Cell Transportation and The Cell Cycle
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1. Cellular transport occurs through passive or active methods. Passive transport relies on diffusion or facilitates diffusion down a concentration gradient, while active transport requires energy to move substances against a gradient. 2. The cell cycle involves interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis to duplicate a cell's contents and divide it into two daughter cells. During interphase, the cell grows and copies its DNA. Mitosis then divides the nucleus and chromosomes. Cytokinesis finally divides the cytoplasm. 3. Factors like diffusion limits, DNA and organelle replication needs, and surface area to volume ratios constrain cell size, requiring cell division for growth. Cancer results from uncontrolled cell division leading to tumors that can metastasize.
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1. Cell membranes are selectively permeable and use passive and active transport to regulate what enters and exits cells. Passive transport uses diffusion or facilitated diffusion and requires no energy.
2. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient and requires energy. It includes protein pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
3. Osmosis is passive transport of water through membranes. It causes cells to swell or shrink depending if the solution is hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic relative to the cell. Organisms use various mechanisms to regulate osmotic balance.
Cell
This document discusses the structure and organelles of the cell. It describes the cell theory that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. It then explains the structure and functions of the major organelles in eukaryotic cells, including the nucleus that contains DNA, ribosomes that produce proteins, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus that process proteins, mitochondria that generate energy, and the cell membrane that regulates what enters and exits the cell. It also covers cellular processes like diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
Mitosis
- Cells divide through the process of mitosis in order to grow, repair, or replace damaged cells. Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells that each receive a complete set of chromosomes.
- The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase, where the cell divides into two daughter cells through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, followed by cytokinesis.
- Mitosis ensures that each daughter cell receives the full complement of genetic material from the parent cell, allowing organisms to grow and maintain healthy tissues through cell replacement.
Mitosis
- Cells divide through the process of mitosis in order to grow, repair, or replace damaged cells. Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells that each receive a complete set of chromosomes.
- The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase, where the cell divides into two daughter cells through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, followed by cytokinesis.
- Mitosis ensures that each daughter cell receives the full complement of genetic material from the parent cell, allowing organisms to grow and maintain healthy tissues through cell replacement.
Mitosis
The document discusses cell division and the cell cycle. It explains that cells divide through a process called mitosis in order to grow, repair, or replace damaged cells. Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells through four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The majority of a cell's lifespan is spent in interphase, which prepares the cell for division and consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases. Cell division allows organisms to grow larger as they gain more cells over time.
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1. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm or egg cells, with half the normal amount of chromosomes. This allows for genetic variation when gametes from two individuals fuse during fertilization.
2. Meiosis occurs in two phases. During the first phase, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over.
3. The second phase is similar to mitosis, producing four haploid daughter cells each with one set of chromosomes derived from the original parent cell.
Chapter 5 ps
This document discusses simple machines and their uses. It defines six types of simple machines: lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, screw, and wedge. For each machine it explains how it works and provides examples. It also covers concepts like work, energy, power, mechanical advantage, efficiency, and how machines conserve energy. Simple machines allow us to do work more easily by reducing the amount of force needed.
Biology Ch 1
The document discusses key concepts in biology including the definition of biology as the study of life. It defines organisms and lists the characteristics of living things. It also defines species and discusses the difference between a hypothesis and a theory. The scientific method is introduced as a process used to gather information and solve problems through observation, research, developing a hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, conclusions, and repetition to verify findings. Key parts of an experiment like the experimental set-up, control set-up, independent variable, dependent variable, and constants are defined. Finally, it distinguishes between qualitative and quantitative types of information and introduces the International System of Measurements.
Chapter 7 Physical science
1. Atoms contain negatively charged electrons that orbit the positively charged nucleus, which contains positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons.
2. Static electricity occurs when an object gains an excess of electrons or protons, causing it to become charged. Charged objects exert forces on other charged objects, attracting or repelling them.
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Chapter 9 Biology I
ATP is the energy storing molecule in cells. [1] It releases energy quickly whenever a cell needs it. [2] Photosynthesis uses sunlight to produce ATP, oxygen, and glucose from carbon dioxide and water. [3] It occurs in chloroplasts and has two stages - the light-dependent reaction produces ATP and NADPH, while the light-independent Calvin cycle uses these to produce glucose.
Chapter 4 - Energy
Thermal energy is energy from heat. Electrical energy is a flow of electrons. Chemical energy is stored in chemical bonds like in food and gasoline. Radiant energy comes from the sun. Kinetic energy depends on an object's mass and speed and is measured in Joules. Potential energy includes elastic potential from stretching/compressing, chemical potential from chemical bonds, and gravitational potential from height. Mechanical energy is the total kinetic and potential energy in a system. Energy can change forms but is conserved according to the law of conservation of energy.
Chapter 7 Notes - Cells
The document discusses the basic structures and functions of cells. It describes the different types of microscopes used to view cells, including light microscopes, scanning electron microscopes, and transmission electron microscopes. It then outlines the cell theory and defines cells as the basic units of life. The two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic - are introduced, with eukaryotic cells having membrane-bound organelles. Key cellular structures like the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and others are then defined along with their basic functions.
Chapter 3 Physical Science
The document discusses Newton's laws of motion and how force, mass and acceleration are related. It explains that greater force leads to greater acceleration, while greater mass leads to decreased acceleration. It also covers friction, gravity, momentum and collisions.
Chapter 4 Biology
The document discusses different types of population growth patterns including exponential and logistic growth. It explains that populations are controlled by limiting factors which can be density dependent like disease or density independent like natural disasters. Predator-prey relationships experience cycles in population growth. Carrying capacity is the maximum population an area can sustain. Life history patterns include rapid reproduction with short lifespans or slow reproduction with long lifespans.
Chapter 2 Biology
The document summarizes key concepts in ecology. It discusses the biosphere and levels of biological organization. It describes biotic and abiotic factors, ecosystems, niches, communities, populations, and species. It explains habitats, symbiosis, and how organisms obtain energy. It outlines food chains, webs, and ecological pyramids. Finally, it briefly discusses nutrient, water, nitrogen, and carbon cycles.
Chapter 2 Physical Science
- Relative motion occurs when an object's position changes relative to a reference point. Distance is how far an object moves while displacement is the distance and direction from the starting point.
- Speed is the distance traveled per unit of time. Average speed is the total distance divided by total time. Instantaneous speed is the speed at a given moment. Motion over time can be shown on a distance-time graph.
- Velocity includes both speed and direction. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity and occurs when an object changes its speed or direction. Forces can cause changes in an object's motion.
Chapter 15 Notes
1. The document discusses key concepts of evolution including natural selection, Darwin's theory, adaptations, fitness, artificial selection, and evidence that supports evolution such as homologous structures, fossils, and DNA similarities.
2. It also covers speciation, reproductive isolation through behavioral, geographic and temporal means, and forms of natural selection like sexual selection.
3. Finally, it defines convergent and divergent evolution, with convergent evolution creating analogous structures and divergent evolution creating homologous structures through genetic drift.
Chapter 11 Notes - Biology I
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is made up of nucleotides with a phosphate group, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases. DNA replicates through the process of DNA replication in which the double helix unwinds and enzymes add complementary bases to each strand. During protein production, information from DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated by ribosomes to produce proteins made of amino acid chains. Mutations can occur through changes in single base pairs or the structure of chromosomes and can be caused by mutagens like radiation, chemicals, or heat.
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