- The cell is the fundamental unit of life and all living things are made up of one or more cells. Key scientists like Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, and Schwann contributed to the development of the cell theory. - There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which are simpler bacterial cells that lack membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells which are more complex cells found in plants and animals that do contain organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria. - Cell division allows organisms to grow and reproduce as cells replicate through mitosis, where the genetic material is copied and divided between two daughter cells maintaining the same number of chromosomes.

1. Fundamental Unit of Life: Cell
Submitted by: Shayoni Guha
Class :IX
Subject :Biology
Submitting to :Sachin Sir

2. Introduction
• Cell is the structural and functional unit of life or all living
organisms.
• Robert Hooke discovered cell from cork and also coined the term
cell.
• Antony Van Leeuwenhoek observed micro-organisms in water.
• M.J. Schleiden proposed that all plants are made up of cells.
• T.Schwann proposed that all animals are also made up of cell.
• Rudolf Virchow postulated that cells arise from pre-existing cell.

3. Cell Theory
Cells are the building blocks of organisms.
Although cells share common characteristics, there are many different kinds of cells
that specialise in specific functions. For example: Nerve cells, blood cells, etc…
However, there are two distinctive types of cell:
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

4. Prokaryotic
Bacteria Archaea
A prokaryote is a relatively simple, single-celled organism that lacks
membrane-bound organelles.

5. FungiProtoctista
PlantAnimal
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic cells form more complex organisms, such as animals, and feature
membrane-bound organelles.

6. Eukaryotic cells
Part Function
Nucleus Contains genetic material
Cytoplasm Where chemical reactions take place
Membrane Controls flow of substances in and out of the cell
Mitochondria The cell’s powerhouse
Ribosomes Where protein synthesis takes place
Additional parts in plant cells
Part Function
Cell Wall Strengthens the cell
Chloroplasts Contain chlorophyll, needed for photosynthesis
Permanent Vacuole Store chemicals and contribute to rigidity

7. Cell Division
New cells arise from existing cells. This happens through a process that leads to cell
division, where an existing cell divides to produce two daughter cells.
•Chromosomes
duplicate and the
copies remain
attached to each
other.
Interphase
•In the nucleus,
chromosomes
condense and
become visible.
•In the cytoplasm,
the spindle forms.
Prophase
•The nuclear
membrane breaks
apart, and the spindle
starts to interact with
the chromosomes.
Prometaphase
•The copied
chromosomes
align in the middle
of the spindle
Metaphase •Chromosomes
separate into two
genetically
identical groups
and move to the
opposite ends of
the spindle
Anaphase
•Nuclear membranes
from around each of
the two sets of
chromosomes. The
chromosomes begin
to spread out, and
the spindle begins to
break down.
Telophase
There are three types of cell division: Binary Fission, Mitosis and Meiosis, with the diagram
below showing the phases of mitosis.
Daughter Cell
Daughter Cell
•The cell splits into two
daughter cells, each with
the same number of
chromosomes as the
parent.

8. Thank you