The document discusses defensive driving techniques to avoid accidents. It outlines various causes of road accidents such as insufficient lighting, bad weather, defects in the road, stray animals, and mechanical or human errors. Specific human errors discussed include faults by pedestrians, passengers, two-wheeler drivers, and other vehicle drivers. Locations where accidents commonly occur like road junctions, curves, and overtaking are examined. Defensive driving tips are provided for these situations such as slowing down, looking both ways, and maintaining proper distance between vehicles.

1. Dr N.Sabaapathy

2. DEFENSIVE DRIVING Dr N.Sabaapathy Principal NIMS

3. Defensive Driving To Learn the defensive driving we must know the causes of the accidents. Difference between accidents and crashes Benefits of accident free driving

4. Benefit of accident free driving Delay can be avoided, we can be in time Vehicle damage and repairs to such vehicles can be avoided Injuries, loss of human parts and / or loss of life can be avoided. Unnecessary litigations can be avoided Need not pay heavy compensation to victims

5. Causes of road accidents Insufficient Light Bad weather condition Defect in the road Stray animals coming to the road Mechanical failure of our vehicle Mechanical failure of other vehicle

6. Causes of road accidents contd… Fault of pedestrian Fault of Passenger Fault of coworker like conductor or cleaner Fault of two wheeler driver Fault of our vehicle driver Fault of other vehicle driver

7. Insufficient Light Dawn and dusk (The time at which daylight first begins The darker stage of twilight(diffused light), especially in the evening) Raining time Night driving without head light

8. Bad weather condition Rainy season Mist and fog

9. Defect in the road A curve where we are not able to see the vehicle coming in the opposite direction Defect in road surface Road repair materials stacked on the road side Platforms are occupied by shopkeepers and pedestrians have to come to road

10. Animals coming to road Goats and sheep Cows and calves Buffalos Pigs Dogs

12. Fault of pedastrian Crossing the road suddenly in any place Walking on the road in the same direction of the vehicle Not using the platform, over bridge or subway Crossing the road immediately after getting down from a vehicle

15. Fault of passenger Boarding or alighting from a moving bus Keeping hand or head outside the window Standing near or in the steps Sitting on the roof of bus

18. Fault of two wheeler drivers Not showing signal and turning Taking more number of persons in the vehicle Taking heavy luggage or bigger items in the vehicle Taking long items like ladder In the vehicle Driving at unmanageable speed

20. Fault of drivers Not obeying traffic rules Driving at higher speed Careless driving

22. Where and when accidents occur In road junctions In curves In straight roads When overtaking a vehicle While taking reverse While starting or stopping the vehicle When it is parked

23. In road junctions Stop, look on both sides and then proceed While entering a state highway or National highway While driving in the state highway or NH (slow down, look &proceed)

24. In curves Curve is a curve whether it is slight curve or otherwise In all the places (curves) slow down the vehicle, drive carefully on the left side of the road only and don’t forget to give way for the vehicle coming in the opposite direction

25. In straight roads Don’t follow another vehicle too closely Give sufficient gap between your vehicle and the vehicle going before you When you are driving the vehicle at a high speed you must give more gap

26. Taking reverse Without the help of an assistant, cleaner or the conductor do not take reverse yourself

27. Overtaking a vehicle Inform your intention of overtaking by making sound horn Other vehicle driver should give permission to overtake Check any other vehicle is coming on the opposite direction Then overtake carefully (if not allowed to overtake come back) Ascertaining that your vehicle has crossed the other vehicle fully, move to the left of the road

29. While starting or stopping the vechicle While starting, look for any animals below the vehicle Look in the rear view mirror to see any vehicle is coming behind Show hand signal or indicator and then move to the road

30. When the vehicle is parked The vehicle should be parked on the extreme left side of the road. The indicator lights may be switched on to show that the vehicle is parked. Some indication board or stones may be kept at the rear side of the vehicle