This document provides information about plant cell structure and function. It describes the various organelles found in plant cells, including the cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts, central vacuole, and cytoskeleton. It also explains how substances move in and out of cells through diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. The process of cell division through mitosis and cytokinesis is summarized.

1.  NAME:- HITARTHSINH.D.SOLANKI.
 ROLL. NO.:- 55.
 EXAM NO:- 52.
 B.PHARM:- SEM-1.
 SUBJECT:- LIBRARY ASSINGMENT.

3.  All plants are composed of cells.
 Angiosperms are complex multicellular
organisms composed of many different
types of cells.

4.  Found surrounding plants cells not animal
cells
 Surrounds all the other parts of the cell
(other parts called the protoplast)
 Plant cell walls may consist of one or two
layers called primary and secondary wall
 Middle Lamella is a layer of sticky material
between walls of adjacent cells

5.  All of the plant cell enclosed by the cell
wall.
 It consists of the nucleus plus the
cytoplasm
 Cytoplasm contains a variety of organelles
- each with a specific function

6. Nucleolus
Cell Wall
Ribosome

7.  Cell Wall -- Support and protection
 Plasma Membrane -- Regulates passage of
materials into and out of cell
 Nucleus -- Control center of cell, directs protein
synthesis and cell reproduction
 Nucleolus -- Ribosome formation
 Ribosomes -- Protein synthesis
 Endoplasmic Reticulum -- Transport and protein
synthesis (rough ER)

9.  Golgi apparatus -- Processing and packaging of
proteins, secretion
 Mitochondrion -- Cellular respiration
 Chloroplast -- Photosynthesis
 Leucoplast -- Storage, especially starch
 Chromoplast -- Imparts color
 Central Vacuole -- Storage of various
substances
 Cytoskeleton -- Cell support and shape
 Plasmadesma -- Movement of materials
between cells

10.  The outermost layer of the protoplast
 Composed of lipids (phospholipids) and
proteins.
 Acts as a permeability barrier allowing
some molecules to pass but not others

11. ProteinsLipid bilayer

12.  Cells constantly exchange materials with
their environment. One way this occurs is
by diffusion.
 Diffusion is the movement of particles or
molecules from areas of higher
concentration to lower concentration.

13.  Diffusion also occurs within living
organisms, but the membranes present
barriers to this movement of molecules.
 Membranes are differentially permeable.
They permit the diffusion of some
molecules, but present a barrier to the
passage of other molecules.

14.  The diffusion of water across cell
membranes is called osmosis.
 Water can move freely through
membranes.
 The direction the water molecules move is
dependent upon the relative
concentrations of substances on either
side of the membrane, moving from high
concentration to low

15.  Diffusion take place when molecules
move along a concentration gradient.
 Cells can also move substances against
a concentration gradient
• Called active transport
• Requires energy by the cell
• Membrane proteins transport these substances
across the membrane

16.  All living organisms are composed of cells -
cells are the basic unit of life.
 Plant cells are eukaryotic having an
organized nucleus and membrane bound
organelles.
 Substances can move in and out of cells
by diffusion and osmosis or be carried in
or out by active transport.

17. The life of an
actively dividing cell
can be described in
terms of a cycle
which is the time
from the beginning
of one division to the
beginning of the next
Cell Division

18.  Mitosis - two exact copies of the nucleus
result from a process known as mitosis.
 Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm,
usually occurs during the later stages of
mitosis.

19.  Each chromosome is
composed of two
identical chromatids.
 The chromatids are
joined at the
centromere
Chromatids

20.  The production of new cells through cell
division enables plants to grow, repair
wounds, and regenerate lost cells.
 Cell division can lead to the production of
new genetically identical individuals or
clones. This type of reproduction is known
as asexual reproduction.
 Many crops are propagated asexually and
are gentically identical