Defensive Driving to protect lives of humans

2
DRIVE SAFELY
Know and follow the
Road Safety Rules

Do Not – Use/Take Drugs or Alcohol
You Should…
• Always inform your supervisor or person in
charge if you are taking medicine that may
have an affect on your performance
• If in doubt, always check with your
supervisor or person in charge who may
seek medical advice
• Not use, keep, sell or distribute illegal
drugs
• Intervene if you see a case of alcohol or
drug abuse.
Note…
Policy prohibits the use of controlled
substances and alcohol.
All project personnel are subject to
random testing.
Employees Should…
• Immediately inform their supervisor if they
are taking any medications that may affect
their ability to perform their job safely
• Report to supervisor or management if
they see a case of alcohol or drug abuse.
This Is A Removal From Project Offence!

Do Not - Use Mobile Phone or Break Speed Limits
Drivers Should…
• Not use a mobile phone or pager, send or
read a text message, or use hands-free
mobile phone devices.
• Stay at or below the maximum allowable
speed for the road that you are driving or
as indicated by road signs or journey
management instructions.
• Stay at or below the maximum allowable
speed limit for the vehicle you are driving
• Adjust your speed to the prevailing
conditions.
Employees Should…
• Not use phones while a vehicle is in
motion.
• Not exceed the posted speed limits
• Understand that the posted speed limit
may not be a safe speed limit for the
vehicle and the conditions you are
driving – slow down and control your
vehicle speed.
Note…
Driving Rule: The use of all
Mobile Electronic Devices is
Prohibited while the vehicle is in
motion. This includes “Hands
Free” devices.

Do - Wear Your Seat Belt
Drivers and Passengers Should…
• Always use a three-point seat belt - Note the
exception below
• Check that the seat belt works correctly
• Keep your seat belt properly fastened while in a
moving vehicle
• Check that everyone in the vehicle is wearing a seat
belt properly before starting the engine.
• Stop the journey when passengers are not wearing
seat belts properly.
Exceptions only include public transport vehicles or
plant machinery where lap seat belts are available.
Employees Should…
• Wear a seat belt at all times when
driving or riding in a company vehicle
• Inspect seat belts to ensure they are
in good operating condition
• Ensure all passengers are utilizing
their seat belts while the vehicle is in
motion.
Note…
Driving Rules requires the use of a
seat belt when driving or riding in a
vehicle.
Seat belts are to be fitted before
engine is started

8
Good Reasons for Safe Driving.
• You will not hurt yourself.
• You will not hurt others.
• You will see your family again.
• You will arrive in time.
• You will not cause suffering.
• You will reduce your stress levels.
• You will not got to jail.
• You will save asset damage.
• You will maintain reputation.

9
COMMON DRIVING ERRORS.
• Improper speed
• Passing improperly
• Failure to give way
• Disregarding traffic signals
• Ignoring stop signs
• Turning improperly
• Following too closely
• Using GSM whilst driving
• Not using indicators

10
Main Driving Hazards
• Speed
• Dust
• Crossing Animal
• Other Road User
• Mechanical Failure
• Road Condition
• Excess Load
• Improper Load
• Weather Conditions
• Fatigue

11
DRIVERS EXCUSES
• Suddenly the vehicle in front stopped.
• Everyone else was speeding.
• I Slammed the brakes on but I couldn’t stop in
time.
• I didn’t see the traffic sign.
• The traffic light turned yellow when I was going
through the junction.
• Suddenly a car pulled out from nowhere.
• The road was slippery.
• Suddenly the cow/donkey/camel appeared in
front of me

VEHICLE DOCUMENTATIONS
Drivers shall ensure that they are in
possession of the following documentation
before driving any project vehicle:
• Valid Driving License.
• Vehicle registration (or copy).
• Valid vehicle insurance (or copy)
• Emergency contact Telephone numbers
• VEHICLE CHECK LIST

VEHICLE EQUIPMENTS
All Project vehicles are to be provided with:
• Fire extinguisher
• Warning triangle
• First aid kit
• Torch (flashlight)
• Vehicle instruction manual
• Serviceable spare tyre
• Complete tool kit
Drivers are to check daily that all above items are serviceable

INSPECTIONS AND MAINTENANCE
• All drivers will carry out a daily inspection of their
assigned vehicle before use.
• Defects to be reported to Administration
• All vehicles will be serviced as required by
maintenance schedule.

Driving Safety
When seat belts are used, the risk
of fatal injury to front seat
passenger car occupants is
reduced by 45%
BUCKLE UP - FOR EVERYONE’S SAKE

DRIVE SAFELY
SOMEONE IS BEHIND YOU !!!!!!

WEAR A SEAT BELT
SEAT BELTS
WILL BE WORN BY ALL
OCCUPANTS BEFORE
STARTING YOUR
JOURNEY AND REMAIN
WORN UNTIL THEY
VACATE THE VEHICLE

COMMON MISBELIEFS ABOUT SEATBELTS
Seatbelts can trap you inside a car
WRONG.
It takes less than a second to undo a seatbelt. Collisions
where a vehicle catches fire or sinks in deep water and you
are trapped seldom happen. Even if they do, a seatbelt
may keep you from being knocked out. Your chance to
escape will be better if you are conscious.
Seatbelts are good on long trips, but not important in
town
WRONG.
Over half of all traffic deaths happen within 25 miles of
home. Many of them occur on roads posted at less than
45 mph.

COMMON MISBELIEFS ABOUT SEATBELTS
Some people are thrown clear in a crash and walk away
with hardly a scratch.
WRONG.
Your chances of surviving a crash are much better if you stay inside the
vehicle. Seatbelts keep you from being thrown out of the vehicle into the
path of another one.
If I get hit from the side, I am better being thrown across the car, away from
the crash point
WRONG.
Simple physics. When a vehicle is hit from the side, it will move
sideways. Everything that is not fastened down, including passengers,
will slide toward the point of the crash. NOT AWAY FROM IT.
Try this one yourself - put some loose objects into an empty box.
(Make it more fun - put in something fragile, like an egg.) Hit the side
of the box. Hard. Where do the objects land?
Now, try the same experiment but fasten the objects inside the box.

SEAT BELT SAFETY VIDEO

While most gravel roads are all-weather roads and can be used by
ordinary cars, dirt roads may only be passable by trucks or four-wheel
drive vehicles, especially in wet weather, or on rocky or very sandy
sections. It is as easy to become bogged in sand as it is in mud; a high
clearance under the vehicle may be required for rocky sections.
GRADED ROADS or DIRT ROADS

Driving on dirt roads requires great attention to variations in the surface
and it is easier to lose control than on a gravel road. In addition to the
hazards already mentioned, and potholes, ruts and ridges

problems associated with driving on gravel roads include:
sharper and larger stones cutting and puncturing tires, or being
thrown up by the wheels and damaging the underside, especially
puncturing the fuel tanks if not shielded .
stones skipping up hitting the car body, lights or windshields, when
two vehicles pass each other dust thrown up from a passing vehicle
reducing visibility. Corrugations cause loss of control or damage to
vehicle systems such as suspension and steering. Skidding (loss of
traction) on mud after rain.

25
DUST CODE
When you are behind a
vehicle that makes a dust
cloud:
• Never drive into the dust cloud:
Stay back!!
• Stay at least 4 second behind
the dust cloud.
• Never overtake in a dust cloud.

Loose Gravel
• Loose gravel can pull vehicles to the
edge of the road causing loss of control

Curves and Hills
• Hills can prevent
you from seeing
clearly over the rise
• Time required to
stop to avoid a
crash may be
shortened due to
lack of visibility

Blind Intersections
• Crops, trees, and
dust can hinder
your ability to see
oncoming traffic
• Before entering
any road make
sure no other
traffic is coming

Steep Ditches
• Avoid getting too close to the edge of the
road near steep ditches

Poor Road Surfaces
Muddy roads, especially after a rain, can
pull a vehicle where not intended.

Be aware and careful about the chances of rock
falling freely from a cliff face. .
Rock- Fall

DRIVING TECHNIQUES
f you cannot see around the truck!
Back off
Big Trucks have only 2 mirrors, the truck driver
can not see you

KEEP YOUR EYES MOVING
Central vision
Peripheral
vision
ONLY THE CENTRAL CORE HAS CLEAR VISION
Make a habit of:
Moving your eyes focusing your central vision
Every 2 seconds
Scan from side to side.
Include your mirrors in
your scanning
Every 5 to 8 seconds

KEEP YOUR EYES MOVING
Move your eyes at least
Every 2 seconds.
Look at the mirrors
Every 5 to 8 seconds.
Scan the big picture
from side to side.

Intersections / Road Junctions
At Intersections / Junction of roads:
• Stop
•When a light turns Yellow, Slow down and Stop
•Don’t run a red light – be aware of photo fines !
•Never assume you have the right of way
•Use caution
•Stop two Times:
1. At the stop Sign or Light
2. Again, after easing forward where you can see
oncoming traffic

Passing through Intersection:
 Slow down and watch for other vehicles and
pedestrians
 Bicyclist, motor cyclist and inline skaters DO NOT
pass in the intersection
 Approach with your foot on the brake – be prepare to
STOP
 You are responsible for getting through the
intersection safely

Keep your eye
moving habits. It
is particularly
important in
preventing
intersection
collisions

Driver must analyze the route continually, look :
In front of you
Your Left
Your Right
Behind you
Below you
Above you LOOK AROUND EVERY 5 SECONDS

THINK!!
!
Watch for other drivers lurking behind
others in oncoming traffic.
Never go in to the
opposite lane,
the oncoming
driver may
attempt to
swerve back to
that side of the
road

THINK!!!
!
Avoid
Head
on
Collision

Avoid Head Collision
Centre your vehicle on the lane.
Spot early the drivers who are:
 Driving erratically.
 Lurking behind a truck

SAFE REVERSING PRACTICES
• Get to know your vehicle’s blind spots
• Think in advance
• Know the clearance needed
• Look for CHILDREN PLAYING NEAR THE VEHICLE.
LOOK FOR:
1. Obstructions
2. Vehicles/people trying to cross from behind the
vehicle while it is reversing
3. Low hanging wires
4. Tree Branches

Before you REVERSE:
• Turn on your emergency flashers then
• Conduct a “Circle of safety” walk
around
• Get back to the vehicle ASAP
• Give a couple of blasts on the horn just
prior to backing up.
SAFE REVERSING PRACTICES

WHY USE YOUR INDICATORS?
 Allows other drivers to understand what
you plan to do
 Slow down or move around you
 Break early to avoid a rear-end collision
 Find another parking space

WHEN TO USE INDICATORS
 Early - at least 30mtr before you make a move
 After you’ve checked your mirrors to be sure that it’s
safe to make your manoeuvre
 Before you brake to slow down

YOU SHOULD USE YOUR INDICATORS WHEN ...
 Starting off / joining traffic
 Changing lanes
 Stopping at the side of the road
 Parking (let others know what space
you plan to use)
 Turning into a side road
 Making a U-turn
 Merging into traffic
 Avoiding something on the road –
traffic cones, dogs, potholes ….
AVOID CONFUSION … be careful that you do not signal too early. If there are
streets, driveways or entrances between you and where you want to turn,
wait until you have passed them to signal. Your brake lights will warn traffic
behind you that you are slowing down.

WATCH OUT FOR ...
Motorbikes / cyclists will signal with their hands/arms - be
ready to give them space.
Other drivers who do not signal - make sure you are
travelling at a safe distance so you can avoid rear-end
collisions. Only proceed when you are sure it is safe - don’t
take risks to save seconds.
Indicators that are still flashing after a turn - never assume
the driver has forgotten - they may be about to make another
move
HAZARD WARNING LIGHTS ARE NOT INDICATORS ...
•If you see hazard warning lights, be ready to slow down and
move around a stopping vehicle.

SAFE SPEED
DRIVE AT THE RIGHT SPEED FOR THE
CONDITIONS
HIGHWAY, TOWN, RESIDENTIAL
THIS IS A LIMIT
NOT A TARGET
120 KMPH 40 KMPH
Prohibited Sign you can see by 100M, with Letter you can see by 50M

STOPPING DISTANCE is affected by:
SPEED
At 50 mph in dry condition, stopping distance
= 75 meter or approximately 16 car lengths
Weather
Temperature
Tire condition
Road Type

usual residential
speed limit
TYPICAL STOPPING DISTANCES
thinking
distance
braking
distance
9m 14m
23m (75 feet)
6 car lengths
53m (175 feet)
13 car lengths
15m 38m
36m (120 feet)
9 car lengths
12m 24m
73m (240 feet)
18 car lengths
18m 55m
21m 75m
At 120 kph it will take you 96m to stop a car
96m (315 feet)
24 car lengths

You must use your vehicle's mirrors
• before moving off,
• changing lanes,
• overtaking,
• slowing down,
• stopping,
• turning, or
• opening doors.
You should check your mirrors regularly when
driving.
MIRRORS

PEDESTRIANS
Everyone is a pedestrian!
You may spend most of your working
hours behind the wheel,
but everyone ends up on foot
occasionally.
Be considerate to pedestrian,
next time it may be your turn to be
one

Pedestrian safety on the street!
 Be aware of your surroundings and alert to
hazards when walking in or near any traffic areas
 Know and obey traffic controls, signs and signals
 Use your sense of hearing too.
Listen to backup alarms- but do not rely on them!
 Stand on the curb while waiting to cross.
Do not stand on the road way.

 Cross the street at marked crossings.
It is unwise to cross between intersections.
 Do not step out from between parked cars.
Drivers may fail to see you!
 Trust yourself and not the driver.
Don’t count on cars stopping for you at the last
movement.
 Where there is no sidewalk, walk facing the
traffic.

How about at night ?
Danger is greatly increased!
So, here are some reminders for pedestrian safety at night:
Wear light colored reflective clothing when
walking at night
– this improves visibility!
Wearing black is “cool” but, attractive colours
are safe at night!
Use great caution when at the side of the road
for vehicle repair or flat tire

Beware when it’s dark!
Study said nearly quarter of drivers involved in
pedestrian deaths hear the impact before they
see the pedestrian.
If we can Drive Safely,
We can also ‘Walk’ safely
It really helps to be cautious at all times!

Pedestrians are everywhere, they could be
walking at the city streets, parks, malls or
they could be working along the streets!

HAZARD LIGHTS
Use only for hazards

Visibility Limitations in Fog
 Reduce speed, but do not stop in a travel lane
 Turn on emergency flashers
 Look for an exit from the highway
 If impossible to leave highway:
stop beyond end of guard rail
back up to outboard of the
guard rail
wait for fog to lift
Switch on Hazard lights
Driving in Heavy Fog- Make Sure 100M visibility

SAND STORM & FOG
If you are caught in a sandstorm, fog or low
cloud while driving and visibility is reduced,
attempt to pull off the road and park up with
your hazard warning lights on until conditions
improve.
If you are unable to pull off the road
slow down and listen for other traffic. Use dipped
headlights, keep to the LEFT.
If you do stop, switch on your hazard warning
lights.

RAIN
While driving in rain drive slowly and pay careful attention
• to oncoming traffic and
• the road conditions ahead in case of flooding
Dipped headlights should be used to ensure you are visible
to other traffic.
Avoid heavy braking and use gears to slow down, but test
your brakes occasionally while driving slowly.

RAIN
• Aquaplaning happens when the water in front
of your tires builds up faster than your cars
weight can push it out the way.
• Water pressure causes your car to rise up and
slide on a thin layer of water.
• Your car can be completely out of contact with
the road, what to do:
• Keep your tires properly inflated, maintain
good tread, slow down on wet roads.
• Try and drive in the tire tracks of the vehicle
in front.

 Tire inflation needs special attention
– Underinflated tires are subject to heat and
pressure buildup
– Especially when driving for extended
distances at higher speeds
 The air conditioner, radiator coolant,
hoses, connections, and drive belts
need
special attention
– Due to the extra load placed on the engine
– Due to the extra load placed on the cooling
system
Hot Weather Checks

VEHICLE SKIDDING
Skids are not caused by, rain, sand or poor tyres
Skids are caused by:
• not driving at the right speed for the conditions
• braking
• accelerating harshly
If at high speed, tyre gets punctured, car may skid or start
spinning – DON’T PANIC !!!
• Hold steering tight. Don’t let go of the steering.
• Stop accelerating completely
• Don’t touch the brakes else car will turnover

Regain control in a skid
don’t panic!
get off the brake or accelerator
keep a firm grip on the steering wheel
try to steer smoothly in the direction of the skid
this means if the vehicle skids to the right,
you steer smoothly to the right to recover
if you do this too quickly you will go into another skid (this is the
“S” pattern)
keep calm and steer again in the direction of the skid
rear of car skids to right
driver steers skid to right
VEHICLE SKIDDING

NIGHT DRIVING
Reduce speed while driving at night as visibility is
reduced.
Make sure your windshield and all glass areas are
clean before setting off.
Use dipped headlights while driving behind other
vehicles and for oncoming vehicles.
DIP YOUR
HEADLIGHTS

• What actions should be taken in the event of
a road accident.

Keep yourself and others safe:-
If you can't get out of your car or it's not safe
to try
• keep your seat belt fastened,
• turn on your hazard lights,
• then call 112 if possible and wait for help to
arrive.

If you can drive your car and are in an unsafe
spot or are blocking traffic,
• find a safe and legal place to park your car
• like the shoulder of a highway or a parking lot
In some states it's illegal to move your car from
the scene of an accident, though.
If the collision seems to be minor, turn off your car and grab
your emergency kit.
If it's safe to get out and move around your car, set up
orange cones, warning triangles, or emergency flares around
the crash site.

MOBILE TELEPHONE POLICY
• Drivers of all vehicles are prohibited from
using mobile phones at all times whilst the
vehicle is in motion.
• Drivers of all vehicles are also prohibited from
using hands free attachments /facilities for
mobile phones at all times whilst the vehicle is
in motion.
• Mobile phones shall be turned off and placed
in the vehicle during re-fuelling.

74
The Rules for the Driver
Driver: NEVER use a GSM
NOT even hands-off GSM

P O W D E R Y S
Petrol
/ Fuel
Oil
• Engine Oil
• Brake Fluid / Oil
• Power steering
• Transmission oil-Auto
• Gear Oil / Clutch- Manual
Water
Coolant
Wiper/Windscreen
Battery water
Drinking water
Documents
/ Damages
Electricity
•Dash board Display
•Lights –front/back/side
•Wiper
•Air Condition
Rubber
Tyre + spare
Wiper Blade
All Hoses
Your Fitness
• Alert
• Attention
• Sleepy
• Tired
• Drowsy
• Drunk
• On medication
Safety
1. Seat belt
2. Fire Extinguisher
3. First Aid Kit
4. Warning Triangle
5. Tools
6. Controls-Brake/steering/Wheel Alignment
CHECKLIST

YOUR FITNESS
Fatigue is the body’s response to continued
Physical or Mental Activity or Sleep Loss
Fatigue results from:
• Working for extended periods of time
• Not getting enough sleep
• Prolonged physical activity
• Irregular work schedules
• Poor physical and environmental
conditions

Driving Standard
Vehicle Requirements
1. The vehicle is fit for purpose, well maintained with seatbelts
2. The number of passengers not exceed spec for the vehicle
3. Loads are secured/tied/bonded
Driver Requirements
4. They are licensed, trained, and medically fit
5. They are appropriately rested and alert
6. They do not use a mobile phone while driving
7. Seatbelts worn by all occupants
8. Not under the influence of alcohol or drugs

VEHICLE TIRES - Out-of-Service Criteria
Steering Tires:
1. Any steer tire with less than 2/32" (1.6 mm) tread.
2. Sidewall cut, wear or damage that exposes ply cord.
3. Breaker strip or casing ply is showing in the tread.
4. Observable bump, bulge, or knot, or tire comes in contact with vehicle.
5. Tire is flat or has noticeable leak.
6. Weight exceeds tire load limit.
7. Regrooved, recapped, or retreaded tire on steer axle of passenger-
carrying vehicle.
All Other Tires:
1. Tire is flat or leaking.
2. Exposed plies or cords.
3. Observable bump, bulge or knot.
4. Less than 1/32" tread.
5. Weight exceeds tire load limit.
6. Tire comes in contact with vehicle (or its mate in a dual set).
7. Missing or loose tread width.

Tyres : Vehicles must only be operated with tyres that
are of the correct type and in good condition.
VEHICLE TIRES

Defensive Driving to protect lives of humans

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