densities, segregated land uses, and endless expansion. An alternative vision is presented of compact, mixed-use, and pedestrian-oriented development within existing urban footprints to conserve agricultural land and resources. Key principles include equitable distribution of wealth, local economies integrated with their regions, and non-motorized transportation to reduce pollution and infrastructure costs. The goal is sustainable cities that thrive in symbiosis with their regions while realizing humanity's highest potential.
This document summarizes a study on land quota markets and growth management in Chinese urbanization. It finds that local governments have circumvented central controls on land conversion by consolidating rural residential land to generate new land quotas for urban expansion. This has led to new spatial logics where remoteness increases the likelihood of land consolidation. It has produced mixed welfare impacts for peasants, benefiting those in deep rural areas through improved housing and infrastructure, while displacing those on urban fringes. The system also reinforces the dominance of large municipalities over counties in controlling land resources and distribution.
Risk, Finance and Urban Form: On the Spatial Consequences of the Non-Neutrali...David Bieri
Cities are not only central to the organization of production and consumption in a cash economy, but they also form the spatial locus for the accumulation of fixed capital via the built environment. Indeed, capital accumulation and the production of urbanization go hand in hand (Harvey 1985). This work investigates how the interplay between finance and urban real estate production gives rise to different notions of risk that are coupled to metropolitan form. Against the backdrop of the spatial consequences of the political economy of U.S. housing finance, I document the historical process by which institutional risk allocation failures have shaped post-war urban development and the U.S. housing cycle. The suburbs arose, in part, because building on the city’s edge was deemed risk-free, cheap and, perhaps, a natural extension of the frontier mentality that is intellectually anchored by the convex bid-rent curves that emanate from the elegant shorthand of the monocentric city model. But the devastation wrought by ongoing foreclosures across large swaths of suburbia is a sore reminder that building on the edge is anything but risk-free. Specifically, this papers aims to uncover how the increasing financialization of real estate gives rise to new forms of systemic risk, which in turn have little understood consequences for the spatial structure of cities (Bieri 2013). Linking Minsky’s (1993) work on the non-neutrality of money to the role of metropolitan form, this paper documents how the process of urbanization is fundamental to the geographic production of risk by investors and insurers of housing, mortgages, and mortgage-related derivatives. Rather than a state of exception, I argue that the recent upheavals in the housing market must thus be viewed as part of a macrohistory of risk-based financial instability, the causes of which alternatingly emanate from the real economy or the financial system (Davis 2009).
Bieri, David S. 2013. “Form Follows Function: On the Interaction Between Real Estate Finance and Urban Spatial Structure.” CriticalProductive, 2 (1): 7–16.
Davis, Gerald F. 2009. Managed by the Markets: How Finance Re-Shaped America. Oxford University Press.
Harvey, David. 1985. “The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization.” In , 1–31. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Minsky, Hyman P. 1993. “On the Non-Neutrality of Money.” Federal Reserve Bank of New York Quarterly Review, 18 (1): 77–82.
This document outlines the process and importance of civic surveys for urban planning purposes. It discusses the different types of surveys conducted, including civic surveys. Civic surveys collect data on land use, population, infrastructure, and other factors. This data is presented through maps, drawings and reports to analyze the existing conditions of the area and inform planning proposals. Collecting accurate data through surveys is essential for town planners to understand issues, diagnose problems, and design effective planning schemes tailored to the community's needs.
Redefining master plans for smart and sustainable citiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Master plans have traditionally focused on rigid land use planning, but this has made cities inflexible and unable to adapt to dynamic urban growth. It has also promoted unequal and unsustainable development. There is a need to redefine master plans to make cities more smart, sustainable, and equitable. New master plans should be flexible, community-oriented, and focus on transit-oriented compact development, energy efficiency, and inclusiveness. They should involve a variety of experts and stakeholders and use new technologies to guide sustainable urban form and development over time rather than rigidly defining land uses. The goal is to minimize urban problems and make cities higher quality places for all residents.
Rohtak, India has experienced significant urban growth and land use changes from 1983 to 2010. The city's population grew from 125,000 in 1971 to nearly 500,000 by 2010 as the city transitioned from a town to a municipal corporation. During this period, agricultural land decreased by 35 square kilometers as land was converted for residential, industrial, and other urban uses. Residential areas grew the most, increasing by nearly 16 square kilometers. The city's planned development has been guided by regional plans that designated Rohtak as a regional center to accommodate population growth through urban expansion.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides an introduction to town planning and planning concepts. It defines town planning as the art and science of ordering land use and infrastructure development to achieve the maximum degree of economic, social and environmental benefits. The document outlines the role of planners, aims of town planning like creating healthy, convenient and beautiful environments, and the typical planning process including data collection, analysis, plan making and implementation. It also describes different types of surveys and plans used in urban planning.
This document provides an overview of the Regional Plan 2021 for the National Capital Region (NCR) in India. Some key points:
- The NCR covers the National Capital Territory of Delhi as well as districts in the surrounding states of Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh based on plans established in the 1950s-1980s to decentralize growth from Delhi.
- The Regional Plan 2021 aims to provide a suitable economic base and infrastructure to absorb growth overflowing from Delhi, minimize environmental impacts, and promote sustainable development across the region.
- It divides the NCR into policy zones like the Central NCR intended to support Delhi with jobs and activities, and highway corridors. Population is
The Real and the Imagined Socially Responsible Real Estate in China - Context...STL Lab
The document discusses three case studies of socially responsible real estate development in China:
1) Liangzhu Cultural Village in Hangzhou, a new town developed by private capital with a focus on livability, cultural heritage, and community.
2) Suzhou-Singapore Industrial Park, a new city developed through government leadership with high-quality planning, functional zoning, and social services.
3) Urban renewal in Nanchang, which focuses on secondary development led by private capital and the market. The cases illustrate different approaches to socially responsible development in China.
Hammad Hayat Khan has a BS in Geography from the University of Karachi and an MS in Urban and Regional Planning from NED University of Engineering and Technology. He is currently a PhD scholar at NED University. The document discusses definitions of key terms related to urban planning such as urban, planning, and urban planning. It describes the roles and importance of urban planners in creating sustainable and equitable communities through comprehensive planning. Specific challenges facing urban planning in Pakistan are highlighted, including accommodating rapid population growth and the lack of coordination between planning agencies.
The enhancement of small historic centresVIVA_EAST
The enhancement of small historic centres: integration between urban and landscape quality
Authors: Authors: Francesco Selicato, Francesco Rotondo, Pierangela Loconte, Claudia Piscitelli
RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION AND URBAN INFORMAL SECTOR IN INDIA: AN INTER-STATE ANAL...Dr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes a research article about rural-urban migration and the urban informal sector in India. It finds that rural-urban migration has increased significantly with economic development in India. Migrants from rural areas often end up working in the urban informal sector due to lack of skills and experience for formal jobs. There is thus a close relationship between rural-urban migration and the growth of the urban informal sector, as migration fuels the informal sector while opportunities in the informal sector also attract more migrants. The document examines trends in internal migration and the informal sector across Indian states and identifies factors like rural unemployment, indebtedness, and industrialization that influence migration patterns.
Comprehensive Development of Amritsar- Need for A Planning and Urban Develop...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper was written when Amritsar development Authority was not created and Amritsar Master Plan was in evolution. Paper was written primarily to focus on the need of creating a dedicated agency for promoting the planned development of Amritsar Metroplis. Paper is being published by adding the post srcipt in the already published text
The rank-size rule states that the population of a city is equal to the population of the largest city divided by the rank of that city. Some countries closely follow this pattern, while others have a single dominant primate city that is much larger than the next largest city. Primate cities are more common in less economically developed countries and form due to rapid urbanization and migration to strategic ports and capital cities. While primate cities achieve economies of scale and attract migrants, they can also experience problems like housing shortages, traffic, crime, pollution, and unequal development between urban and rural areas.
1. The document summarizes research on the rural-urban fringe from an interdisciplinary team of academics and practitioners.
2. It discusses narratives of "disintegrated development" between natural/built environment perspectives and whose authority plans the fringe.
3. Opportunity narratives are presented that focus on learning from failures, securing multifunctional land uses, and maximizing public engagement in the fringe.
The rank size rule attempts to establish a numerical relationship between population sizes of settlements within a country or region. It ranks settlements by population size, with the largest first. It assumes the second largest settlement will be half the population of the largest, the third largest a third, and so on. While variations often occur, it provides a model for comparing city population distributions. Exceptions include primate cities, where one city dominates population size, and binary distributions, where two cities are of almost equal size.
The document discusses sustainable development in cities. It defines sustainable development as development that improves lives without causing problems in the future. Sustainable development has three aspects: economic, social, and environmental. It then asks students to consider whether turning a school's playing fields into a landfill would be a sustainable decision based on these three aspects. Finally, it shows several photos as examples of sustainable development in cities and asks students to explain how each photo demonstrates sustainable development.
This document discusses the rural-urban fringe and its stages of transformation. It begins by defining the rural-urban fringe as the zone between city and country where rural and urban land uses are intermixed. It then describes the structure of the fringe, which includes municipal towns and revenue villages. The document outlines five stages of a village's transformation as it comes under the city's influence: 1) the rural stage, 2) agricultural land use change, 3) occupational change, 4) urban land use growth, and 5) the urban village stage. Examples from Delhi are provided to illustrate how fringe villages can fully integrate into the urban form.
Human settlements can range in size from small hamlets of under 100 people to massive megacities of millions. Settlement types are classified based on population size, with hamlets having under 100 people, villages 100-1,000, towns 1,000-20,000, cities over 100,000, and megacities or conurbations having populations of several million people made up of multiple interconnected cities. The location and layout of settlements is influenced by factors like access to resources, defense needs, and transportation routes. Settlement functions have also expanded over time from just farming to include residences, administration, industry, commerce, services, and tourism.
This document provides information about satellite townships and their development. It discusses the need for satellite towns due to issues like population growth, land shortage, and infrastructure strain in major cities. Satellite towns are smaller towns located near but independent from larger cities, and have their own local governance and amenities while depending on the larger city for some functions. The document outlines the process for developing satellite towns, including preparing city development plans, detailed project reports, and obtaining approval and funding. It lists the objectives and components that are eligible or ineligible for central government assistance in developing infrastructure for satellite towns.
The document discusses different types of settlements and urban models. It defines a settlement as a place where people live, from a single house to a large city. Settlement sites are chosen based on factors like proximity to water and transport routes. Larger settlements become hierarchical centers that provide more services. Urban models in more economically developed countries include concentric zones like the central business district and suburbs. Models in less economically developed countries have informal shanty towns and greater inequality.
Urban morphology approaches human settlements as generally unconscious products that
emerge over long periods, through the accrual of successive generations of building activity.
This leaves traces that serve to structure subsequent building activity and provide
opportunities and constraints for city-building processes, such as land subdivision,
infrastructure development, or building construction. Articulating and analysing the logic of
these traces is the central question of urban morphology. Urban morphology is not generally
object-centered, in that it emphasizes the relationships between components of the city. We
will be discussing in detail about the urban morphology of the Chennai metropolitan.
The document discusses development at the rural-urban fringe (RUF), which is the area where cities meet the countryside. There has been increasing demand for land at the RUF for housing, business parks, shopping centers, and other developments because land is cheaper and more accessible. However, uncontrolled development can cause problems like traffic increases and loss of open space. Green belts aim to manage development and prevent urban sprawl, but are not always effective. Managing growth at the RUF requires balancing development needs with environmental protection.
Going beyond boundaries: Doing interdisciplinary research in the rural urban ...BSBEtalk
This is a presentation made to a PhD Winterschool. It shows the power of working at edges and interfaces in order to make progress in theory and practice.
AS Geography - Urban morphology and modelDavid Drake
The document discusses several urban morphology models:
1) Burgess' concentric zone model which depicts a city growing outward from the central business district in concentric rings with different land uses and building types.
2) Hoyt's sector model where cities grow in wedge-shaped sectors driven by the location of industries.
3) A LEDC model where housing quality decreases with distance from the central business district unlike in MEDCs.
It also briefly covers bid rent theory which explains how land uses result from economic competition for accessible locations.
The rural-urban fringe is the area where cities meet the countryside. Developers are increasingly interested in building on land here because it is cheaper and offers more space and easier access to roads and motorways compared to inner city locations. Common developments include housing, business parks, shops, and offices. While this provides more development opportunities, it can negatively impact the countryside and increase traffic and pollution issues. Governments try to manage growth at the rural-urban fringe through green belt policies and developing new towns to control urban sprawl and prevent overdevelopment of rural areas.
The document discusses 7 steps for developing successful satellite towns to address issues of urban development and high land prices:
1) Satellite towns should allocate significantly more space per dwelling than cities, with minimum standards for different land uses.
2) Space should be evenly distributed across localities with minimum allotments for roads, commercial, parks, schools and other facilities.
3) Locations should be far from cities on marginal land to keep land prices 10 times lower than in cities.
4) Laws and taxes should be relaxed to promote development.
5) High quality schools, hospitals and shops should be established in satellite towns.
6) Employers should provide or help fund housing and commuting for employees.
7)
Thermal comfort is affected by factors like air temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiant heat. Over time, indices have been developed to quantify thermal comfort, including effective temperature and corrected effective temperature. Properly measuring factors like air temperature, humidity, air velocity, and radiant heat is necessary to evaluate thermal conditions and design appropriate heating/cooling systems. Key instruments used in measurement include dry bulb thermometers, wet bulb thermometers, psychrometers, globe thermometers, and Kata thermometers. Common heat stress indices are effective temperature and the wet bulb globe temperature index.
This document discusses the concepts and objectives of urban morphology. Urban morphology is defined as the study of the physical form and development of human settlements. It examines the shape and structure of settlements as well as their transformation over time under various forces. The document outlines different types of settlement patterns, forms, and structures. It also discusses the determinants that influence a settlement's morphology, including physical, functional, social, cultural, economic, and political factors. The objectives of urban morphology include improving comfort, accessibility, diversity and other qualities of urban form.
International trade involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. It provides benefits like job creation, increased consumption, and economic growth. However, it also faces problems from trade barriers like tariffs and quotas imposed by governments. International organizations like the World Trade Organization seek to reduce trade barriers and help resolve trade disputes between nations to further global trade.
3. A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTIAL LAND VALUES IN KAITHALDr. Ravinder Jangra
This document analyzes residential land values in Kaithal City, India from 1971-2014. It compares the collector rate (set by authorities) to actual market rates collected through surveys. GIS tools like inverse distance weighting and buffer analysis were used to map land values spatially. Higher values were found in newer planned sectors developed by government agencies in the northeast, as well as a private development, due to their location, amenities, and access. The study aims to understand urban expansion and identify gaps between official and real residential land rates. Remotely sensed imagery from 1971-2010 was used to map the city's growth over time.
Effects of Small Town's Centralization on Spatial Organization of Rural Settl...iosrjce
Centralization in small town is led to functional changes due to increasing Inequality between rural
settlement and cities. On the other hand, mentioned changes are different based on distance with urban center.
Also, these cities effect germ and parasitic role on rural area according to their structure.
The methodology of this study is descriptive –analytic and collecting data is done by documents-library. The
data are generally gathered from scientific centre libraries like universities, organizations, institutes and
research centers such as management and planning organization and internet, official statistics and censuses,
Urban Development Plans By Consulting Engineers, Field Study And So On. Studied Area Is Shandiz &
Torqabeh Cities. Infact, Has Been Studied The Effect Mentioned Cities On Hesar Golestan & Hesar Sorkh
Villages. In Order To , Was Used From Network Analyzed. On The Other Hand, Was Used From Questioner
Tool. Finding Shows, The Relation Between Urban And Rural Area Is Parasitic Theory.
Urban sprawl and land use characteristics in the urban fringe of metro manila...AnthonyBoyd23
This document summarizes a study examining urban sprawl and land use changes in Metro Manila, Philippines from the 1980s to 1990s. The study used census data and GIS analysis to show that population growth shifted from the central city to surrounding areas, leading to increased mixed urban and agricultural land uses, especially in a belt around the central area. A small-scale analysis of one municipality found two types of residential development absorbing growth: expansion of squatter areas and new subdivisions on former agricultural land, causing environmental problems. The study concludes there is a need for strategies to control urban and rural land use changes.
URBAN FUNCTIONAL AND OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE IN NORTH 24 PARGANAS DISTRICT, WE...paperpublications3
Abstract: Function and occupation of towns are the crucial factor for urbanization and development .The paper analyzes functional classification of towns and occupational structure of towns in North 24 parganas district, by using Ashok Mitra functional classification method and occupational classification by census report 2011, on the basis of census data in 1971, 1991 and 2011. According to census data in 1971 and 1991 there are nine fold functional classifications and in 2011 only four fold occupational structures have been analyzed. Occupational structure also influences the socioeconomic development of any area.
Keywords: Urban function, urban occupation, urbanization, urban development.
Title: URBAN FUNCTIONAL AND OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE IN NORTH 24 PARGANAS DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL
Author: Chandan Sarkar
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
ISSN 2349-7831
Paper Publications
The development of urban underground space is fundamentally driven by urban economic changes and growth. As cities develop and populations increase, more space is needed to accommodate these activities. The rise of the tertiary economic sector, focused on producer services, strengthened core urban functions and compacted urban forms. High-rise office and commercial clusters transformed urban skylines and reflected evolving economic structures. When agglomeration economies matured sufficiently, underground space provided an important way to further expand urban capacity in a sustainable manner by relieving pressure on surface development. However, underground development must be considered in the context of a city's overall economic strategy and growth expectations to be sustainable over the long term.
sprawl developments measurement indicator and projections in selected nigeri...IJAEMSJORNAL
Sprawl development is commonly attributed to the unprecedented rate of urbanization and city spatial growth. Large cities are not necessarily sprawling but are determined by characteristic compactness and connectedness of the metropolitan development and services including infrastructure and amenities. The understanding of the sprawl phenomenon is enhanced by some characteristic measurement of sprawl making use of certain development parameters. This paper therefore highlights an aspect of the measurement of sprawl utilizing the results from remote sensing data sourced from records of satellite images (from various Landsat and Nigeriasat) documented in research literatures. Also, the population census figures for each of the cities were sourced and projected as required for analysis and used in conjunction with their respective urban built-up land coverage. Results reveal varying pattern of relationship between progressions of urban spatial coverage changes and growth of population over a specified period of time. Intrinsic values from the computation such as urban population density and land consumption rate evolve as indicators for sprawl development and measurements.
This document discusses how the spatial structure of metropolitan areas has changed over time and may impact economic performance. It makes three key points:
1) Polycentric metropolitan areas that have employment and population distributed across multiple urban centers may see agglomeration benefits shared more widely, while agglomeration costs remain local, leading to better economic performance than monocentric areas.
2) However, the extent to which agglomeration benefits can be "regionalized" in polycentric areas is debated, as longer travel times may reduce some benefits of urbanization.
3) Metropolitan areas with more population and employment centralized in urban areas rather than dispersed in a non-concentrated pattern may perform better economically, as centralized development is
Jane Jacobs was a pioneering thinker in urban planning who advocated an approach focused on the needs of local residents and communities. Some key aspects of her approach include:
- Emphasizing diversity of uses. Jacobs argued mixed-use neighborhoods with a variety of housing, businesses, parks and public spaces were more vibrant and better served local needs. Monofunctional zones separated different activities.
- Supporting walkability. Dense, pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods encouraged casual public oversight that contributed to safety. An over-reliance on automobiles undermined community life.
- Bottom-up planning. Jacobs argued successful neighborhoods evolved organically to meet community needs, not through rigid top-down master plans. Planners should support and enhance what
Strategies for Planning Smart and Sustainable CitiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Smart city remains a misnomer. No city on planet earth can claim to be smart. Experts are still searching the soul of smart city in order to precisely define it .Unfortunately smart city has become a money spending/spinning exercise for few individuals/agencies. Entire concept of smart city has been made technology centric, minimizing the role and importance of human beings. In addition, role of Town Planners in smart city has been totally marginalized. How can a city be made smart without intervention of planning and planners. Smart city as a concept has been copied globally to promote operational efficiency and productivity of the cities , with minimum concern for human growth and development. Addressing issue of poverty and making city livable for all should be the agenda of urban growth and development. In the face of homeless people , absence of basic amenities and facilities essential of human living, making city’s smart will be a fallacy and prove to be counterproductive. Cities do not exist in isolation and require the support of rural hinterland. Dealing cities alone by excluding villages will invariably lead to lopsided growth of cities because genesis of majority of urban ills has roots in the neglect of the rural areas. Urban areas must do handholding for the rural areas for synergizing mutual strength and to usher a new era of rational growth. Smart city concept must focus on empowering human being/ living, making them more skilled, create options for meeting the basic human needs and removing the curse of poverty and unemployment.
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas. Rapid urban growth has both positive and negative impacts on town planning. Positively, it can increase economic production and provide better opportunities and services. However, it can also lead to issues like urban sprawl, traffic, and pollution as megacities struggle to provide infrastructure for large populations. Effective town planning requires statutory development plans that provide strategies and proposals to manage growth, as well as regional plans that focus on balanced development across connected urban and rural areas.
An Analysis of Urbanisation Dynamics with the Use of the Fuzzy Set Theory A C...Fiona Phillips
This document presents a methodology for identifying and localizing urban development boundaries using fuzzy set theory. The methodology involves determining the degree of membership of various land use types in a set of urban functions on a scale of 0 to 1. A case study was conducted in the city of Olsztyn, Poland using land use data from 2005, 2010, and 2017. Questionnaire surveys were used to characterize 24 different land use types and assign a fuzzy measure representing their degree of urban membership. This allows analyzing the rate and extent of urbanization over time by evaluating changes in land use types and their fuzzy membership in urban functions. The proposed method supports identifying urbanized areas and evaluating the degree of urbanization on a scale from 0 to 1
Evaluate deficiencies and shortages for the Libyan Residential Urban Planning...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: The change in human society and the population increase in Surman citypopulation has led to an increase in environmental problems and the increasing depletion of resources and natural resources and non-optimal use of land. This has led to the disparity in the distribution of services, functions, lack of recreational areas, green areas, playgrounds, and other services. Surman City scheme suffers from many problems, particularly the spread of housing projects. This has to be reconsidered in the ways of development and the urban environment of the city planning. Sustainable urban planning is one of the most important ways and strategies that can be followed for a diaper on Surman city scheme and preserves the rights of future generations to live in urban and convenient style. The purpose of this research evaluation of residential areas Surman city scheme to know shortages and deficiencies of the scheme of the city and their suitability for the planning of an urban sustainability using Arc (GIS) technology. It isimportant means in the fields of life, especially the areas of sustainable urban planning where they can be utilized in the analysis and conclusions, as well as future studies accurately and fast. The study found out that appropriate measurable indicators can be relied upon to develop design criteria for residential that will help to achieve a sustainable urban plan during the preparation of urban schemes or develop existing schemes. Keywords: Evaluate residential urban planning,GIS, Sustainable urban planning, Residential urban planning.
Paper is an attempt to define the role and importance of smart cities in the context of state of art planning and design to promote happiness among the residents and stakeholders of the city .
The document discusses various planning and development related terms. It defines village, town, city, region, metropolis and megalopolis. It also explains concepts like five year plan, regional development plan, perspective plan, comprehensive development plan, city development plan, and their objectives. The document then defines terms related to demography, economics, ecology, sociology, geography, cartography, anthropology, statistics and archeology. It also discusses urban forms like linear, radial, grid and star patterns. Finally, it elaborates on concepts like neighbourhood units, density calculations, transportation systems and environmental engineering terms.
Comparison - Urban Sprawl in the US and Sprawl-like patterns in China - Quant...Wenjiao Wu
This document summarizes a study that compares urban sprawl patterns in the US and China. It analyzes land cover changes in Yinchuan and Xiamen, China and Atlanta and Phoenix, US using Landsat images from 1980s-2010s. Landscape metrics show increasing fragmentation and edge density over time for all cities. Transition matrices reveal conversions between land cover types. While sprawl patterns have emerged in Chinese cities, it is still controversial to use the term due to differences from the US experience.
ssessment of the Spaces between the Developed and Undeveloped Areas in Rongo ...inventionjournals
The establishment of any urban centres is always characterised by either commercial, industrial or administrative activities. Rongo Town is one of the towns that has attracted a large population and this has led to inadequate houses for the residents and general stress in the provision of social amenities. The general objective of the study was to analyse the socio-economic impacts of Rongo urban sprawl. The specific objective of the study was to assess the spaces between the developed and undeveloped area of Rongo Town. This was important because it projected the causes of inadequate housing units in Rongo Town. Concentric Urban Theory was used to guide the study. Cross sectional design method was used in the study. Quantitative and qualitative design methods were used to give the study a structure. The target population was 27,759. From this 6,095 households were used as respondents. Primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data was collected by use of questionnaires, observation checklist, photographs and sketches. Secondary data involved written articles by experts in urban growth and information in government offices and non-governmental organisations. This data was analysed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences which yielded descriptive and inferential statistics. This data was also analysed by content analysis through description. The spaces between the developed and undeveloped areas were found to be so large. The study recommended the construction of high density houses by filling in the spaces between the developed and undeveloped areas in Rongo Town with houses and other necessary infrastructures
Strategies for Planning Smart Cities in IndiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This document discusses strategies for planning smart cities in India. It outlines that as urban populations grow, cities must be planned to promote quality of life, efficiency, and sustainability. New approaches to urban planning are needed that are people-centric, flexible, and promote inclusion, equity and opportunities for all residents. Cities must also be planned compactly and vertically to reduce resource use, pollution and travel needs. Smart buildings that are energy efficient through design and technology will be important for making cities sustainable.
Engineering management to urban development, particularly construction projects are
usually considered a ‘high risk job’ mostly because of, a lack of adequate government’s act
with necessary policies, environmental information, and urban construction experiences.
Similar construction projects may have very different risk characteristics of different
development regions in Nepal. It is difficult for a newcomer to identify new risks, in a new
environment and politically instable in the country. It is more difficult to assess these risks
and impact of relationships among them. On the one hand, ignoring these risks is
irresponsible and unrealistic decisions by the professionals. On the other hand, identifying
and assessing all the new risks and their relationships is a very complicated, time-consuming,
and expensive process. This process is possible for the majority of projects, especially when
there are adequate amounts of information, skilled technical team, and enough time. When
such a complex scenario faced the accessing and responding these vital risk factors in urban
development projects becomes extremely important. Engineering knowledge is the basic tools
to apply for drastic change in the country's infrastructures for urban development.
APPLICATION OF GIS FOR URBAN PLANNING amp MANAGEMENT.pdfWendy Belieu
This document discusses the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for urban planning and management. It begins by defining geomatics and its various components like remote sensing, GIS, GPS, which can be used to balance human and natural resource development. The document then discusses how rapid urbanization in India has led to problems with uncontrolled growth and impacts infrastructure and services. It emphasizes the role of urban planning in facilitating sustainable and efficient development. The key components and stages of urban planning processes like master plans, development plans and projects are described. The role of GIS in activities like land use mapping, analysis of urban growth, infrastructure planning, and future planning is highlighted. In summary, the document outlines how GIS and its spatial analysis capabilities
Similar to Delineating Sphere of Urban Influence: The Case of Three Early Urban Centres of Eastern India (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
1. The document describes a study that designed a balanced scorecard for a nonprofit organization called Yayasan Pembinaan dan Kesembuhan Batin (YPKB) in Malang, Indonesia.
2. The balanced scorecard translated YPKB's vision and mission into strategic objectives across four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth.
3. Key strategic objectives included donation growth, budget effectiveness, customer satisfaction, reputation, service quality, innovation, and employee development. Customers perspective had the highest weighting, suggesting a focus on public service over financial growth.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
- The document examines customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets in India through a survey of 418 customers.
- It finds that in supermarkets, previous experience, atmosphere, price, social environment and experience in other channels most influence customer experience, while in hypermarkets, previous experience, product assortment, social environment and experience in other channels are most influential.
- The study provides insights for retailers on key determinants of customer experience in each format to help them improve strategies and competitive positioning.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
This document discusses the implementation of quality management principles at Zimbabwe Open University's Matabeleland North Regional Centre. It begins with background information on ZOU and the importance of quality management in open and distance learning institutions. The study aimed to determine if quality management and its principles were being implemented at the regional centre. Key findings included that the centre prioritized customer focus and staff involvement. Decisions were made based on data analysis. The regional centre implemented a quality system informed by its policy documents. The document recommends ensuring staffing levels match needs and providing sufficient resources to the regional centre.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Delineating Sphere of Urban Influence: The Case of Three Early Urban Centres of Eastern India
1. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
Volume 20, Issue 11, Ver. IV (Nov. 2015) PP 91-100
e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2011491100 www.iosrjournals.org 91 | Page
Delineating Sphere of Urban Influence: The Case of Three Early
Urban Centres of Eastern India
Koushik Mandal1
, Soumendu Chatterjee2
& Nilanjana Das Chatterjee³
1
Department of Geography and Environment Management, Vidyasagar University, India
2
Department of Geography, Presidency University, India
³Department of Geography and Environment Management, Vidyasagar University, India
Abstract: Urbanization and regional development are intimately allied. Higher and lower order facilities and
specialization of activities influence urban growth which diffuses its benefit to the surrounding countryside.
Subsequently, socio-economic development of the region comes into being. Optimum level of growth of an urban
centre depends on the capacity to provide required facilities to the people. Hierarchical growth of urban centre
in association with the location of civic amenities induces regional development in hierarchical dimension. In
case of Eastern India, few of the urban centres are having large number of facilities while others are lacking in
correspondence to their population size. Formulation of pragmatic planning model is the rescue of wiping out
such problems. The present treatise is a humble effort to analyze the hierarchical growth and influence of the
three early urban centres (Tamluk, Contai and Midnapore) of Southern Bengal and in Eastern India as well. It
seeks to explain how the urban centres of historical importance have evolved and continues to evolve in a
hierarchical framework of functional weightage and how the geography of their spheres of influence are
changing in relation to the transformation of economic and political regime since their origin through the
dynasties like Mauraya, Kalinga, Gupta, Afghan, Mughal, Portuguese, Dutch, French, British etc. Further, it
recommends a model, for the historical urban area to analyze the problem of regional variation in development.
Besides, it looks at the adequacy and inadequacy of facilities in the urban centres and put forward planning
recommendations, so that a balanced regional development would be achieved.
Keywords: Functional weightage, Hierarchical growth, Regional development, Sphere of influence
I. Introduction
Urban spheres of influence reflect centre-to-hinterland relationship, compared with the non-central
region, the centre assumes more complex economic functions, and provides more economic activities. Famous
theoretical contributions to this research field are the Central Place Theory (Christaller, 1933), the extension to
the Central Place Theory (Losch, 1940), the modification to the Central Place Theory (Isard, 1956), and An
Economic Theory of Central Places (Eaton et al.,1982). After verification and conceptual refinement of these
classical literatures, it can be found that any study on delineating sphere of urban influence has been guided by
either of two research approaches: the empirical research and model research. Empirical method determines
sphere of urban influence according to data features and regional characteristics. As for example, sphere of
urban influence in America is described in terms of the extent of the regional delivery system (Huff, 1973).
Models are developed to capture the interaction between or spaces using theoretical understanding, the intensity
and pattern of contact among cities, and thus those models help to determine the sphere of urban influence. In
modeling, the sphere of urban influence, Huff (1973) and Lutz (1995) made a great contribution by using a
model namely “Sphere of Urban Influence and Urban System” to delineate the urban sphere of influence of
United States of America, Ireland and Ghana. Now-a-days in Western countries, the study of sphere urban of
influence is diminishing in general. By virtue of their high degree of economic and social development, most of
the developed countries have accessed post-industrial society, where node-to-node interactions have become, as
compared to the node-to-hinterland relationships. But, for the developing countries, they are still pursuing
industrial development and hence, develop the industries; the node-to-hinterland relationships are distinctly
dominant. Recently the studies of spheres urban of influence of industrial cities are assuming international
academic interest (Wang et al., 2001 & Liang, 2008). The present study is a humble attempt to analyze the
socio-economic facilities by total population and composite functional score, and to delineate the sphere of
urban influence.
II. Data base and Methodology
2.1 Data Source
Data are mainly obtained from the District Census Handbook 2001, 2011 (Office of the Director of
Census Operation, W.B. IB-199, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700106). Other data sources include
2. Delineating Sphere of Urban Influence: The Case of Three Early Urban Centres of Eastern India
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2011491100 www.iosrjournals.org 92 | Page
District Statistical Handbook 2001, 2011 of Purba and Paschim Medinipur District (Bureau of Applied
Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal), Economic Review 2001-02, 2011-12 (Department of
Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal), Statistical Abstarct of Purba and
Paschim Medinipur (Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal). When
necessary, synthesis of data is performed.
2.2 Methodology
2.2.1 Projection for Urban Population
A) Annual growth rates of population in percentage have been estimated using following equation:
r = (P2 – P1)/10
Where, P1 and P2 are the population of urban area in two census enumerations at 10 years of interval and r =
Growth
B) The annual growth rate of population for each urban centre is used in the following equation to derive
projected population assuming Arithmetic growth:
PP = P1 + (r × t)
Where, PP = projected population, P1 = population of base year and t = time interval between the base year and
the year of which projected population would be estimated.
2.2.2 Delineating Sphere of Urban Influence
The zone of urban influence is estimated through the following four steps.
A) Mean Population Threshold for a particular category of facility is the ratio between total population and
number of facilities belonging to the category. (Haggett and Gunwardena, 1965) This can be expressed as:
mT = P/NFi
Where, mT = mean population threshold, P = total population, and NFi = total number of facilities under
functional category „i‟.
B) Mean Population Threshold (mT) value for each facility type available in a geographical unit (district,
urban centre etc.) is employed in the following equation to derive the Functional Weightage of the facility
category (Bhatt, 1976):
WFi = mTi / mTl
Where, WFi = estimated weightage of facility „i‟, mTi = mean population threshold of facility „i‟, and mTl =
lowest mean population threshold.
C) The WFi values for all facilities are summed up to derive Composite Functional Score of a geographical
unit, which is given by:
n
CFs = ∑WFi
i=1
Where, CFs = Composite Functional score, n= number of facilities and i=1.
Thus Composite Functional Score for Purba and Paschim Medinipur as a combined district and for each of the
urban centres under examination are computed.
D) Now the Proportional Composite Functional Score of an urban centre with respect to that of the district is
multiplied by the area of the district to receive Sphere of Urban Influence for the urban centre in question
(V.L.S. Prakash Rao, 1964):
CFs Urban centre
S.I. = ×A District
CFs District
Where, S.I. = Sphere of Urban Influence (sq. km.), CFs Urban centre = Composite Functional Score of Urban
Centre, CFs District = Composite Functional Score of District and A District = Area of district.
3. Delineating Sphere of Urban Influence: The Case of Three Early Urban Centres of Eastern India
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2011491100 www.iosrjournals.org 93 | Page
III. Study Area
Fig.1 study area at a glance
Tamluk is the headquarters of Tamluk sub-division (O‟Malley, 1911), situated on the north bank of
river Rupnarayana, 16 miles south west from Panskura railway station and with which it is also connected by
road (Majumdar, 1971). Tamluk came into being about 1500 to 2000 years B.P. and at that time it was
characterized by marshy land topography, halophytic plants and salt marshes (Majumdar, 1971). The low lying
marshy area was filled up by depositional reworking of the rivers Hoogly and Rupnarayana. Thus, the area came
into existence as an elevated land surface where port activities began to be carried out. By 700 B.C., Tamluk
became a renowned port (O‟Malley, 1911). But after the eighth century A.D., due to downfall of the port,
4. Delineating Sphere of Urban Influence: The Case of Three Early Urban Centres of Eastern India
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2011491100 www.iosrjournals.org 94 | Page
Tamralipta lost its importance (Basham, 1975) and existed as a Portuguese settlement (Majumdar, 1971 &
O‟Malley, 1911). Presently, the Tamluk urban area exists as the centre of operations of district Purba Medinipur
and has a strong control over the regional economy as a trade centre (Basu, 1921). Different cultural traits left
their imprints over the physical space. Some of which are still existent e.g. Bargabhima temple (Buddhist
architecture) and Sakti temple (Oriya type architecture) (Basham, 1975).
Contai is headquarters of Contai sub-division in Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal. In its early
phase of evolution the area, 27 miles in and from Rasulpur estuary was occupied by an outstretched sand dune
elevated and elongated enough to appear in the form of a long walls, locally known as „Kanths‟ and these
„kanths‟ gave the place its name (O‟Malley, 1911). Consequent marine regression left this beach ridges inland
for development of settlements like Majna, Kandi etc over them about 6000 years ago (Basu, 1921). After
eighth century, port Tamralipta lost its importance (Sharma, 2003 & O‟Malley, 1911) and Hijili became a great
trade centre (O‟Malley, 1911). European trade appears to have flourished during colonial period around Contai
(Roy, 2006 & O‟Malley, 1911). In 1852 A.D., the East India Company announced as a sub-division consisting
of six police stations – Contai, Khejuri, Ramnagar, Egra, Bhagabanpur and Pataspur and the sub-divisional
office was at Negua (Hunter, 1876). Bankim Chandra Chattopadhaya served as the deputy magistrate of Contai
from January to November, 1860 (Ghosh, 2008). In 2002, Medinipur district was divided into two – Purba and
Paschim Medinipur for the sake of administrative efficiency. Purba Medinipur district consists of four sub-
divisions – Contai, Tamluk, Egra and Haldia. Contai urban area is under Contai block and Contai block is under
Contai sub-division. Presently, Contai urban area is about 30 kilometres away from the beach town Digha, a
famous tourism centre of West Bengal as well as Eastern India. Now-a-days, Contai is famous for cashew nut
industry, salt processing industry and also for kansa and madur production (Roy, 2006).
Midnapore town is the headquarters of the district Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal (O‟Malley, 1911).
Sea level fall and consequent isostatic adjustment (86000 B.P.) led this area to rise as an upland over which
laterization became dominant process to shape its geomorphology (Majumdar, 1971). The town was declared to
be the headquarters on 22nd
September, 1783A.D. (O‟Malley, 1911). The name of the town was recorded as an
important port of Sarkar Jaleswar (Medinipur, Chakal, Bardhaman and Chetua) in Ain-e-Akbori and Medinipur
was established and named after Medinikar (1200 to 1431 A.D.), the famous author of the lexicon ‟Medinikosh‟
(Hunter, 1876). In 2002, Medinipur district was divided into two – Purba and Paschim Medinipur for the sake of
administrative efficiency. Paschim Medinipur district has four sub-divisions – Kharagpur, Medinipur Sadar,
Ghatal and Jhargram. Midnapore urban area is under Medinipur Sadar sub-division. Presently, Midnapore urban
area is mainly developed as an administrative cum commercial centre along with agricultural activities,
industrial activities and different types of informal activities (O‟Malley, 1911).
IV. Result and Discussion
4.1 Annual Growth Rate of Urban Population and Area
Annual Growth Rate of Urban Population and Area of Tamluk, Contai and Midnapore Urban Centre
Name of the Urban
centres
Population Annual Growth
(%)
Area (Sq.Km) Annual
Growth (%)
2001 2011 2001-2011 2001 2011 2001-2011
Tamluk 45830 65306 4.25 10.36 17.86 7.24
Contai 77513 92226 1.90 14.25 17.25 2.11
Midnapore 149769 169264 1.30 14.78 18.65 2.62
Urban populations are increasing rapidly. In approximately 2027, for the first time in history, the global
urban population will exceed the global rural population, and urban population has remained predominantly
urban thereafter (Unite Nations, 2000). In coming decades, urban populations are expected to double in next 50
years, while rural population remain constant or decline (Rosser, 1980). In the US, urban populations are
growing (not as rapid as the global rate) and the urban areas are expanding faster than the urban population size,
leading to a decline in average urban population density. Whereas, in India, urban population are increasing (as
rapid as the global rate) and the urban areas are expanding faster than the urban population size, leading to a
incline in average urban population density. Urban population growth affects urban areas in many ways, from
infrastructure requirements and their environmental impacts, to a new pattern of social interactions and changes
in regional economy (Bettencourt et al., 2007; Rosser, 1980). But urban growth in terms of population ad area is
related with economic development, institutional and commercial activities, technological advancement, cultural
growth and ecological settings. A single or autonomous factor alone also accelerates the growth of an urban
centre. It is found that Tamluk urban area of Purba Medinipur District has almost doubled in terms of area
(Table 1) in one decade from year 2001 to 2011 i.e. from 10.36 sq.km to 17.86 sq.km. Tamluk has experienced a
very high annual growth rate of population, 4.25% during 2001 to 2011 which is very high as compared to the
growth rates experienced in the previous time periods and as compared to the growth rates of Contai (2.11%)
and Midnapore urban area (1.30%). It is due to the fact that Tamluk has become the district headquarters of
5. Delineating Sphere of Urban Influence: The Case of Three Early Urban Centres of Eastern India
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2011491100 www.iosrjournals.org 95 | Page
newly formed Purba Medinipur district in 2001. This change in status has attracted large amount of institutional
and commercial activities to come up in Tamluk urban area in last one decade. Further, it is evident from the
same table that all the three urban centres have been recorded to increase their urban population along with
expansion of urban area. The annual growth of urban population (1.90%) and annual growth of urban area
(2.11%) during 2001 to 2011 are near about identical for Contai urban centre, but for Tamluk and Midnapore
urban centre the annual growth rate of urban population and urban area are not identical i.e. the annual growth
rate of urban area (7.24% for Tamluk and 2.62% for Midnapore urban area) is near about double in relation to
annual population growth rate(4.25% for Tamluk and 1.30% for Midnapore urban area).
4.2 Projection for Urban Population
Projected Population for Tamluk, Conati and Midnapore Urban Areas
Urban centres Population of the base year
i.e. in 2001
Annual growth rate (%) Projected year Projected Population
Tamluk 65306 4.25 104163
Contai 92226 1.90 2025 116758
Midnapore 169264 1.30 200070
In today‟s increasingly global and interconnected world, one half of the World‟s Population lives in
urban areas although there is still a substantial variability in the levels of urbanization across countries (UN
World Population Prospects Report, 2014). The coming decades are expected to see changes in the size and
spatial distribution of global population. The continuing urbanization and overall growth of World Population is
projected to add 2.5 billion people to the global urban population by 2050, with nearly 90% of the increase
concentrated in Asia and Africa. At the same time, the population of the World living in urban areas is expected
to increase, reaching 66% by 2050. The urban population in 2014 accounted for 54% of the total global
population, up from 34% in 1960, and continues to grow. The global urban population is expected to grow
approximately by 1.84% per year between 2015 and 2020, 1.63% per year between 2020 and 2025, and 1.44%
per year between 2025 and 2030 (Global Health Observation). Population projection is a scientific attempt to
peep into the future population scenario, under certain assumptions by using available data at present point of
time. Being the fourth most populous state in India, the size and growth of West Bengal‟s population remained a
matter of great interest not only to West Bengal but to India also. According to 2011 census, the total population
of West Bengal was 9,13,47,736 (urban-6,22,13,676 and Rural-2,91,34,060) and the population of West Bengal
is currently growing at the rate of 0.14 percent per year, whereas the growth rate for urban population per year
is 1.13 percent. Tamluk, Contai and Midnapore, the three early urban centres of West Bengal as well as for
eastern India, there has been a spurt in growth of urban population from 2001 to 2011 census at the rate of 4.25
%, 2.11 % and 1.30 %, respectively, which could be due to migration and natural increase, in general. The
population of these three urban areas will continue to grow until at least 2050, with the estimated population
(based on current growth trends), to reach 104163 for Tamluk, 116758 for Contai and 200070 for Midnapore in
2025, and in 2050 as high as 1 lakh 50 thousand for Tamluk and Contai and 2 lakh 50 thousand for Midnapore
urban area.
4.3 Mean Population Threshold (MPT)
Mean Population Threshold for a particular category of facility of a geographical unit is considered to
be the best way to assess and determine the ratio between the total population and number of facilities of the
category (Haggett and Gunwardana, 1965). Threshold Population (PT) is the minimum number of people
required to support a given service. The concept is equivalent to the „range‟ in Central Place Theory, which
delineates the market area of the central place for a particular service, and is dependent on the spatial
distribution of population and the willingness of the consumers to travel a given distance to purchase goods or to
achieve services (Goodall, 1987). Therefore, it states that there is a range of population size for each function,
below the lower limit of which all settlements lack that functions, while above the upper limit all settlements
possess it. A lower order facility (Primary School) may require only 500 or so populations, whereas a higher
order facility (Degree College) may need a threshold of 50000 to be sustainable, a University may need 350000
to be viable (Tiscali Encyclopedia). For example, a Primary school, a Degree college and a University may
require threshold population in Aligarh District in UP are 1727, 33679 and 1868831 and in Kolkata district,
West Bengal these threshold are 3112, 66927 and 749449, respectively. The present study, reveals that among
the educational facilities, Primary school, Degree College and University for the combined Purba and Paschim
Medinipur district, are having the MTP are higher than the required ratio i.e. 1389, 262799 and 11037538.
Therefore, the Population Threshold propose that all the settlements having higher population than the threshold
but not yet having the function should have it; and the settlements having lower population than the threshold
and having the function should have it.
6. Delineating Sphere of Urban Influence: The Case of Three Early Urban Centres of Eastern India
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2011491100 www.iosrjournals.org 96 | Page
4.4 Functional Weightage of Facility
Anyone settlement in a region may not have all types of utility and amenitiy for fulfilling the social
functions. But the functional importance of the settlement is judge on the basis of the concentration of available
facilites. In an integrated area planning, population centres at the bottom of the hierarchy are planned to
promote for the balanced growth of the region (Bhatt, 1960). The Functional Weitage of a choosen function/
facility is obviously related to the frequency of its occurrence. In case of Ballia district in UP, the functional
importance of Primary schools, High schools and Degree colleges are 1.21, 2.99 and 5.04, respectively; and
total number of Primary schools, High schools and Degree colleges are 4200, 2963 and 499, comparatively.
Therefore, it is quite simple to understand that importance of a University is much more than a secondary school
which may occur in more numbers in a particular settlement (Sharma, 1972). In the present analysis, to find out
the relative functional importance/weightage, mean population threshold for non-formal educational institute
(577 persons) has been taken as the unit measure i.e. weightage value of 1 has been assigned to a non-formal
educational institute which has the lowest mean population threshold. In relation to this unit value, functional
weightage of the other facilities have been estimated. Therefore, facilities occurring in higher frequency have
functionally lower importance value and vice-versa. Thus, a university receives highest functional weightage
(19139) followed by the government tourist lodge (2392.38), while the lowest functional weightage is obtained
by the non-formal educational institute (1.00) after the facility of primary schools (2.41).
Mean Population Threshold and Functional Weightage of Urban Facilities, Purba and Paschim Medinipur
District
Category of
Facilities
Name of the
Facility
Number of
Facility
Total
Number
of Facility
Total
Population
Mean
Population
Threshold
Functional
Weightage
Purba
Medinipur
Paschim
Medinipur
Educational
Institute
Primary Schools 3253 4691 7944 11037538 1389 2.41
Middle/Junior
Schools
55 12 67 11037538 164739 285.66
Secondary/Matri
culation
317 440 757 11037538 14581 25.28
Senior Secondary
Schools
313 316 629 11037538 17548 30.43
Degree Colleges 18 24 42 11037538 262799 455.69
University 0 1 1 11037538 11037538 19139.0
Centre of Open
University
6 3 9 11037538 1226393 2126.56
Technical
Schools
20 22 42 11037538 262799 455.69
Technical
Colleges
22 15 37 11037538 298312 517.27
Technical
University
1 0 1 11037538 11037538 19139.00
Mass Literacy
Centre
3161 4198 7359 11037538 1500 2.60
Non-formal 7597 11542 19139 11037538 577 1.00
Recreational
Facility
Cinemas 76 24 100 11037538 110375 191.39
Public Libraries 121 158 279 11037538 39561 68.60
Reading Rooms 124 158 282 11037538 39140 67.87
Govt. Tourist
Lodge
7 1 8 11037538 1379692 2392.38
Health Facility Hospitals 8 28 36 11037538 306598 531.64
Sub-centres 706 858 1564 11037538 7057 12.24
Family Welfare
Centres
31 40 71 11037538 155458 269.56
Primary Health
Centres
51 82 133 11037538 82989 143.90
Nursing Homes 152 124 276 11037538 39991 69.34
Block Primary
Health Centres
22 6 28 11037538 394198 683.54
Financial and
Commercial
Institute
Nationalized &
Non-nationalized
Banks
227 324 551 11037538 20032 34.74
Agricultural
Credit Societies
722 835 1557 11037538 7089 12.29
7. Delineating Sphere of Urban Influence: The Case of Three Early Urban Centres of Eastern India
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2011491100 www.iosrjournals.org 97 | Page
Non-
Agricultural
Credit Societies
534 1084 1618 11037538 6822 11.83
Non-Credit
Societies
373 452 825 11037538 13379 23.20
Communication
Facility
Post Offices 832 590 1422 11037538 7762 13.46
Administrative
Facility
Police Stations 34 52 86 11037538 128343 222.55
Cold Storage
Facility
23 81 104 11037538 106130 184.03
4.5 Composite Functional Score (CFs) and Proportional Composite Functional Score (PCFs)
The analysis of spatio-temporal dynamism of phenomena is the main thrust of geographical research.
Likewise diverse physical, cultural, social and economic aspects, the distribution of population and facilities is
not uniform across the region. But over the earth‟s surface, the nature of distribution of both population and
facilities happens together, as both are interdependent to each other. People requires different facilities to sustain
their socio-economic life as well as to fulfill needs and desires, while proper functioning of facilities depends on
the size and purchasing power of patrons. Therefore, higher important facilities which are fewer in number
available only in bigger size towns, while lower important facilities are available in both bigger as well as
smaller size towns. Functional weightage values for all the facilities (based on MPT) are summed up to derive
the Composite Functional Score for a geographical unit. Composite Functional Score and Proportional
Composite Functional Score analysis is a significant way to estimate the probability of extension of an urban
centre in future. People flows towards the centre where there are ample opportunities of education, employment,
medical etc.as socio-economic pull factors. Urban centre having more functions but less population has more
prospect of further growth. The present study reveals the distribution of three urban centres or towns in five
categories according to their population size and also indicates the total urban population and composite
functional score (total importance of all facilities in a town) in each size category. Midnapore is the biggest town
in medinipur district with its total population 169264 persons in 2011 (51.80 per cent of total urban population
in the district) and Composite Functional Score (CFS) of 855.12 (45.30 per cent of total urban functional
importance), comes under the category of Class I towns in India. However, Tamluk and Contai (65306 and
92226) are found in Class II town in the district having 16.59 per cent urban population and 38.11 per cent (CFS
313.14 and 719.42) urban functional importance. The present study reveals the Proportional Composite
Functional Score (relative ratio of CFs of urban centre and CFs of district as a whole). Such an analysis is
significant to estimate the probability of extension of a town in future. People flows towards the centre where
there are ample opportunities of education, employment, medical, etc. as socio-economic pull factors. Therefore,
a town having more functions but lesser population has more prospect of further growth. In this view, it may be
argued that a town with PCFs near about 01 is supposed to have more functional importance in proportion to its
existing population size, subsequently has an advantage of further expansion by attracting and accommodating
more people. In contrary, towns with ratio less nearer to zero have lesser probability to be expanded.
In the study area, Class I town i.e., Midnapore has scored the ratio of 0.01960, while Class II town i.e.,
Contai and Tamluk have scored highest ratio of 0.01512 and 0.00879 respectively. It may be inferred that
Midnapore and Contai urban centre have greater probability of its further growth than Tamluk urban centre.
However, Midnapore and Contai have better prospect of its further growth in terms of both population and area
consequent upon in-migration of people from surrounding rural part.
Number of Facilities and Functional Weightage of Urban Facilities of Tamluk, Contai and Midnapore Urban
Centres
Category of
Facilities
Name of the Facility
Number
of Facility
Functional
Weightage
Tamluk Contai Midnapore Tamluk Contai Midnapore
Educational
Institute
Primary Schools 34 21 85 1.24 4.14 1.35
Middle/Junior
Schools/ Secondary
2 3 7 21.00 29.00 16.43
Senior Secondary
Schools
7 8 18 6.00 10.88 6.39
Degree Colleges 1 1 3 42.00 87.01 38.33
University - - 1 - - 114.99
Technical Schools/
College
11 12 15 3.82 7.25 7.67
Mass Literacy Centre 29 18 24 1.45 4.83 4.79
8. Delineating Sphere of Urban Influence: The Case of Three Early Urban Centres of Eastern India
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2011491100 www.iosrjournals.org 98 | Page
Non-formal 42 87 115 1.00 1.00 1.00
Recreational
Facility
Cinemas 3 4 1 14.00 21.75 114.99
Public Libraries 3 1 4 14.00 87.01 28.75
Reading Rooms 5 2 4 8.40 43.50 28.75
Health
Facility
Hospitals 1 1 1 42.00 87.01 114.99
Family Welfare
Centres
2 1 3 21.00 87.01 38.33
Nursing Homes 32 19 20 1.31 4.58 5.75
Financial and
Commercial
Institute
Nationalized & Non-
nationalized Banks
8 7 16 5.25 12.43 7.19
Agricultural and
Non-agricultural
Credit Societies
9 6 11 4.67 14.50 10.45
Communicatio
n Facility
Post Offices 1 1 1 42.00 87.01 114.99
Administrativ
e Facility
Police Stations 1 1 1 42.00 87.01 114.99
Cold Storage
Facility
1 2 1 42.00 43.50 114.99
CFs 313.14 719.42 855.12
Composite and Proportional Composite Functional Score of Urban Centres, Their Sphere and Radius of
Influence
Urban Centres Composite
Functional Score
(CFs)
Population (P) Area (A) in
Sq.Km.
Proportional
Composite
Functional Score
(PCFs)
Sphere of
Influence (SI) in
Sq.Km.
Radius of
Influence (R)
in Km.
Tamluk 313.14 65306 17.86 0.00879 123.77199 11.12529
Contai 719.42 92226 17.25 0.01512 212.90472 14.59125
Midnapore 855.12 169264 18.65 0.01960 275.98760 16.61287
Kolkata 17383.83 4496694 185.00 0.15330 13605.40684 116.64222
4.6 Adequacy and Inadequacy of Urban Facilities
Functional importance is the sum of all the pulling factors available in an urban centre. Therefore,
higher functional importance having variety of both higher and lower order facilities exerts a greater pulling
effect that attracts people towards an urban centre. Thus, a smaller urban centre turns into a bigger urban centre
progressively. Functional importance is the qualitative identity of an urban centre, as it refers to the pulling
gravity of later. Since the functional importance varies across urban centre, their size of population and area also
vary positively. Higher order centres with higher functional importance encompasses larger influence area
within which the influence area of lower order centres come under. Kolkata metropolitan urban centre being a
largest urban centre in the state of West Bengal as well as in Eastern India radiates its influence up to the highest
distance from the centre with radius of influence 116.6422 km and its population and CFs are 4496694 and
17383.83. In comparison to Kolkata metropolitan urban centre, the CFs of Midnapore, Tamluk and Contai urban
centre should be 655.05168, 252.73422 and 356.91462 respectively. But it is revealed that Midnapore urban
area with functional importance 855.12 stood at the highest position accounting total population 169264 persons
and 18.65 sq.km area. Midnapore urban area had enjoyed the position of headquarter of Medinipur district and
now this urban area is getting pleasure from the status of headquarter of Paschim Medinipur district and have all
the socio-economic facilities including a university, medical college. It is followed by Contai and Tamluk urban
area of Purba Medinipur district with functional importance of 719.42 and 313.14. Among the three historical
urban area of Purba and Paschim Medinipur district, Tamluk urban area having functional importance of 313.14
stood at the lowest position with population and area 65306 persons and 17.86 sq.km respectively. Therefore, in
comparison to Kolkata metropolitan urban centre these three urban centres have the adequate facilities and make
use of these facilities to the people of the urban centre.
9. Delineating Sphere of Urban Influence: The Case of Three Early Urban Centres of Eastern India
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2011491100 www.iosrjournals.org 99 | Page
4.7 Sphere of Influence of Urban Centre
Fig.2 radius of influence of tamluk, contai and midnapore urban centres (based on modified method of
V.L.Prakas Rao, 1964)
Each city forms the centre of a larger area and dominates over certain area which is actually the city‟s
sphere of influence (Murphy 1974). Urban centres do not function in isolation; rather they provide goods and
services to the area lying beyond the urban boundary. People from the surrounding area commute a town to
avail the required facilities. But, people visit towns from a certain distance. The distance, which patrons willing
to travel, depends on the importance of facility so that it should be the economy of the distance (Pawar and
Lokhande 2001, Yasenovskiy and Hodgson 2007). Therefore, both importance of facility and the distance
traveled by the patrons are positively related. Again, an urban centre having large number and higher order of
facilities is being visited by patrons from longer distance. In other words, an urban centre with higher functional
importance exerts an influence upon larger area of its surrounding (Lokhande and Pawar 2004). Such, an area
surrounding the urban centre reveals the complexity of interaction and interdependence between town and
surrounding rural area that is popularly known as functional region (Glasson 1978). It may be inferred that a
town having higher functional importance covers larger zone of influence and vice-versa. In this analysis by
adopting V.L.S.Prakash Rao‟s modified method, the sphere of influence of each urban centre has been
delineated. Midnapore urban area exerts its influence up to 16.61287 km and covers the area of 275.98760
sq.km. It is followed by the Contai urban area with its radius of influence 14.59125 km. and sphere of influence
is 212.90472 sq.km. However, Tamluk has been identified at the bottom position in its functional influence with
radius of influence 11.12529 km. and sphere of influence is 123.77199 sq.km.
V. Conclusion
Urban growth is the outcome of concentration of population due to the availability of diverse amenities
and facilities in the urban centre. The urban centres do not grow in isolation, rather grow in hierarchical manner.
Quantitatively, an urban centre with higher functional weightage exerts an influence upon the larger area of its
10. Delineating Sphere of Urban Influence: The Case of Three Early Urban Centres of Eastern India
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2011491100 www.iosrjournals.org 100 | Page
surrounding. Functional weightage of Tamluk, Contai and Midnapore urban centres are 313.14, 719.42 and
855.12 and their sphere of influence are 123.77199 sq.km, 212.90472 sq.km and 275.8760 sq.km respectively.
Therefore, it is evident that the sphere of influence of these urban centres positively related to their functional
weightage which leads to socio-economic development. Further research will be valuable on the distribution
pattern and evolution characteristics of urban sphere of influence and on the development progress of urban
agglomeration regions. Furthermore, the urban hierarchy and relationship among urban agglomeration regions
need to be studied in future.
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