This document discusses probability and random phenomena. It defines key probability concepts like sample space, events, operations on events like union and intersection, and uses examples like coin flips, dice rolls, and surveys to illustrate these concepts. Probability theory studies random or uncertain outcomes through experimental analysis and mathematical calculations. Making predictions in areas like weather, games of chance, and economics involves modeling random systems and uncertainties.
PROBABILITYAND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
Session 2.2
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Motivation for Studying Chance
Sample StatisticEstimatesPopulation Parameter
e.g. Sample Mean X= 50estimatesPopulation Mean m
Questions:
1.
How do we assess the reliability of our estimate?
2.
What is an adequate sample size? [ We would expect a large sample to give better estimates. Large samples more costly.]
Session 2.3
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
An Approach to Solve the Questions
If sample was chosen through chance processes, we have to understand the notion of probability and sampling distribution.
Session 2.4
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
To introduce probability….
◼
Random experiment
◼
Sample space
◼
Event as subset of sample space
◼
Likelihood of an event to occur -probability of an event
Session 2.5
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Features of a Random Experiment
◼
All outcomes are known in advance.
◼
The outcome of any one trial is unpredictable.
◼
Trials are repeatable under identical conditions.
Session 2.6
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
EXAMPLES
◼
Rolling a die and observing the number of dots on the upturned face
◼
Tossing a one-peso coin and observing the upturned face
◼
Measuring the height of a student enrolled this term
Session 2.7
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
SAMPLE SPACE
◼
It is a set such that each element denotes an outcome of a random experiment.
◼
Any performance of the experiment results in an outcome that corresponds to exactly one and only one element.
◼
It is usually denoted by S.
Session 2.8
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
ILLUSTRATION
Rolling a die and observing the number of dots on the upturned face
S={ , , , , , }
S={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Session 2.9
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
EVENT
◼
A subset of the sample space
◼
Usually denoted by capital letters like E, Aor B
◼
Observance of the elements of the subset implies the occurrence of the event
◼
Can either be classified as simple or compound event
Session 2.10
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
ILLUSTRATION
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
An event of observing odd-number of dots in a roll of a die
E1= { 1, 3, 5}
An event of observing even-number of dots in a roll of a die
E2= { 2, 4, 6}
Session 2.11
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Visualizing Events
◼ Contingency Tables
◼ Tree Diagrams
Red 2 24 26
Black 2 24 26
Total 4 48 52
Ace Not Ace Total
Full
Deck
of Cards
Red Cards
Black
Cards
Not an Ace
Ace
Ace
Not an Ace
Session 2.12
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Mutually Exclusive Events
Two events are mutuallyexclusiveif one and only one of them can occur at a time.
Example:
Coin toss: either a head or a tail, but not both. The events head and tail are mutually exclusive.
Session 2.13
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
▪
The numerical measure of the likelihood that an event will occur
▪
Between 0 and 1
Note: Sum of the probabilities of all mutually exclusive and collective exhaustive events is 1
Certain
Impossible
0.5
1
0
PROBABILITY
Session 2.14
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Assigning Probabilities
◼
Subjective
confident student views chances of passing a course to
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PROBABILITYAND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
Session 2.2
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Motivation for Studying Chance
Sample StatisticEstimatesPopulation Parameter
e.g. Sample Mean X= 50estimatesPopulation Mean m
Questions:
1.
How do we assess the reliability of our estimate?
2.
What is an adequate sample size? [ We would expect a large sample to give better estimates. Large samples more costly.]
Session 2.3
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
An Approach to Solve the Questions
If sample was chosen through chance processes, we have to understand the notion of probability and sampling distribution.
Session 2.4
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
To introduce probability….
◼
Random experiment
◼
Sample space
◼
Event as subset of sample space
◼
Likelihood of an event to occur -probability of an event
Session 2.5
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Features of a Random Experiment
◼
All outcomes are known in advance.
◼
The outcome of any one trial is unpredictable.
◼
Trials are repeatable under identical conditions.
Session 2.6
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
EXAMPLES
◼
Rolling a die and observing the number of dots on the upturned face
◼
Tossing a one-peso coin and observing the upturned face
◼
Measuring the height of a student enrolled this term
Session 2.7
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
SAMPLE SPACE
◼
It is a set such that each element denotes an outcome of a random experiment.
◼
Any performance of the experiment results in an outcome that corresponds to exactly one and only one element.
◼
It is usually denoted by S.
Session 2.8
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
ILLUSTRATION
Rolling a die and observing the number of dots on the upturned face
S={ , , , , , }
S={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Session 2.9
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
EVENT
◼
A subset of the sample space
◼
Usually denoted by capital letters like E, Aor B
◼
Observance of the elements of the subset implies the occurrence of the event
◼
Can either be classified as simple or compound event
Session 2.10
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
ILLUSTRATION
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
An event of observing odd-number of dots in a roll of a die
E1= { 1, 3, 5}
An event of observing even-number of dots in a roll of a die
E2= { 2, 4, 6}
Session 2.11
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Visualizing Events
◼ Contingency Tables
◼ Tree Diagrams
Red 2 24 26
Black 2 24 26
Total 4 48 52
Ace Not Ace Total
Full
Deck
of Cards
Red Cards
Black
Cards
Not an Ace
Ace
Ace
Not an Ace
Session 2.12
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Mutually Exclusive Events
Two events are mutuallyexclusiveif one and only one of them can occur at a time.
Example:
Coin toss: either a head or a tail, but not both. The events head and tail are mutually exclusive.
Session 2.13
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
▪
The numerical measure of the likelihood that an event will occur
▪
Between 0 and 1
Note: Sum of the probabilities of all mutually exclusive and collective exhaustive events is 1
Certain
Impossible
0.5
1
0
PROBABILITY
Session 2.14
TEACHING BASIC STATISTICS
Assigning Probabilities
◼
Subjective
confident student views chances of passing a course to
Hello our respected institutions and faculties
if you want to buy Editable materials (6 to 12th/Foundation/JEE/NEET/CET) for your institution
Contact me ... 8879919898
*CBSE 6 TO 10 TOPICWISE PER CHAPTER 100 QUESTION WITH ANSWER MATHEMATICS & SCIENCE & SST (Biology,Physics,Chemistry & Social studies)* Editable ms word
# *Neet/JEE(MAINS) PCMB*
# *IIT ( advance) PCM*
# *CET (PCMB) level with Details solutions*
(All jee,neet,advance,cet mcq's Count 1 lakh 50k ) data of all subjects*
*TOPICWISE WISE DPP PCMB NEW PATTERN AVILABLE*
Or also study material for *neet and jee* and *foundation* new Material with solutions
Like
*👉🏽Foundation( Class 6th to 10th) Editable Material Latest Available 👇..*
1. VMC - All Subjects
2. Carrer Point(Kota) - All Subjects
3. Bansal Classes - All Subjects
4. Narayana - All Subjects
5. Mentors - All Subjects
6. Brilliants - All Subjects
7. Resonance - All Subjects
8. Motioniitjee - All Subjects
9. Rao(Kota) - All Subjects
10. Insight - All Subjects
11. Allen - All Subjects
12. FITJEE - All Subjects
13. Abhyas Gurukul - All Subject
14. Parth Ashram - All Subject
Many Other+++
*👉🏽All IIT-JEE & NEET Coachings Editable 📚Study Material Latest Available..👇🏼*
1. Narayana - PCMB
2. Etoos India - PCMB
3. Brilliant- PCM
4.Career Point(Kota) - PCMB
5. Bansal - PCMB
6. Resonance - PCMB
7. Sri Chaitanya - PCM
8. Aakash(Delhi) - PCMB
9. Fitjee - PCM
10. Mastermind - PCMB
11. Mentors - PCB
12. Allen - PCMB
13. Plancess - PCMB
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15. Motioniitjee - PCM
16. Nishith - PCM
17. Arride (Kota) - PCM
18. Rao IIT Acad. - PCM
19. Pulse - PCB
20. Abhyas Gurukul - PCMB
21. Drona - PCMB
22. Active Site - PCMB
23. Vision - PCM
24. Parth Ashram - PCMB
25. Brainsmiths - PCM
26. Infinite - PCM
27. Ekalavya - PCM
28. Trick Based - PCM
...
& Many Other Institute Complete Material Available ++.. Also Editable Books 📚 Available
⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️
👉 *Teaching Notes & PPTs (PCMB Editable) are Available in colourful*
**New material Exchange offer also available **
*Those who want Pls contact us...*
or also have {All Etoos, Akash(i-tutor) Digital, Allen, NeetPrep Digital, neuclion, Neuclius Education ,Plancess, SSC, Airforce, CAT, GATE IIT-JAM, NIMCET, IAS pre + mains (RAS Pre + Mains), UPTET,CTET,STET, vedio lacture *(also KG TO 12th Animated video Lecture Language English & Hindi)*} contact with us........👇
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
5. ¿Quien Ganara la Vacante?
Voto
Criterios personales
Conocimientos
Pruebas
Gana quien tenga mas posibilidades en
todos los aspectos
6. En la teoría de probabilidad se llama EXPERIMENTO a la
actividad que produce un evento o suceso.
7. Espacio Muestral
Es el conjunto de todos los posibles resultados de interés de un
experimento dado, y se le denota normalmente mediante la letra .
Experimento Espacio Muestral
={ C, S}
2 resultados posibles
= { 1,2,3,4,5,6}
= { 1,2,3,4,5 …10}
A = {1,2,3,5}
B={1,3,5}
A ∩B ={1,3,5}
A UB ={1,2,3,5}
A’= Ac
A’={4,6}
8. Evento Seguro: Se verifica después del
experimento, corresponde a los
elementos del espacio muestral
=S n()=
Evento Imposible: No se verifica como
resultado del experimento aleatorio,
la única posibilidad es que el evento
imposible sea el conjunto vacío.
{ } C
Evento Compuesto: Es el evento E que
contiene más de un punto muestral de
, por tanto
A={Lanzar una moneda}
B={Lanzar un dado}
A U B es compuesto
Evento Complementario: El
Complemento de A, son todos aquellos
elementos que están por fuera del
mismo.
s tal que
c
A s A
=
Evento Simple: hay
uno solo elemento
derivado del
espacio muestral
9. La
Cardinalidad
#
Definida como el
numero de elementos
que tiene un evento.
Si se lanza dos monedas
={cc,cs,sc,ss } #( )=4
A = {1,2,3,5}
#(A) = 4
= { 1,2,3,4,5,6}
# =6
10. Hoy recibimos 445 pruebas negativas de
#Covid_19 y 248 positivas así: Villavicencio
(227), Granada (6), Acacías (3), Restrepo (3),
Puerto López (3), Fuentedeoro (2), Castilla la
Nueva (2), Puerto Gaitán (1) y Vista Hermosa
(1). Además 45 recuperados, 31
hospitalizados, 36 en UCI y 5 fallecidos.
#NoBajemosLaGuardia.
11. Ω = { (S,S,S), (S,S,C), (S,C,S), (C,S,S),
(C,C,S), (C,S,C), (S,C,C), (C,C,C) }
#(Ω) = 8, es el evento seguro.
C
C
C
S
S
S
Evento simple:
B:Que salgan tres sellos;
B ={ (S,S,S) } , #(B) = 1
Evento Simple:
E: Que salgan al menos dos sellos;
E = { (S,S,S), (S,S,C), (S,C,S), (C,S,S) },
#(E) = 4
S
S
C
S
C
S
C
C Evento compuesto
BUE=E
B ∩E ={S,S,S}
E’ ={ (C,C,S), (C,S,C), (S,C,C), (C,C,C) }
13. 3950 personas
Vamos a medir la
audiencia en
televisión
1500 vieron
debate
2100 película
350 Hicieron
otra cosa
Tabla de doble entrada
14. OPERACIÓN EXPRESION DESCRIPCION
UNION A B Unión de eventos originales: es el
evento que sucede si y solo si A sucede
o B sucede o ambos suceden
INTERSECCION A B Intersección de los eventos originales,
es el evento que sucede si y sólo si A y
B suceden simultáneamente.
DIFERENCIA A - B La diferencia de los eventos originales
A y B, es el evento que sucede solo en
A pero no en B.
Complemento A´, Ac , ҧ
𝐴 El complemento corresponden a
aquellos elementos que no están en A
pero que están en el espacio muestral.
15. Gráficamente estas operaciones se pueden representar a través de
los diagramas de Venn. Sea Ω el espacio muestral y A y B eventos
tal que A, B Ω gráficamente se puede expresar como:
Ω
A B
Ω
A B
16.
17. A un festival artístico asistieron 150 personas, de
las cuales 80 cantan, 60 bailan, 30 no cantan ni
bailan
¿Cuántas cantan y bailan?
21. Dr. Jorge Alejandro Obando Bastidas
Email: Jorge.obandob@campusucc.edu.co
El virus se comporta aleatoriamente, usted no sabe,
como, cuando y donde puede contagiarse. Quedarse en
casa es la mejor forma de protegernos