This article discusses how to use open, axial, and selective coding in the analysis of qualitative data when researchers conduct studies using deductive qualitative analysis (DQA). Unlike grounded theory, DQA begins with preliminary codes that both guide the research and that researchers expect to test and to change in the course of doing the research. This article reports on email exchanges with two students that Jane Gilgun had. Jane is a professor at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA. the students are Anke Reints, a PhD student at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium, and Ben Duncan, a student at Tennessee State University, USA.
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE
To explain the concept of Educational Research
To describe the scope of Educational Research
To Identity fundamental research
A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
Presentation on how to code qualitative data. We examine two approaches: inductive (emergent themes) and deductive coding (theory-based). There are some activities you can use. Feel free to use and share.
Tools and techniques in qualitative and quantitative researchDeepikakohli10
The presentation is about different Tools and techniques used for Research. It will help students, teachers, researchers and teacher educators to select appropriate tools and techniques for their research purpose.
Learn the process of Research.
Research process consists of a series of actions or steps necessary to carry out research. It guides a researcher to conduct research in a planned and organized sequence.
An Introduction to Deductive Qualitative AnalysisJane Gilgun
This slideshow defines deductive qualitative analysis and describes some of its procedures. Deductive qualitative analysis is a way of testing theory qualitatively. it is important for graduate students and researchers seeking funding because DQA starts with research and theory, a requirement for dissertation committees and funders. The product is a grounded theory and descriptions of human phenomena from informants' points of view. This method brings the experiences of informants into public dialogue.
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE
To explain the concept of Educational Research
To describe the scope of Educational Research
To Identity fundamental research
A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
Presentation on how to code qualitative data. We examine two approaches: inductive (emergent themes) and deductive coding (theory-based). There are some activities you can use. Feel free to use and share.
Tools and techniques in qualitative and quantitative researchDeepikakohli10
The presentation is about different Tools and techniques used for Research. It will help students, teachers, researchers and teacher educators to select appropriate tools and techniques for their research purpose.
Learn the process of Research.
Research process consists of a series of actions or steps necessary to carry out research. It guides a researcher to conduct research in a planned and organized sequence.
An Introduction to Deductive Qualitative AnalysisJane Gilgun
This slideshow defines deductive qualitative analysis and describes some of its procedures. Deductive qualitative analysis is a way of testing theory qualitatively. it is important for graduate students and researchers seeking funding because DQA starts with research and theory, a requirement for dissertation committees and funders. The product is a grounded theory and descriptions of human phenomena from informants' points of view. This method brings the experiences of informants into public dialogue.
This is a presentation I gave to the Research Coordinators in the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan (04.03.2015).
It included the following topics:
• Overview on the Knowledge Management Cycle and how research fits in it
• Brief historical background on research ethics
• What makes research ethical?
• Definition and examples of scientific misconduct
• How to make your research ethical and avoid scientific misconduct?
As researchers, we should know the ethical principles in conducting researches.
These ethical principles were taken from a research book which I have used in teaching research to my students.
This is a presentation I gave to the Research Coordinators in the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan (04.03.2015).
It included the following topics:
• Overview on the Knowledge Management Cycle and how research fits in it
• Brief historical background on research ethics
• What makes research ethical?
• Definition and examples of scientific misconduct
• How to make your research ethical and avoid scientific misconduct?
As researchers, we should know the ethical principles in conducting researches.
These ethical principles were taken from a research book which I have used in teaching research to my students.
Quantitative, Qualitative, Inductive and Deductive Researchhallidayhannah
Quantitative, Qualitative, Inductive and Deductive Research.
Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research.
Differences between Inductive and Deductive.
Common Factors in The Treatment of Complex Trauma Jane Gilgun
Professor Gilgun draws upon research and theory on resilience, neurobiology, executive function, attachment, trauma, and self-regulation (NEATS) to present an integrated common factors model on work with families and children where the children have experienced complex trauma. Professor Gilgun will make use of case study material to illustrate the application of these important concepts.
Good practice in researching: A qualitative and cross-disciplinary researchRichard Lalleman
I was asked by the London Metropolitan University to present my experiences regarding a knowledge management research, with special focus on research methodologies
During this webinar, Dr. Lani will discuss qualitative analyses for dissertation Chapter 4. Special emphasis will be given to Phenomenological, Case study, and Grounded theory approaches.
Introduction
Study design in qualitative research
Method of data collection
Handling qualitative data
Analyzing qualitative data
Presenting the results of qualitative research
Qualitative data analysis is often a tough job and many researchers find it difficult to get comprehensive presentation on the topic. This seminar is an attempt to fulfil that purpose.
This presentation provides novice researchers with basic distinctions on research methodology and on the theoretical frameworks that are available for conducting sound and grounded research.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY_ STEP BY STEP RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CHAPTER_.pdfMATIULLAH JAN
What the methodology chapter is and why it is important?
How to structure and write up the methodology chapter:
The research design:
The research philosophy:
The research type:
Inductive research,
The research strategy:
Experimental research
The time horizon:
The sampling strategy:
The data collection method
The analysis methods and techniques:
The methodological limitations
Introduction to Deductive Qualitative AnalysisJane Gilgun
Deductive qualitative analysis (DQA) is a way of developing and testing theory using qualitative data. With roots in the Chicago School of Sociology, DQA is related to analytic induction, but has important differences as well. Differences include no claim that findings are universal and an acknowledgment that the method is primarily deductive. The method is important for PhD students who must do a lit review before they do their dissertation research as well as for other researchers who want to begin their studies with theory.
The Role of Families and the Community Proposal Template (N.docxssusera34210
The Role of Families and the Community Proposal Template
(
Name of Presenter:
Focus of proposed presentation:
Age group your proposal will focus on:
)
Proposal Directions: Please complete each of the following sections of the proposal in order to demonstrate your competency in the area of the role that families and the community play in promoting optimal cognitive development. In each box, address the topic that is presented. The space for sharing your knowledge will expand with your text, so please do not feel limited by the space that is currently showing.
Explain how theory can influence the choices parents make when promoting their child’s cognitive development abilities for your chosen age group. Use specific examples from one theory of cognitive development that has been discussed this far in the course.
Explain how the environment that families create at home helps promote optimal cognitive development for your chosen age group. Provide at least two strategies that you would encourage parents to foster this type of environment.
Discuss the role that family plays in developing executive functions for your chosen age group. Provide at least two strategies that you suggest parents use to help foster the development of executive functions.
Examine the role that family plays in memory development for your chosen age group. Provide at least strategies parents can use to support memory development.
Examine the role that family plays in conceptual development for your chosen age group. Use ideas from your response to the Week 3 Discussion 1 forum to provide at least two strategies families can use to support development in this area.
Explain at least two community resources that would suggest families use to support the cognitive development of their children for your chosen age group.
Analyze of the role that you would play in helping to support families within your community to promote optimal cognitive development for your chosen age group.
Running Head: MINI-PROJECT: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 1
MINI-PROJECT: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 6
Mini-Project: Qualitative Analysis
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
MINI-PROJECT: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Introduction
It is important for qualitative data to be analyzed and the themes that emerge identified so that the data can be presented in a way that is understandable. Theme identification is an essential task in qualitative research and themes could mean abstract, often fuzzy, constructs which investigators identify before, during, and after data collection. I will discuss the themes that emerge from the data collected from the interview.Analyzing and presenting qualitative data in an understandable manner is a five step procedure that I will also explain in this paper.
Emergi ...
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Inductive & Deductive Research
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PSY 326 Research Methods Week 3 GuidanceWelcome to Week 3 of Res.docxwoodruffeloisa
PSY 326 Research Methods Week 3 Guidance
Welcome to Week 3 of Research Methods! This week, you will learn about a few of the most popular qualitative research designs. Required resources are sections 3.1, 3.2, and the parts of section 3.4 about “Pros and Cons of Observational Research” and “Types of Observational Research” in the Newman (2016) textbook, an ebook chapter by Levitt (2016), and two videos about qualitative research. The videos are linked in the Course Materials and the discussion prompt.
Assignments for the week include a discussion, an interactive learning activity and quiz, and a written assignment. To see how your assignments will be graded, look at the rubrics accessible through a link on the screen for each discussion or assignment.
The Week 3 discussion is Pros and Cons of Qualitative Research. Your initial post is due by Day 3, and all replies are due by Day 7. To prepare for the discussion, read the sections of the Newman (2016) textbook listed above, the Levitt (2016) book chapter, and the lecture portion of this instructor guidance. Also, view the videos Different Qualitative Approaches (Kawulich, 2013) and When to Use a Qualitative Research Design: Four Things to Consider (Zhang, 2017), which are linked in the Course Materials and the discussion prompt.
This week’s discussion assignment is a jigsaw puzzle. Instead of having the entire class read and report on four different qualitative research designs, each person will research and report on one specific design. Designs are assigned based on the first letter of your last name. When you determine your assigned design, use the Research Methods research guide and the databases in the Ashford University Library to find at least one scholarly/peer-reviewed article about the research design AND at least one published research study that used the design. Then, explain the characteristics and features of the research design and what kinds of topics it can be used for, describe the data collection and data analysis methods used in the design, and discuss the published study you found. Document your sources in APA style.
At least three replies to the initial posts of classmates will be required for this discussion, because you must read and respond to at least one post about each of the other three qualitative research designs. As the expert on your assigned design, you will also be expected to respond to some of the questions posted on your thread by others. See the discussion prompt for complete details.
After you have learned about qualitative research from the assigned readings and participating in the discussion, you will be ready to do the interactive activity and take the quiz called Qualitative Research Fundamentals, due by Day 6. In the first part of the learning activity, match terms related to qualitative research with their definitions. In the scenarios presented in the second part of the activity, you must select the most appropriate qualitative research design fo ...
Racism: We White People are the Dangerous OnesJane Gilgun
It's way past time that white people see that we are dangerous to Afican Americans and other people of color. In this powerpoint, I share the idea that white people are the dangerous ones and I provide ways to change racist beliefs and practices that make us dangerous. We define who they are and we act on our definitions. If we define them as inferior, we act as if they are and don't believe they deserve the rights and privileges we have. If we view them as dangerous, we are afraid of them. We may avoid them, talk about them behind their backs, bully then, beat them, or kill them. We are the dangerous ones.
Social Work-Specific Research and the Chicago School of SociologyJane Gilgun
Social work as an academic discipline has struggled to develop research methods and methodologies that are specific to social work. This set of slides shows the relevance of the Chicago School of Sociology to social work research. In fact, there may be a case for the name Chicago School Social Work Research. Hiding in plain sight are research methods that originated within the Chicago School of Sociology of the first third of the twentieth century and that have undergone further development ever since in such disciplines as sociology and nursing. Social work has not been part of the methodological developments that early social workers helped originate. Members of the Hull House Settlement were early contributors to the Chicago School not only in terms of understanding social problems and crafting policies and programs, but also in terms of research methods and methodologies that later became known as grounded theory, deductive qualitative analysis, and fieldwork.
This is the powerpoint for the first day of class on child abuse and neglect that I am teaching in the fall of 2016. I'm wondering what other people think of the content.
The Logic of Moving from Meaning to InterventionJane Gilgun
From Perpetrators' points of view, violence is good, but for anyone that violence harms it is not. This presentation shows that violence is mindless. The logical response to mindlessness is mindfulness. Mindfulness-based practice, therefore, is a logical response to violence
Self compassion & Relationship-Based Practice in Child WelfareJane Gilgun
Self-compassion is loving kindness toward the self during times of stress and in good times, too. This powerpoint describes compassion, self-compassion, and how to foster compassion and self-compassion in clients. This can old happen when service providers and service users have relationships of trust..
Growing older has its joys and challenges, just as earlier life stages do. This video describes indicators of living well, wisdom in old age, spirituality and aging, and gerotranscendence. Gerotranscendence is shift in perspective from a materialistic and rational vision to a more cosmic and transcendent one, normally followed by an increase in life satisfaction and peace of mind even when persons experience physical frailty.
Growing older has both joys and challenges, like every other life stage. As people age, they become free to engage in social and service actives that work and family demands did not permit earlier in life. This presentation describes vital involvement and wisdom in old age. As Cicero said more than 2000 years ago," If virtues are cultivated at every period of life, these produce wonderful fruits when you reach old age."
Girls' Aggression in Child Welfare Caseloads: Issues and InterventionsJane Gilgun
This presentaiton is an overview of girls’ aggression. We focus on relational aggression and physical aggression. We suggest that adults who deal with girls aggression view the girls in their family and social contexts and figure out ways to help girls express themselves in ways that promotes their self-interest and the interests of others. We recommend compassion-based interventions that include teaching about self-compassion, organizing young people to understand aggression and ways to respond to aggression, relaxation, yoga, meditation, sharing of inner experiences in safe environments, restorative justice, trauma-focused treatment
Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disord...Jane Gilgun
This presentation discusses two types of serious attachment problems that are often found in children who have experienced complex trauma and disorganized attachments with care providers. Children who spent early years in orphanages and children who experienced multiple care providers and complex trauma are at risk for these disorders. The topics covered are reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and the new diagnostic classification which is disinhibited social engagement disorder, which used to be part of RAD. Some children who appear to have RAD and DSED should be evaluated for other issues, such as autism and fetal alcohol effects.
Racism: We White People are the Dangerous OnesJane Gilgun
We project beliefs and images about race onto others. These beliefs are often outside of our awareness. These beliefs become activated in a variety of situations. We construct others based on our beliefs and images and not on who they actually are. We may see others as dangerous when they are not. We are the dangerous ones. Our beliefs and images bring great harm to others. This powerpoint shows contemporary understandings of racism, how to become aware of our racism, and how to change racist beliefs, images, and practices.
Some Guidelines for Working in Groups on Sensitive Topics: The Homicides of B...Jane Gilgun
The recent grand jury decisions not to indict the homicides of black men by while police officers have created a nation-wide storm of concern and protests. This powerpoint provides some guidelines for doing group work with people who share these concerns. The ideas in the presentation are meant to stimulate creativity and action.
Stages of Change & Reactance in Group WorkJane Gilgun
Social workers often facilitated groups for persons who don't want to be there. This presentation provides guidelines for listening to persons' concerns about being in groups and for helping persons identify what's in it for them. The hope of not hurting themselves and others are benefits.
Doing a Cultural Genogram: Hardy & LaszloffyJane Gilgun
This presentation describes the cultural genogram according to the work and thought of Hardy & Laszloffy. Doing a cultural genogram is an important part of becoming a competent helping professional. Emotional and psychological boundaries are central to effectiveness. Doing a cultural genogram raises subconscious processes to awareness, and thus professionals are much less likely to put their stuff on other people, including people who may be their clients and who are vulnerable.
This presentation is an overview of multisystemic family therapy which is an approach to work with children and families where the system in which families live their lives is the target of intervention. Thus, professionals operate within the various ecologies in which families live their lives. There are multiple evaluations of this approach, and in general when implemented accurately has good outcomes.
Building Models of Social Processes from the Ground Up: Two Case StudiesJane Gilgun
Social workers tilt at windmills. We want to create a just and caring society. All we have to do is read headlines of local, national, and international news to see the difficulties of the tasks we have chosen for ourselves. When we reflect upon the work we do, we have more evidence that our work may be never-ending. The bright spots, hope, and the vision of a caring world impel us onward. In this think tank, I will show how I have developed models of social processes that I hope others can use in their quests for a more just and caring society. In each of these models, I drew upon the four cornerstones of evidence-based practice: research and theory, practice wisdom, service user wants, preferences, and values, and my own personal and professional values, experiences, and reflections. The two case studies are 1) factors associated with good outcomes when children have experienced complex trauma and 2) a model of intervention with perpetrators of interpersonal violence.
Wimps, Punks, & Sissies: Men's Roles in the Prevention of Family ViolenceJane Gilgun
Men have a significant role in the prevention of family violence. This presentation demonstrates their importance, moves on to the significance of gender in family violence, the meanings of violence, processes that lead to violence, and strategies for prevention. Some of the content is difficult to think about..
General Family Systems Theory & Structural Family TherapyJane Gilgun
Ever wondered what general system theory has to do with circular causality and structural family therapy? These slides represent the most clarity I could come up with regarding these important ideas.
This presentation provides information about neurobiology and how our neurobiology underlies much of who we are. Topics include the limbic system, brain plasticity, the autonomic nervous system, and conditions associated with variations in individual neurobiology. The NEATS is a child and family assessment that directs attention to five areas of human development that research and experience has identified as fundamental. They are Neurobiology, Executive function, Attachment, Trauma, & Self-regulation
Happiness Research,The Autonomous Nervous System, and Perpetrators of Interpe...Jane Gilgun
In this presentation, I show that when people commit acts of interpersonal violence, they think they are doing something good, at least for themselves and sometimes for others, too. As I show, there is nothing wrong with their goal. Who doesn’t want the consequences of their actions to result in something good? The problem with violence is that perpetrators’ idea of good has harmful consequences for others, and, in the long run, often for themselves. Policies, programs, and treatment approaches are likely to be more effective if they are premised on the idea that the purpose of violent acts is to being about something good. Programs, policies, and practices would affirm desires to bring about good for the self but would work on alternative ways of achieving the good. If perpetrators of interpersonal violence dig deep enough and feel safe and protected as they do, they will change strategies and let go of their beliefs that violence is a viable and even valid way to attain something good for themselves. This article concludes with recommendations for next steps in understanding perpetrators of interpersonal violence and for new approaches to interventions.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
Coding in Deductive Qualitative Analysis
1. Coding in Deductive Qualitative Analysis
Jane F. Gilgun, Ph.D., LICSW
Summary
This
article
discusses
how
to
use
open,
axial,
and
selective
coding
in
the
analysis
of
qualitative
data
when
researchers
conduct
studies
using
deductive
qualitative
analysis
(DQA).
Unlike
grounded
theory,
DQA
begins
with
preliminary
codes
that
both
guide
the
research
and
that
researchers
expect
to
test
and
to
change
in
the
course
of
doing
the
research.
This
article
reports
on
email
exchanges
between
Anke
Reints, a PhD
student
at
the
Vrije Universiteit
Brussel, Belgium, and Jane Gilgun, a professor at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities,
USA.
About
the
Author
Jane
F.
Gilgun,
Ph.D.,
LICSW,
is
a
professor,
School
of
Social
Work,
University
of
Minnesota,
Twin
Cities,
USA.
Professor
Gilgun
has
related
books,
children’s
stories,
&
articles
on
scribd.com,
Kindle,
iBooks,
and
other
on-‐line
booksellers.
2. Coding in Deductive Qualitative Analysis
How to code when doing deductive qualitative analysis (DQA) is a question that many
researchers have. In DQA, researchers begin with theory that guides their research. Sometimes
the theory is a theoretical model, sometimes a set of inter-related hypotheses, and sometimes the
theory is used to guide the research. The initial theory is a source of codes that researchers use to
analyze the data they collect. They also expect the test the viability and usefulness of the codes
and to change at least some of them and add new ones in the course of doing the research.
Negative case analysis is the procedure that guides researchers to look for data that do not
fit with the initial theory. When this happens, researchers change the initial theory to fit their
findings. Deductive qualitative analysis is different from grounded theory in its use of
preliminary theory and coding, but eventually the procedures of both approaches converge in
data analysis and in the writing up of results.
A basic premise in deductive qualitative analysis is that many researchers have theories
they think will help them to focus their research questions. These theories can be based on
combinations of preliminary studies, reviews of research and theory, professional experience and
personal experience. Few dissertation committees and funders of research will approve research
that does not have a well thought out plan of action. Deductive qualitative analysis is responsive
to these issues, while maintaining procedures that allow for the identification of new dimensions
of social phenomena and the concepts and theories that compose them.
Anke Reints, a Ph.D., student in sports psychology at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel,
Belgium, emailed me in January, 2011, to ask about coding in DQA. She had read two articles I
have written on deductive qualitative analysis. One is called “A Primer on Deductive Qualitative
Analysis” and the other is “Qualitative Research and Family Psychology.”
The following is the email exchange that we had. The article Anke refers to is
“Qualitative Research and Family Psychology.”
Dear Jane Gilgun, In your article you mention the possibility of using Strauss and
Corbin’s coding scheme (including open coding, axial coding, and selective coding),
while carrying out DQA. I don’t really understand this, because isn’t it the case that in
DQA you already have set your codes a priori?
In my case, the components of the model I am testing are my codes. So all the
information I gather from the face-to-face interviews are placed under those categories (=
components of the model). When I read about grounded theory, I feel here you create
your own categories. Do you get my confusion?
This is how I answered Anke. I edited this answer for the sake of clarity and
completeness. I did not edit any of the other emails.
Hi, Anke. Good questions. Yes, in DQA you do have prior codes, but you work at trying
to improve the ones you started with and developing new ones if what you see in your
3. research material warrants new codes. Negative case analysis helps you to look for
exceptions to your emerging analysis so that what you come up with is more inclusive
than what you began with. It is easy to find material that supports the prior codes, but it is
just as important in many cases to find material that does not fit into your codes. When
you find material that does not fit your initials codes, you give names to that new
material. In other words, you code the new material. You may also change some of your
initial codes if you have material that supports that.
With grounded theory type of coding, you usually first do open coding, which means you
simply go through the material and mark up the text with any ideas that come to mind. In
deductive qualitative analysis, you also do open coding, but you can do it before or after
you code using your prior codes. When you do negative case analysis, you look for any
material that does not fit emerging new understandings. You then give names to that new
material. In other words, you code that new material.
Negative Cases Analysis
You do negative case analysis in at least two points in your research: while you are still
collecting data and when you are analyzing data.
Negative case analysis during data collection. While collecting data, it is
important to look for and inquire about any exceptions to the general statements that
research informants make and any exceptions to the general description of informant
actions that you are developing. This is within-case negative case analysis. Also, in
choosing your units of analysis—that is, cases to include in your research—it is important
to collect data from persons/situations that differ slightly from the cases you have already
collected data from and on the basis of which you have already developed preliminary
ideas.
Negative case analysis during analysis. When analyzing data, researchers
typically develop a story line/narrative/descriptions of processes that they can show fits
the material they have collected. In developing these narratives, researchers at some
point also look for any material that can show the various patterns that can occur within
these descriptions. Typically, researchers look for material that can add to, undermine,
and even refute what they so far have described.
Through negative case analysis, researchers will produce a description of
processes/concepts that account for patterns, or multiple dimensions of the phenomena of
interest.
DQA and Axial and Selective Coding
Axial coding happens naturally in my experience. This involves seeing
connections between the various codes. You show what connects to what and what
might not connect to other things. You also want to show how they are connected.
Selective coding happens once you have identified the codes or core concepts that
you want to concentrate on. This involves coding again, this time using the codes that
4. stand for the concepts you think are really strong. Some of these codes/concepts can be
prior codes, but could also have some new codes/concepts that you didn't begin with or
you could modify some of the codes you did begin with.
This is Anke’s response to the above email.
Awesome, and yes I do get your point. Just one more (little) thing. Is it true that by using
maximum variability (in my sample I have selected a variety of types), I am following the
idea of negative case analysis. Namely that because there are many different types of
participants, the chance is there that several cases will not fit my prior codes.
The following is my answer.
Yes. The sampling procedures you are thinking of following would give you a variety
that would challenge your coding scheme. Typically negative case analysis involves
doing a series of cases that are similar and then choosing a negative case, but if you are
clear about your sampling, variations are fine.
Discussion
Deductive qualitative analysis is different from how many people think researchers are
supposed to do qualitative research. On the other hand, a surprising number of qualitative
researchers do theory-guided research. They typically are not clear about the procedures they
follow. This article and others I have written on deductive qualitative analysis seeks to articulate
and clarify procedures for doing theory-guided and theory-testing qualitative research.
References
Gilgun, Jane F. (2005). Qualitative research and family psychology. Journal of Family
Psychology,19(1), 40-50.
Gilgun, Jane F. (2009). Deductive qualitative analysis and family theory building.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/26474669/Deductive-Qualitative-Analysis-Family-Theory-Building
Gilgun, Jane F. (2010). A primer on deductive qualitative analysis and family theory building.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/26474669/Deductive-Qualitative-Analysis-Family-Theory-Building
Gilgun, Jane F. (2010). A primer on deductive qualitative analysis: A slideshow.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/40014289/A-Primer-on-Deductive-Qualitative-Analysis-ASlideshow
Gilgun, Jane F. (2010). Case-based research, analytic induction, and theory development: The
future and the past. http://www.amazon.com/Case-Based-Research-Induction-Developmentebook/dp/B004D4YMRQ/ref=sr_1_29?ie=UTF8&m=AG56TWVU5XWC2&s=digitaltext&qid=1295639501&sr=1-29
Gilgun, Jane F. (2010). The intellectual roots of grounded theory.
http://www.amazon.com/Intellectual-Grounded-Qualitative-Research-