Hi; Dearest Friends!!!! Road accidents major issue of the World. So many people affected & dead for its every day, So; I would like to greetings on Road safety Life Safety all of you for universal, social and , humanity etc.

1. Defensive Driving
Training for Driver

2. Objectives
To know the hazards & danger involved in driving a vehicle and take
necessary precautions to save lives, time and money.
Definition of Defensive driving?
 Introduction
 General Discussion on Safety
 Road users in INDIA
 WHY DRIVER TRAINING?
 Why Accidents Occur?
 Six factors
 Driver Safety Topics


3. DEFENSIVE DRIVING
Defensive
Driving
Vehicle
Light

4. Defensive Driving: ?
A defensive driver is one who will do everything
possible to avoid a collision /Accident/ Crash/Break
down. etc
OR
It is the driving to save lives, time & money in-spite of
the conditions around you and the actions of others.
Conditions: Roads, weather, traffic, light etc.
Actions of others: Violations, discourtesy, lack of
knowledge of other Drivers etc.

5. ROAD USERS IN INDIA
Pedestrians:
• No Footpath
• No Zebra Crossing
• They cross out of zebra crossing
• Bus Stops not provided
• Walk in groups
• Creating fun on the road
• They do not walk facing the incoming traffic

6. ROAD USERS IN INDIA
Road users in
India
Animals*
Slow moving
animals (Cow,
Buffalo etc
Pet Animals
(Dogs, Cats etc.)
Pedestrian Vehicles
Major vehicles
( Bus, Lorry Etc)
•Roughly handled
• Poorly
maintained
*They are not visible at night.

7. WHY DRIVER
TRAINING?
 Driving is something we do daily.
 It’s the most dangerous thing we do!
 140,000 people die each year
• 115 people who leave home today will never return
• Every 4th minute, there is 01 road casualty in India.
• There are 11 accidents for every 1000 vehicles.
• Every year out of 01 lacs unnatural deaths in India, nearly
68000
(more than 34%) are due to road accidents.
• Mostly males, who are earning members in the family,
die.
Narrow Roads 385 15.26%
Turns 414 16.38%
Slopes & climbs 296 11.71%
Straight Roads 1431 56.65%
SPOTS OF ACCIDENTS
•ACCIDENT BLACK SPOTS:
Uncontrolled junction
• Bus stop
• Gaps within Road Dividers
• On street Parking places
• Building access (while
reversing)
• Road Bend
• National Highway
•“ACCIDENTS DO NOT
HAPPEN, THEY ARE
CAUSED”.

8. General Discussion
Why Accidents Occur?
 Most frequent causes of accidents
 Inatention to detail
 Speeding
 DWI/DUI (Driving Under the Influence/"Driving
While Intoxicated" or "Driving While Impaired“)
 Driving too fast for conditions
 Failed to yield
 Other Factors:
 Road conditions
Weather related & Physical conditions
 Vehicle Maintenance
Tires treadwear/pressure
Brakes

9. General Discussion
Accident Costs?
 Physical Damage - Your Vehicle
 Property Damage - Destroyed Property
 Medical Costs - Yours & Passengers
 Liability Costs - Other Vehicle(s) physical
damage
 Other(s) injuries $$$$$$$

10. General Discussion
Driver Expectations?
 Your Company expects high standards
of performance, including safe driving.
 Your Company expects not just safe
driving performance, but award winning
safety performance.
 Why?
 Because it’s possible, Cost effective, Right thing to
do!

11. Safety Tips
 Quick Check Step Process
 Defensive Driving Techniques
 Rules of the road
 General Safety Rules

12. Pre-Trip Inspection
 Take a walk around your vehicle.
 Windows clean?
 Lights/signals clean & working.
 Tires properly inflated / tread wear.
 Fluid leaks on the ground.
 Plates current???
Inside the Vehicle
Adjust your seat and fasten seat belt
Check and adjust all Mirrors
Adugst your Headrest
Assure doors fully closed and secured
Scan the gauges
Check windows/windshield
 Adjust the vents, windows, heater & air conditioner
 Make sure you’re emotionally ready to focus on driving

13. Your State Of Mind
 Mental State
 Stress / Emotions / Attitudes
 Drowsiness / Fatigue
 Vision / Hearing
 Alcohol

14. Getting the Big Picture
 Scan the road ahead
 City (Approx. 1 block)
 Rural (Approx. 1/4 mile)
 Keep your eyes moving.
 Check your mirrors every 5 seconds.

15. Following Distance
 Speed & Stopping distance are key.
 Stay 3 to 4 seconds behind.
 Tailgaters
 Avoid quick changes.
 Increase your following distance.
 Don’t speed up.
 Avoid tricks. (Control emotions.)

16. Lane Changes
 Check to make sure there is enough room.
 Signal your intentions.
 Check your blind spot and space again.
 Make the lane change.
 Blind Spots
 Don’t drive in someone else’s.
 Make yourself as visible as possible. (*At all
times)

17. Line Markings
 Yellow lines - Traffic in both directions.
 White lines - One way traffic.
 Broken - Passing allowed.
 Solid - No passing.
Mandatory Signs:-
In accordance with the Motor Vehicles Act 1988, every driver of a motor
vehicle shall drive the vehicle in conformity with any indication given by the
mandatory signs.
Cautionary Signs:-
Cautionary signs are meant for cautioning the driver about the hazards
lying ahead on the road. The driver should obey these for safety.
Informatory Signs:-
Informatory signs are erected on the road to provide information on
direction, destination, roadside facilities, etc. to the road user.
Road Safety Signs

18. Postings
 Regulatory
 - Red &White
 Warning
 - Yellow &Black
 Construction
 - Orange
 Guide Signs- Blue/Back/Green

19. Right-Of-Way
 At an intersection, vehicle on the right has the
right to go first.
Be aware of pedestrians and school crossing.
Scan the intersection/stop at the limit line
Reminder: NO One is guaranteed the right of
way.
 Look at your path.
 Back slowly.
 Back to the driver’s side when possible.
 Use a helper when possible.
Backing

20. Railroad Crossings
 The cross buck is found at most public crossings.
 These signs should be treated in the same manner as a
yield sign.
Ramps (Slope)
Obey speed limits posted.
Speed limits designed for autos;
larger vehicles need to go slower.
 Exits merging downhill are particularly
dangerous.
Adjust speed and position
Be familiar with surrounding

21. Emergency Vehicles
 Immediately move to the right of your lane, to
another lane, or to the shoulder if possible.
 If moving right is not possible, stay where you
are. Do not move left.

22. Accident Reporting
• Note the vehicle no.
• Stop the vehicle
• Switch on warning lights
• Render first-aid to injured
• Rush to the hospital
• Inform police, irrespective who is at fault.
• Get medically checked if you also have received injury or head hit.
• Note the name of Driver, license no.

23. Don’t Get Caught in an accident!

24. Six Factors involved for causing road accidents
1. Light
2. Road
3. Weather
4. Vehicle
5. Traffic
6. Driver

25. DRIVER
• Low education level
• Inadequate training
• Easily obtained License
• Lack of knowledge of rules & regulations
• Long working hours fatigue
• Health fitness is poor
•Drinking habits
• Emotional stress
• Over confidence in driving
• Seeing Ability:
-Colour blindness
-40% elderly drivers can not see road signs at night.
-10 to 30 times more illumination level is required to see at night.

26. Factors affecting driving skills
• Fatigue (overworking hours)
Stop when you feel tired/ sleepy, take rest, tea &
arrange other driver to drive.
• Medicine
• Disturb mind
• Distraction (pet, children at back seat, loud
music, etc.)
• Drunken driving

27. BREAKDOWN
• Inform convoy supervisor
• Switch on warning lights
• Keep vehicle away from movement of traffic
• Display warning triangle
• Apply hand brake
• Convoy supervisor will inform to the control room
• Control room will inform emergency breakdown control point.
MECHANICAL FAILURE
•Brake failure
What to do?
• Tire burst
What to do?
• Sudden loss of acceleration
What to do?
• Bonnet flies up
What to do?

28. DO NOT OVERTAKE
• On a marked NO OVERTAKING ZONE.
• On curves
• On hills
• 100 meters before & at railway crossing or cross roads.
• A vehicle, slowing down to give way to pedestrians
Avoid following too closely
•Reaction time: 3/4th of a second
• Gap between the vehicles: keep one
vehicle distance for every 10 kmph speed.

29. Defensive Driving Good Habits
• Observation;
-Who, where, when & what to look for.
• Communication
• Coordination
• Consideration
Keep your mind cool, Manage stress
SCHEDULE DELAY
•Plan your trip, this will reduce driving time.
• Hurry leads to mistakes and accidents
• Beware of bad weather, traffic conditions & route.
ATTITUDE
•Willing to admit mistakes
• Tolerance towards the mistakes of others
• Respect for the law
• Respect for other road users
• Courtesy

30. FOLLOWING DISTANCE
● 30 MPH 4 SECONDS
● 40 MPH 5 SECONDS
● 50 MPH 6 SECONDS
● 60 MPH 7 SECONDS
● 70 MPH 8 SECONDS

31. RESPONSIBILITY AS A DRIVER NEVER ENDS. YOUR LIFE
AND THE LIVES OF OTHERS DEPEND ON YOU!
As a defensive driver, you must be always alert on
the road.
Best Driver!