This document summarizes key differences between plant and animal cells and describes some important cellular processes. It discusses three main points: 1. It compares the basic structures of plant and animal cells, noting that plant cells have cell walls and are generally larger while animal cells do not have cell walls. 2. It describes two main types of transport across the plasma membrane - passive transport which moves down concentration gradients and requires no energy, and active transport which moves against gradients and requires energy from carrier proteins. 3. It explains the stages of mitosis and cell division, including interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and notes that mitosis produces two daughter cells with identical

2. Plant Cell Animal Cell
1. Usually larger with distinct outlines
and a definite cell wall
1. Basically smaller with less distinct
boundaries and no definite wall
2. With thin lining of cytoplasm
with large food vacuole.
2. Consist almost entirely of
cytoplasm. Food vacuoles are
usually small and not permanent.
3. Covered with cell wall that
consist of cellulose.
3. With no definite cell wall and do
not have cellulose.

3. Parts of a typical Animal Cell

4. Cellular process
One of the dynamic tasks of any cell is to
move materials in and out of the cell across the
plasma membrane.
INSIDE;
Intracellular fluid- the inner pool of water,
nutrients, and other molecules.
Extra cellular- cells need to exchange materials
between these two fluids to survive

5. 1. Passive transport- requires no extra energy,
materials move down gradients.
Simple discussion- is the tendency of materials to move
from areas of high to low concentration. Dynamic equilibrium
where molecules are still in motion, but no concentration
gradient exists.
Carrier-facilitated discussion- is the movement of
molecules that are large or electrically charged across
membranes facilitated by carrier molecules. This carriers are
proteins collectively called permissive embedded in the
plasma membrane.
Osmosis- is the movement of water through a selectively
permeable water.

6. Balance of Intracellular and
Extracellular Solutes and Solvents;
Solute refers to that substance which is dissolved (suspended) in
another medium.
Solvent refers to the medium into which the solute is dissolved.
Isotonic to their medium – there is the same concentration inside
the cell as outside.
hypotonic – the fluid outside has a higher concentration of water
molecules than inside the cell so water will flow into the cell.
turgor pressure- the water that moves into plant cell causes the
organelles to be pushed against the rigid cell walls and exerting a
pressure.
Hypertonic-If cells are in an environment with a higher
concentration of salts outside water tends to move out of the cells.

7. 2. Active Transport-. requires energy; typically
movement of materials against the concentration
gradients
a. Active transport may involve molecules or larger
particle. Molecules are usually transported across
membranes by carrier proteins in the lipid bilayer; they
act like pumps. One of the most important is the
sodium/potassium exchange pump.
b. Larger particles are actively transported by an out
pocketing in the pocketing of the plasma membrane. In
pocketing is called endocytosis. Exocytosis is out of
pocketing of the plasma membrane.

8. Other Special Cell Process
1. Plasmolysis- is the shrinking of the cell’s
cytoplasm by osmosis due to loss of protoplasm.
2. Hydration- is the entrance or adding of water to the
living cell resulting to the bulging of the cell.
3. Pinocytosis- means “cell drinking” certain amount
of liquid are taken by the cell.
4. Phagocytosis- means “cell eating” solid particles
are ingested by the cell.

9. Cell Reproduction
Mitosis is the division of nucleus divides to
produce two nuclei having the same number of
chromosomes with the parents nucleus. This occurs
only in the somatic cells.
The process dividing of the of the cytoplasm is called is
called cytokinesis. The process involved in the cell
division of somatic cells is called Mitotic Cell Division.
The process is divided into several stages;
Interphase, prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,
Telophase, and back to Interphase.

10. The Stages and Basic Description
interphase The phase of a cell’s life cycle in which DNA is repeated
Prophase
The phase of mitosis in which the duplicate chromosomes
condense, the nuclear envelope dissolves, and centrioles
divide and move to opposite ends of the cell.
Metaphase
The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up at
the equator (the central plane) of the cell.
Anaphase
The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes begin to
separates.
Telophase
The last phase of mitosis, when the chromosomes migrate
to opposite ends of the cell, two new nuclear envelopes
form, and the chromosomes uncoil.

11. Microtubules are tiny filaments that are active in
mitosis.
 Centrioles are paired cylindrical organelles,
arranged at right angle to each other, located at the
center of a microtubule.
Centromeres are the constricted regions of a nuclear
chromosomes which are microfibers attach to the
centromere during mitosis.
Chromosomes are structures in the nucleus that
contain DNA molecules that contain the genes.

12. Stages of mitosis of an animal cell

13. Meiosis occurs in the cell of the
reproductive organs, the ovary for female
and testis for male; during the formation and
maturation of gametes where in there is the
reduction division of the number of
chromosomes. The process of the sex cell
maturation is gametogenesis.

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