DC biasing applies fixed voltages to transistors to place them in an operating region for amplification. The operating point defines the transistor's quiescent operating conditions under DC. Stability refers to a circuit's insensitivity to parameter variations like temperature. Emitter-stabilized and voltage divider biasing improve stability over fixed biasing by incorporating an emitter or voltage divider resistor. Feedback biasing further increases stability by introducing negative feedback from collector to base.
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) DC and AC AnalysisJess Rangcasajo
BJT AC and DC Analysis
This slide condenses the two ways analysis of BJT (AC and DC).
At the end of the slide, it has review question answer with answer key as providing.
Part of Lecture series on EE321N, Power Electronics-I delivered by me during Fifth Semester of B.Tech. Electrical Engg., 2012
Z H College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) DC and AC AnalysisJess Rangcasajo
BJT AC and DC Analysis
This slide condenses the two ways analysis of BJT (AC and DC).
At the end of the slide, it has review question answer with answer key as providing.
Part of Lecture series on EE321N, Power Electronics-I delivered by me during Fifth Semester of B.Tech. Electrical Engg., 2012
Z H College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
UNIT - III
FETs and Digital Circuits: FETs: JFET, V-I characteristics, MOSFET, low frequency CS and CD amplifiers, CS and CD amplifiers.
Digital Circuits: Digital (binary) operations of a system, OR gate, AND gate, NOT, EXCLUSIVE OR gate, De Morgan Laws, NAND and NOR DTL gates, modified DTL gates, HTL and TTL gates, output stages, RTL and DCTL, CMOS, Comparison of logic families.
I presented this slid in my last presentation about bipolar junction transistor configuration.Now I'm sharing this with all of you guys it can be helpful for you.
Look at the beautiful view of forgiveness of mistakes.
Thank you
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
UNIT - III
FETs and Digital Circuits: FETs: JFET, V-I characteristics, MOSFET, low frequency CS and CD amplifiers, CS and CD amplifiers.
Digital Circuits: Digital (binary) operations of a system, OR gate, AND gate, NOT, EXCLUSIVE OR gate, De Morgan Laws, NAND and NOR DTL gates, modified DTL gates, HTL and TTL gates, output stages, RTL and DCTL, CMOS, Comparison of logic families.
I presented this slid in my last presentation about bipolar junction transistor configuration.Now I'm sharing this with all of you guys it can be helpful for you.
Look at the beautiful view of forgiveness of mistakes.
Thank you
discussing differences faithful and un- faithful amplification
discussing stabilition in transistors
and how temperature affect collector current
discussing various methods of transistor biasing like
Base resister method ,Emitter Base method , Biasing with collector feedback method , Voltage divider bias
EST 130, Transistor Biasing and Amplification.CKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the need for biasing in transistor amplifiers and the different biasing arrangements used in transistor circuits. The material will be useful for KTU first year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
4. The Three States of OperationThe Three States of Operation
• Active or Linear Region OperationActive or Linear Region Operation
Base–Emitter junction is forward biased
Base–Collector junction is reverse biased
• Cutoff Region OperationCutoff Region Operation
Base–Emitter junction is reverse biased
• Saturation Region OperationSaturation Region Operation
Base–Emitter junction is forward biased
Base–Collector junction is forward biased
5. No matter what type of configuration a transistor
is used in, the basic relationships between the
currents are always the same, and the base-to-
emitter voltage is the threshold value if the
transistor is in the “on” state
BC
CBE
BE
II
III
VV
β
β
=
≅+=
=
)1(
7.0
6. • The operating point defines where the
transistor will operate on its characteristics
curves under dc conditions.
• For linear (minimum distortion)
amplification, the dc operating point should
not be too close to the maximum power,
voltage, or current rating and should avoid
the regions of saturation and cutoff
7. DC Biasing CircuitsDC Biasing Circuits
• Fixed-bias circuit
• Emitter-stabilized bias circuit
• Voltage divider bias circuit
• DC bias with voltage feedback
8. I. Fixed BiasI. Fixed Bias
• The fixed-bias configuration is the
simplest of transistor biasing
arrangements, but it is also quite unstable
•For most configurations the dc analysis
begins with a determination of the base
current
•For the dc analysis of a transistor
network, all capacitors are replaced by an
open-circuit equivalent
13. Example: Determine the following for the fixed-bias
configuration of the figure shown:
(a) IBQ and ICQ (b) VCEQ (c) VB and VC (d) VBC
β = 75
14. SaturationSaturation
• Saturation conditions are normally avoided because
the base-collector junction is no longer reverse-
biased and the output amplified signal will be
distorted
•For a transistor operating in the saturation region,
the current is a maximum value for the particular
design. Change the design and the corresponding
saturation level may rise or drop
•The highest saturation level is defined by the
maximum collector current as provided by the
specification sheet
17. SaturationSaturation
When the transistor is operating in saturation, current
through the transistor is at its maximum possible value.
CR
CCV
CsatI =
V0CEV ≅
In the previous example, the saturation level for the network is
given by:
mA
k
V
R
V
I
C
CC
Csat
45.5
2.2
12
=
Ω
==
18. Load Line AnalysisLoad Line Analysis
CCCCCE RIVV −=
The variables IC and VCE are related by the equation:
19. Load Line AnalysisLoad Line Analysis
IICsatCsat
ICC = VCCCC / RCC
VCECE = 0 V
VVCEcutoffCEcutoff
VCECE = VCCCC
ICC = 0 mA
The Q-point is the operating point:
• where the value of RB sets the value of IB
• that sets the values of VCE and IC
The end points of the load line are:
20. Circuit Values Affect the Q-PointCircuit Values Affect the Q-Point
[Movement of the Q-point with increasing level of IB]
21. Circuit Values Affect the Q-PointCircuit Values Affect the Q-Point
[Effect of an increasing level of RC on the load line the
Q-point]
22. Circuit Values Affect the Q-PointCircuit Values Affect the Q-Point
[Effect of lower values of VCC on the load line the Q-
point]
23. II. Emitter-Stabilized Bias CircuitII. Emitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit
Adding a resistor
(RE) to the emitter
circuit stabilizes
the bias circuit.
24. Base-Emitter LoopBase-Emitter Loop
From Kirchhoff’s voltage law:
0RI-V-RI- EEBEBBCC =+V
0R1)I(-V-RI-V EBBEBBCC =+β
Since IE = (β + 1)IB:
EB
BECC
B
1)R(R
V-V
I
+β+
=
Solving for IB:
25. Collector-Emitter LoopCollector-Emitter Loop
From Kirchhoff’s voltage law:
0
CC
V
C
R
C
I
CE
V
E
R
E
I =−++
Since IE ≅ IC:
)R(RI–VV ECCCCCE +=
Also:
EBEBRCCB
CCCCECEC
EEE
VVRI–VV
RI-VVVV
RIV
+==
=+=
=
26. Example: Determine the following for the emitter bias network
of the figure shown:
(a) IB (b) IC (c) VCE (d) VC (e) VE (f) VB (g) VBC
+16 V
β = 75
27. Improved Biased StabilityImproved Biased Stability
Stability refers to a circuit condition in which the currents
and voltages will remain fairly constant over a wide range
of temperatures and transistor Beta (β) values
Adding RE to the emitter improves the stability of a transistor
β IB(µA) IC(mA) VCE(V)
75 30.24 2.27 9.91
100 28.81 3.63 9.11
[For Emitter Bias Case]
β IB(µA) IC(mA) VCE(V)
75 47.08 3.53 4.23
100 47.08 4.71 1.64
[For Fixed Bias Case]
30. III. Voltage Divider BiasIII. Voltage Divider Bias
This is a very stable
bias circuit.
The currents and
voltages are nearly
independent of anyany
variations in β.
33. 21 || RRRTh =
21
2
2
RR
VR
VE CC
RTh
+
==
)( ECCCCCE RRIVV +−=
0=−−− EEBEThBTh RIVRIE
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law in the clockwise direction in the
Thevenin network,
ETh
BETh
B
RR
VE
I
)1( ++
−
=
β
(Substituting IE = (β+1)IB)
35. Approximate AnalysisApproximate Analysis
Where IB << I1 and I1 ≅ I2 :
Where βRE > 10R2:
From Kirchhoff’s voltage law:
21
CC2
B
RR
VR
V
+
=
E
E
E
R
V
I =
BEBE VVV −=
EECCCCCE RIRIVV −−=
)R(RIVV
II
ECCCCCE
CE
+−=
≅
36. Voltage Divider Bias AnalysisVoltage Divider Bias Analysis
Transistor Saturation LevelTransistor Saturation Level
EC
CC
CmaxCsat
RR
V
II
+
==
Load Line AnalysisLoad Line Analysis
Cutoff:Cutoff: Saturation:Saturation:
mA0I
VV
C
CCCE
=
=
V0VCE
ERCR
CCV
CI
=
+
=
37. IV. DC Bias with Voltage FeedbackIV. DC Bias with Voltage Feedback
Another way to
improve the stability
of a bias circuit is to
add a feedback path
from collector to
base.
In this bias circuit
the Q-point is only
slightly dependent on
the transistor beta,
β.
38. Base-Emitter LoopBase-Emitter Loop
)R(RR
VV
I
ECB
BECC
B
+β+
−
=
From Kirchhoff’s voltage law:From Kirchhoff’s voltage law:
0RI–V–RI–RI–V EEBEBBCCCC =′
Where IWhere IBB << I<< ICC::
C
I
B
I
C
I
C
I' ≅+=
Knowing IKnowing ICC == ββIIBB and Iand IEE ≅≅ IICC, the loop, the loop
equation becomes:equation becomes:
0RIVRIRI–V EBBEBBCBCC =β−−−β
Solving for ISolving for IBB::
39. Collector-Emitter LoopCollector-Emitter Loop
Applying Kirchoff’s voltage law:Applying Kirchoff’s voltage law:
IERE + VCE + I’CRC – VCC = 0
Since ISince I′′CC ≅≅ IICC and Iand IEE ≅≅ IICC::
IC(RC + RE) + VCE – VCC =0
Solving for VSolving for VCECE::
VCE = VCC – IC(RC + RE)
40. Base-Emitter Bias AnalysisBase-Emitter Bias Analysis
Transistor Saturation LevelTransistor Saturation Level
EC
CC
CmaxCsat
RR
V
II
+
==
Load Line AnalysisLoad Line Analysis
Cutoff:Cutoff: Saturation:Saturation:
mA0I
VV
C
CCCE
=
=
V0VCE
E
R
C
R
CC
V
C
I
=
+
=
41. Bias StabilizationBias Stabilization
The stability of a system is a measure of the
sensitivity of a network to variations in its
parameters
In any amplifier employing a transistor the
collector current IC is sensitive to each of the
following parameters:
• β: increase with increase in temperature
• |VBE| : decrease about 2.5 mV per o
C
increase in temperature
• ICO (reverse saturation current): doubles in
value for every 100
increase in tempearture
42. Shift in dc-bias point (Q-point) due to change in
temperature: (a) 250
C; (b) 1000
C
43. A better bias circuit is one that will stabilize or
maintain the dc-bias initially set, so that the amplifier
can be used in a changing-temperature environment
Stability Factors: S(ICO), S(VBE), and S(β)
CO
C
CO
I
I
IS
∆
∆
=)(
BE
C
BE
V
I
VS
∆
∆
=)(
β
β
∆
∆
= CI
S )(
Networks that are quite stable and relatively insensitive
to temperature variations have low stability factors
The higher the stability factor, the more sensitive is the
network to variations in that parameter