An electrolyte balance occurs when the quantities of electrolytes gained by the body equals the amounts lost. The document discusses various electrolytes including sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. It outlines the regulation and imbalance of electrolytes, describing conditions like hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hyperkalemia. Symptoms, causes, and normal ranges are provided for different electrolyte imbalances.
fluid and electrolyte disturbance in human bodybhartisharma175
it explain about definition of fluid and electrolyte disturbance, causes and different types of fluid disturbance. diagnostic evaluation and their emergent management along with supportive management.
fluid and electrolyte disturbance in human bodybhartisharma175
it explain about definition of fluid and electrolyte disturbance, causes and different types of fluid disturbance. diagnostic evaluation and their emergent management along with supportive management.
-water balance --> body composed of about 60-70% water
-total body water-->42L, ICF --> 28L, ECF --> 14L
- water output by urine,skin,lungs,feces.
-electrolyte bALANCE , expressed as mEq/L.
-water balance --> body composed of about 60-70% water
-total body water-->42L, ICF --> 28L, ECF --> 14L
- water output by urine,skin,lungs,feces.
-electrolyte bALANCE , expressed as mEq/L.
detail description about the fluid and electrolyte balance. fluids and electrolytes needed during surgeries and during trauma are described. a note is added on acid base balance in the body
THIS SEMINAR GIVES THE BASIC OVERVIEW THAT HOW YOU CAN MANAGE THE PATIENT WHO COMES TO YOU A FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE . AND BASIC MECHANISM OF HOMEOSTASTIS
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Fluid and electrolyte balance
1. EVALUATION SEMINAR ON
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
SUBMITTED BY,
JISHNU .A
JSS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
MYSURU
+91 9995484488
2. DEFFENITION
Dynamic process Balance between body fluids and electrolytes
Attraction between ions (electrolytes) and water (fluids) causes fluids to move across
membranes and leave their compartments
ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
a chemical substance that, when dissolved in water or melted, dissociates into electrically
charged particles and thus is capable of conducting an electric current
Work with fluids to keep the body healthy and in balance
They are solutes that are found in various concentrations and measured in terms of mill
equivalent (mEq) units
Can be negatively charged (anions) or positively charged (cations)
For homeostasis body needs:
Total body ANIONS = Total body CATIONS
7. Calcium Balance
'Calcitonin,' is something that promotes bone growth and decreases calcium levels in a
person's blood.
Calcium is bound to the proteins in a person's bloodstream.
8. Potassium Balance
Potassium is most concentrated, which is inside of the cells
'Hyperkalemia,' is a potentially life-threatening condition because it causes
abnormal electrical conduction in a person's heart and potentially life-
threatening heart rhythm issues.
Hypokalemia,' is most often experienced when a person's body loses too
much potassium from things such as diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, or
medications such as laxatives or diuretics.
9.
10. Magnesium Balance
Magnesium is an electrolyte that is involved with a variety of
metabolic activities in a person's body,
Magnesium acts as a, cofactor in a number of the body's enzyme
activities.
Too little magnesium stimulates absorption from the person's
intestine and too much decreases the absorption itself.
Sodium Balance
Sodium is most often found outside the cell in the plasma of a
person's bloodstream and is a significant part of water
regulation in their body, since water goes where the sodium
does.
If there is too much sodium in a person's body, possibly due to
high salt intake in their diet, it is excreted by the person's
kidney and water follows.
11. REGULATION OF ELECTROLYTES
Electrolyte Intake
The electrolyte of greatest importance to cellular
functions release sodium, potassium, calcium,
megnisium, chloride phosphate, bicarbonate…. Etc
these ions are primerly obtained from
Foods
Water
beverages
Ordinarily a person obtains sufficient electrolytes by responding to thirst and hunger
12. Electrolyte output
The body loses some of the electrolytes perspiring during warmer days and during
strenuous exercise
Some are loses in the feces
The greatest output is as a result of
Kidney function
Urine output
13. Electrolyte output
Potassium ion concentration
increased
Adrenal cortex is signaled
Aldosterone is secreted
Renal tubules increases
reabsorption of sodium ions and
increases secretion potassium ions
Sodium ions are
conserved and
potassium ions are
excreted
14. Regulation of Fluids
Hypothalmus – Thirst receptors (osmoreceptors) continuously monitor serum
osmolarity (concentration). If it rises, thirst mechanism is triggered.
+Vasopressin (AKA ADH )– increasing H20 reabsorption
↑ Plasma osmolarity
↓saliva Osmo receptors in
hypothalamus
Dry
mouth
Hypothalamic thirst
center
Sensation of thirst:
Person takes a drink
Plasma
osmolarity
15. Regulation of Fluids
Pituitary regulation-
posterior pituitary releases ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in response to increasing serum
osmolarity. Causes renal tubules to retain H20.
Thirst is a late sign of water deficit
Renal regulation-
Nephron receptors sense decreased pressure (low osmolarity) and kidney secretes
RENIN.
Renin – Angiotensin I – Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II causes Na and H20 retention by kidneys and Stimulates Adrenal Cortex
to secrete Aldosterone which causes kidneys to excrete K and retain Na and H20
16.
17. ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
Electrolyte imbalance is the state in which the serum concentrations of an
electrolyte that are either higher or lower than normal.
Electrolytes refer to minerals that include calcium, chloride, magnesium,
phosphate, potassium, and sodium. They are present in your blood, body
fluids, and urine. They are ingested with food, drink, and medicines and
supplements.
19. Hypernatriemia [Na+ ≥ 145mEq]
It is a common electrolyte problem that is defined as a rise in serum
sodium concentration to a value exceeding 145 mmol/L.
It is strictly defined as a hyperosmolar condition caused by a decrease in
total body water (TBW) relative to electrolyte content. Hypernatremia is a
“water problem,” not a problem of sodium homeostasis.
21. Hyponatriemia [Na+ ≤
135mEq]
The normal serum sodium level is 135-145 mEq/L. Hyponatremia is
defined as a serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L. Joint European
guidelines classify hyponatremia in adults according to serum sodium
concentration, as follows :
Mild: 130-134 mmol/L
Moderate: 125-129 mmol/L
Profound: <125 mmol/L
23. Hypokalemia ( K+ <3.5 mEq/L)
Decrease in K+ causes decreased excitability of cells, there for cells are less responsible with
normal stimuli
Normal potassium levels are between 3.5 and 5.0 mmol/L (3.5 and 5.0 mEq/L) with
levels below 3.5 mmol/L defined as hypokalemia.
Indications
o Feeling tired
o Leg cramps
o Weakness
o constipation
o It increases the risk of an abnormal heart rhythm such
as bradycardia and cardiac arrest.
24.
25. Hyperkalemia (K+ > 5.0mEq/L)
Increase in potassium causes increase in the excitability of the cell
Indications
26. Hypocalcemia ( Caᶻ+ < 2.1 mEq/L)
Hypocalcemia is low calcium levels in the blood serum
The normal range is 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L)
with levels less than 2.1 mmol/L defined as hypocalcemia.
Common causes
Hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency
Kidney failure
Pancreatitis
Calcium channel blocker overdose
27. Hypercalcemia ( Caᶻ+ > 2.6 mEq/L)
Hypercalcemia is a high calcium (Ca2+) level in the blood serum.
The normal range is 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L)
The levels greater than 2.6 mmol/L defined as hypercalcemia.
Those with a mild increase that has developed slowly typically have no symptoms.
Rapid onset symptoms may include
Abdominal pain, bone pain Confusion,
depression, weakness
kidney stones , or an abnormal heart rhythm including cardiac arrest
28. MCQ A patient presents with thirst, dry skin and mouth, and decreased urine output. What
diagnosis would you suspect?
A. Hypocalcemia
B. Fluid Volume Excess
C. Fluid Volume Deficit .
D. Hyperkalemia
C. Fluid Volume Deficit
Which electrolyte is the major intracellular ion?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Magnesium
D. Calcium
B. Potassium
29. Which of the following is not a function of Fluids?
A. Engulfing dead cells
B. Excretion of waste products
C. Regulation of body temp
D. Transportation of nutrients, electrolytes, and O to the cells
A. Engulfing dead cells
Which value falls within the normal range for sodium?
A. 148 mmol/L
B. 142 mmol/L
C. 160 mmol/L
D. 120 mmol/L
B. 142 mmol/L {normal range is btn 135-145 mmol/L}
30. Fever, Restless (irritation), Increased fluid retention, Edema, Decreased urine are the symptoms
of which electrolyte deficiency ?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
C. Hypernatremia
What is the normal range for potassium?
A. 120-190 mmol/L
B. 3.5-5 mmol/L
C. 8.5-10 mmol/L
D. 2.6-5mmol/L
B.) 3.5-5 mmol/L
