Dehydration is a condition that occurs when the body loses more fluids, primarily water than it takes in. This imbalance disrupts the body's normal functions and can lead to a range of symptoms and health problems.

1. DEHYDRATION
BY Rutuja Arlekar

2. DEHYDRATION
Dehydration is a condition that occurs when the body loses
more fluids, primarily water than it takes in. This imbalance
disrupts the body's normal functions and can lead to a range
of symptoms and health problems.
Water is essential for various bodily processes, including
regulating temperature, transporting nutrients, and
eliminating waste products. When dehydration occurs, it can
affect these functions and potentially lead to serious
complications if left untreated.

3.  Respiration: We lose water vapor with each breath we exhale.
 Sweating: When we engage in physical activity or when the body
needs to cool down, we sweat to regulate temperature. Sweat
contains water and electrolytes, primarily sodium and chloride.
chloride.
 Urine: The kidneys filter waste products and excess substances
from the blood to form urine. This process includes removing
water and electrolytes from the body.
 Stool: Some water is also lost in the feces during digestion and
elimination.

4. Types
Hypertonic Dehydration (Hypernatremic Dehydration): This type of
dehydration occurs when there is a disproportionate loss of water
compared to electrolytes (sodium and other salts). It leads to an
increase in the concentration of electrolytes in the body fluids.
Hypertonic dehydration can result from conditions such as excessive
sweating, fever, or diabetes insipidus.
Isotonic Dehydration: Isotonic dehydration is characterized by the
loss of water and electrolytes in roughly equal proportions. It often
occurs due to conditions like vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive urination.
This type of dehydration is common in cases of gastroenteritis and can
lead to an overall balance of electrolytes but with a reduced volume of
fluids in the body.

5. Hypotonic Dehydration (Hyponatremic Dehydration): Hypotonic
dehydration is characterized by a greater loss of electrolytes compared
to water. This can occur when excessive fluid intake dilutes the
concentration of electrolytes in the body, as can happen in cases of
excessive water consumption or inappropriate administration of
hypotonic fluids during medical treatment.
Extracellular Dehydration: This type of dehydration primarily affects
the extracellular fluid compartments in the body, leading to a loss of
water and electrolytes from the interstitial fluid and blood plasma. It
often results from conditions like vomiting, diarrhea, and excessive
sweating.
Intracellular Dehydration: Intracellular dehydration occurs when there
is a loss of water from within the body's cells. It can be a result of
various factors, including inadequate fluid intake and certain medical
conditions that affect cellular hydration.

6. Dehydration by Osmotic Diuresis: This form of dehydration occurs when
certain substances in the blood, such as glucose or urea, reach elevated
levels, leading to increased excretion of water through urine. It is commonly
seen in uncontrolled diabetes (osmotic diuresis due to high blood sugar
levels) or kidney disease.
Dehydration in Specific Populations: Dehydration can also be categorized
based on specific populations, such as infant dehydration (commonly due to
diarrhea and vomiting), elderly dehydration (often due to reduced thirst
sensation), and athlete dehydration (resulting from intense physical activity
and sweat loss).

7. Causes of Dehydration
• Fever, heat exposure
• Too much exercise, or work-related activity
• Vomiting, diarrhea, and increased urination due to infection
• Diseases such as diabetes
• The inability to seek appropriate water and food
• An impaired ability to drink
• No access to safe drinking water
In addition to drinking water, the body also needs replacement of electrolytes lost with the
above-mentioned conditions, so drinking water without electrolyte replacement may not
complete the balance of water and electrolytes the body has lost.

8. Symptoms and Signs of Dehydration
Mild and
moderate
Symptoms
and signs of
dehydration
may include
the following:
Increased thirst
Dry mouth
Tired or sleepy
Decreased urine output
Urine is low volume and more yellowish than normal
Headache
Dry skin
Dizziness
Few or no tears

9. Symptoms and Signs of Dehydration
Sever Symptoms
and signs of
dehydration may
include the
following:
Severely decreased urine output or no urine output.
Dizziness or light-headedness that does not allow the person to stand or walk
normally
Blood pressure drops
Rapid heart rate
Fever
Poor skin elasticity
Lethargy, confusion, or coma
Seizure
Shock

10. Dehydration Diagnosis
• The doctor may perform a variety of simple tests at the time of examination
or send blood or urine samples to the laboratory. Through tests and
examination, the doctor will try to identify the underlying cause or causes that
led to the dehydration.
Vital signs
• Fever, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, and faster breathing
are signs of potential dehydration and other illnesses.
• Taking the pulse and BP while the person is lying down and then after standing
up for 1 minute can help determine the degree of dehydration. Normally,
when a person has been lying down and then stands up, there is a small drop
in BP for a few seconds. The heart rate speeds up, and BP returns to normal.
However, when there is not enough fluid in the blood because of dehydration
and the heart rate speeds up, not enough blood is supplied to the brain. The
brain senses this condition. The heart beats faster, and if the person is
dehydrated, they often feel dizzy and faint after standing up.

11. Urinalysis
The color and clarity of urine, the urine specific gravity (the mass of urine
urine when compared with that of equal amounts of distilled water), and
and the presence of ketones (carbon compounds - a sign the body is
dehydrated) in the urine may all help to indicate the degree of
dehydration.
Increased glucose in the urine may lead to a diagnosis of diabetes or
indicate loss of diabetic control and a cause for dehydration.
Excessive protein may signal kidney problems.
Signs of infections or other diseases, such as liver disease, may be
found.

12. Blood chemistries
The amount of salts or electrolytes (sodium, potassium, bicarbonate)
and glucose as well as indicators of kidney function (BUN and
creatinine) may be important to evaluate the degree of dehydration and
and possible causes.
A complete blood count (CBC) may be ordered if the doctor thinks an
underlying infection is causing the dehydration. Other blood tests, such
such as liver function tests, may be indicated to find causes of the
symptoms.

13. DehydrationTreatment
Treatment for dehydration in adults include
Home remedies like sipping on water; drinking
sports drinks that replace lost nutrients; cooling the body;
and removing any excess clothing from the person.
Medical treatment for dehydration in adults includes
hospitalization and replacement of fluids lost.

14. Dehydration Home Remedies
1. Sip small amounts of water.
2. Drink carbohydrate/electrolyte-containing drinks. Good
choices are sports drinks such as Gatorade or prepared
replacement solutions (Pedialyte is one example).
3. Suck on popsicles made from juices and sports drinks.

15. Try to cool the person, if there has been heat exposure or if the
person has an elevated temperature in the following ways:
1. Remove any excess clothing and loosen other clothing
2. Air-conditioned areas are best for helping return the affected
individual's body temperature to normal and break the heat
exposure cycle.
3. If air-conditioning is not available, increase cooling by
evaporation by placing the person near fans or in the shade, if
outside. Place a wet towel around the person.

16. Dehydration MedicalTreatment
• Treatment in the Emergency Department centers first on
restoring fluid (blood) volume and electrolyte, and treating
any life-threatening symptoms while also trying to
determine the underlying cause(s) of the dehydration.
• If the affected individual's core body temperature is greater
than 104 F (40 C), doctors will cool the entire body. They
may promote cooling by evaporation with mists and fans or
cooling blankets and baths.

17. Fluid replacement in moderate to severe dehydration
If there is no nausea and vomiting, fluid replacement may begin orally for
for some patients with moderate dehydration. Patients are asked to drink
drink electrolyte/carbohydrate-containing fluids along with water.
However, if there are signs of moderate to severe dehydration (elevated
(elevated resting heart rate, low B.P), fluids are generally given through an
through an IV.
If the patient's condition improves enough the patient may be sent home
home
If the patient remains dehydrated, confused, feverish, has persistently
persistently abnormal vital signs, or signs of infection, they will likely be
be admitted to the hospital for additional treatment.
Acetaminophen (for eg, Tylenol) or ibuprofen (for eg, Advil) may be used.
used. This can be given by mouth if the affected person is not vomiting or
or as a rectal suppository if they cannot take anything by mouth.

18. DEHYDRATION PREVENTION
Only YOU can tell how much water YOU need to be at your best.
WATER and not soda, not juice not sugar drinks. Pay attention to your
fluid loss and take care to replenish it as it is being lost.by the time
you feel thirsty you are already dehydrated .you want to avoid
becoming thirsty in the first place.
Pay attention to the color of your urine, dark urine is usually a
indicator that you are dehydrated. drink more water especially infants
children and elderly.
Avoid high protein diet I you are on a high protein diet make sure
drink 8 to 12 glasses of water each day.
Avoid dehydrating agents such as alcohol (including beer and wine)&
coffee, caffeine.

19. THANK YOU
!