Research methodology - Analysis of DataThe Stockker
Processing & Analysis of Data, Data editing, Benefits of data editing, Data coding, Classification of data, CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING THE ATTRIBUTES, CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF INTERVAL, TABULATION of data, Types of tables, Graphing of data, Bar chart, Pie chart, Line graph, histogram, Polygon / ogive, Analysis of Data, Descriptive Analysis, Uni-Variate Analysis, Bivariate Analysis, Multi-Variate Analysis, Causal Analysis, Inferential Analysis, PARAMETRIC TESTS, Non parametric Test,
Formulating Hypothesis
Hypothesis Formulation is –
-the process of creating possible, tentative explanations for a given set of information.
-the whole Process of creating and formulating the hypothesis
How is Hypothesis Formulated
Reichenbach (1938) made a distinction between the two processes found commonly in any hypothesis formulation -
-Context of Discovery:
--Hypotheses is ‘discovered’ from earlier research findings, existing theories and personal observations, and experience.
-Context of justification:
--When a Researcher reconstructs his thoughts and communicates them in the form of a hypothesis to others, he uses the context of justification –
Steps in Formulation of Hypothesis
-Understand the area of problem
-Consider goal
-Identify variables
-identify the relationship between the variables.
-Think critically about hypothesis
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Process of Hypothesis Formulation
-Understand the area of problem
Understand the problem that is being worked on.
-Consider goal
After selecting the problem & understanding the problem, objectives have to be selected according to the problem
-Identify variables
Must be define the variables.
Variables in hypothesis are testable not ?
Specify dependent and independent & others variables.
-Identify the relationship between the variables.
Variables are influence each other or not?
-Think critically about hypothesis
Hypothesis are testable, verifiable or not ? Which will make able to confirm the hypothesis.
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Here researcher made the hypothesis in a Tentative Solution Statement manner
Research methodology - Analysis of DataThe Stockker
Processing & Analysis of Data, Data editing, Benefits of data editing, Data coding, Classification of data, CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING THE ATTRIBUTES, CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF INTERVAL, TABULATION of data, Types of tables, Graphing of data, Bar chart, Pie chart, Line graph, histogram, Polygon / ogive, Analysis of Data, Descriptive Analysis, Uni-Variate Analysis, Bivariate Analysis, Multi-Variate Analysis, Causal Analysis, Inferential Analysis, PARAMETRIC TESTS, Non parametric Test,
Formulating Hypothesis
Hypothesis Formulation is –
-the process of creating possible, tentative explanations for a given set of information.
-the whole Process of creating and formulating the hypothesis
How is Hypothesis Formulated
Reichenbach (1938) made a distinction between the two processes found commonly in any hypothesis formulation -
-Context of Discovery:
--Hypotheses is ‘discovered’ from earlier research findings, existing theories and personal observations, and experience.
-Context of justification:
--When a Researcher reconstructs his thoughts and communicates them in the form of a hypothesis to others, he uses the context of justification –
Steps in Formulation of Hypothesis
-Understand the area of problem
-Consider goal
-Identify variables
-identify the relationship between the variables.
-Think critically about hypothesis
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Process of Hypothesis Formulation
-Understand the area of problem
Understand the problem that is being worked on.
-Consider goal
After selecting the problem & understanding the problem, objectives have to be selected according to the problem
-Identify variables
Must be define the variables.
Variables in hypothesis are testable not ?
Specify dependent and independent & others variables.
-Identify the relationship between the variables.
Variables are influence each other or not?
-Think critically about hypothesis
Hypothesis are testable, verifiable or not ? Which will make able to confirm the hypothesis.
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Here researcher made the hypothesis in a Tentative Solution Statement manner
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
Formulation of Research problem
What is research problem?
A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge that we will aim to address in our research.
In other words, A research problem can be any question that we want to answer and any assumption or assertion that we want to challenge or investigate.
The formulation of a research problem is the most crucial part of the research journey as the quality and relevance of a research project entirely depends upon it.
The process of formulating a research problem consists of a number of steps. These are:
Step 1: Identify a broad field or subject area of interest.
Step 2: Dissect the broad areas into subareas
Step 3: Select what is of most interest to us.
Step 4: Raise research questions
Step 5: Formulate objectives
Step 6: Assess our objectives
Step 7: Double-check
The data, collected for research, has to be processed, analyzed and interpreted to develop a solution to the research question.
Data analysis is a practice in which unorganized or unfinished data is ordered and organized so that useful information can be extracted from it.
It is the most enjoyable part of carrying out the research since after all of the hard works and waiting the researcher gets the chance to find out the answers. So analyzing the data and interpreting the results are the “reward” for the work of collecting the data.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
RESEARCH DESIGN , Sampling Designs , Dependent and Independent Variables, Extraneous Variables, Hypothesis, Exploratory Research Design, Descriptive and Diagnostic Research
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
Formulation of Research problem
What is research problem?
A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge that we will aim to address in our research.
In other words, A research problem can be any question that we want to answer and any assumption or assertion that we want to challenge or investigate.
The formulation of a research problem is the most crucial part of the research journey as the quality and relevance of a research project entirely depends upon it.
The process of formulating a research problem consists of a number of steps. These are:
Step 1: Identify a broad field or subject area of interest.
Step 2: Dissect the broad areas into subareas
Step 3: Select what is of most interest to us.
Step 4: Raise research questions
Step 5: Formulate objectives
Step 6: Assess our objectives
Step 7: Double-check
The data, collected for research, has to be processed, analyzed and interpreted to develop a solution to the research question.
Data analysis is a practice in which unorganized or unfinished data is ordered and organized so that useful information can be extracted from it.
It is the most enjoyable part of carrying out the research since after all of the hard works and waiting the researcher gets the chance to find out the answers. So analyzing the data and interpreting the results are the “reward” for the work of collecting the data.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
RESEARCH DESIGN , Sampling Designs , Dependent and Independent Variables, Extraneous Variables, Hypothesis, Exploratory Research Design, Descriptive and Diagnostic Research
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
A compilation of points from various text books.
Report writing, oral presentation. Meaning and objectives, significance, attributes of good report, literature review, methodology, mechanics of writing a good report, steps in writing a report. Guidelines
by K. T. Thomas, Assistant Professor, Christ University, Pune Lavasa
For a farmer, “water saving” is likely to mean using less irrigation water to grow a crop – ideally with the same or higher yield and this presentation we come across different irrigation methods in wheat
ICT (Information & Communication Technology /Technologies) is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and etc, as well as the various services and applications associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning.
Balanced fertilizer use refers to application of essential plant nutrients in optimum quantities and in right proportional through appropriate method and time of application suited for a specific crop and agronomic situation.
Aims of Balanced Fertilization:
a) Increasing crop yield,
b) Improving quality of the produce ,
c) Increasing farm income,
d) Correction of inherent soil nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
e) Maintaining or improving lasting soil fertility,.
f) Reduces environmental hazards
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
4. Data processing
The data after collection ,have to processed and
analysed in accordance with the outline laid down
for purpose at time of developing research plan.
5. Processing of data
Processing of data includes the following steps
Editing the data
Coding of data
Classification of data
Tabulation of data
Editing
Coding
Classification
Tabulation
6. Editing the Data
It is careful scrutiny of data to insure that the data
are is accurate and eliminate errors as far as
possible.
Following are the points taken into account for
editing the data
Completeness
Accuracy
Uniformity
7. It refers to the process of assigning numerals or
other symbols to answers so response can be put into
a limited number of category.
This is helpful when sample size is large and
question consists large no of sub-items
Coding decisions are considered while developing
or designing the questionnaire or any other data
collection tool.
Coding can be done manually or through
computer.
Coding of Data
9. After editing and coding is over , the process of
classifying or grouping of data starts,
Classification is done naturally according to
similarity or sameness of replies
Classification of Data
Classification
Quantitative Qualitative
10. Quantitative :
Example: Age Groups,
Qualitative :
Example: Very efficient leader
Efficient leader
Inefficient leader
AGE GROUPS
20-35
36-50
51-65
11. According to L.R. Corner
“ Tabulation is the orderly and systematic
presentation of numerical data in a form
designed to elucidate the problem under
consideration”
Simply saying It is concise , logical & orderly
arrangement of data in a columns & rows
Tabulation of Data
12. OBJECTIVE OF TABULATION:
1. Conserves space & minimizes explanation and
descriptive statements.
2. Facilitates process of comparison and
summarization.
3. Facilitates detection of errors and omissions.
4. Establish the basis of various statistical
computations.
13. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TABULATION:
1. Tables should be clear, concise & adequately titled.
2. Every table should be distinctly numbered for easy
reference.
3. Column headings & row headings of the table should
be clear & brief.
4. Units of measurement should be specified at
appropriate places.
5. Explanatory footnotes concerning the table should be
placed at appropriate places.
6. Source of information of data should be clearly
indicated.
14. DEFINITION-: Analysis mean the categorising ,ordering ,
manipulating , & summarizing of data to obtain answers to
research question
Analysis of data can be done in following ways as below:
1.Percentage analysis:
The simplest analysis is to work out the percentage for
different items of a sample table
Example : Analyzing how much percentage of farmers
have adopted a particular new practice
Analysis of data
15. 2.Statistical analysis:
The most useful , meaningful, scientific and acceptable
method of analysis of data is to use different statistical
methods
Example: Analysing the performance of farmers
based on statistical tools like standard deviation,
mean etc,
The hypothesis testing techniques are divided into
two broad categories:
1. Parametric Tests.
2. Non- Parametric Tests.
16. 3.Gross tabulation
An important part of this analysis is to find out the
relationship between the different variables which will give
meaningful beginning of the study.
Example: Independent variables Vs dependent variables
Independent/dependent
variables
knowledge Achievement
motivation
Age
education
17. After the analysis of data, the next stage is the
interpretation of data. Explaining what are the
findings of the study or research indicate is known as
interpretation.
While interpreting the date the researcher need not
simply explain what is found in the data which can be
understood by the reader just by looking the tables
Interpretation of data
18. Example :
S.no Ownership
Improved practices
Improved seed Plant protection measures
1. Owner 31.42 32.38
2. Non- owner 34.66 33.33
•Explaining about percentages is not good way of
interpretation
•Interpretation can be that there is no relationship
between ownership of Radio and awareness of
improved practices through farm broadcast
20. In simple terms report is a statement of facts presented
in an objective manner
A report is the principal medium for primary
communication
Scientific report Technical report
This a report which contains
relevant adequate and logically
arranged scientific information
presented in specific format
Eg: thesis
Technical report is a report
which contains about technical
subjects and the associated
areas
21. Report writing is a oral or written presentation of evidence and
the findings in such detailed form so as to be readily understood
and assessed by the Reader-Anonymous
A research report is the ultimate output of research process
22. Basically the reports may be divided as follows
Report Example
Comprehensive report Thesis ,dissertation
Reports for lay
audience/summary report
Popular articles published in
magazine /newspaper
Reports for administrators
/policy seekers
Project report,annual reports
Reports for sponsers Project reports,case studies
Reports for academicians Thesis,research
papers,synopsis
23. Beautiful and attractive
Simple clear and acceptable
Reasonable and scientific analysis of facts
Sources narrated
Difficulties problems and demerits are worth
mentioning
Unbiased ,constructive and useful suggestions
24. 1.Logical analysis of the subject matter:-
• Primarily concerned with the development of a subject.
• There are two ways in which to develop a subject:
(a) logically:
(b) chronologically:
25. 2.Preparation of the final outline :
•Outlines are the framework upon which long written works are
constructed.
•They are an aid to the logical organization of the material and a
reminder of the points to be stressed in the report.”
3. Preparationofthe roughdraft
•This follows the logical analysis of the subject and the preparation
of the final outline.
•Such a step is of utmost importance for the researcher now sits to
write down what he has done in the context of his research study.
26. 4. Rewriting and polishing ofthe roughdraft.
•This step happens to be most difficult part of all formal writing.
•“In addition the researcher should give due attention to fact that in
his rough draft he has been consistent or not. He should the
mechanics of writing- grammer, spelling and usage.
5. Preparation of the final bibliography:-
•Next in order come the task of the preparation of the final
bibliography.
•The bibliography should be arranged alphabetically.
27. 6.Writing the final draft:-
• The final draft should be written in a concise and
objectives style and in simple language.
• Avoiding vague expression such as a “it seems”, “ there
may be “, and the like once.
• Must add to the knowledge of both the researcher and the
reader.
31. Division of Thesis
Broad division Individual section
Preliminaries
Title page ,certificates ,acknowledgement,
table of contents, list of tables & figures ,
glossary, abbreviations and acronyms
Body of report
Introduction
Review of literature
Methodology
Results and discussion
Conclusion
Supplementary Material
References and bibliography
Appendices
32.
33. Paper :
White bond paper of A4 size (215x273 mm) should be used.
Typing :
Type characters shall be 12 point with Times New Roman
Font. One side of the paper shall be used for printing and
typing.
Margins :
The left side margins shall be of 4 cm wide and the top,
bottom and right side shall be 2 cm wide
Spacing :
A spacing of 1.5 lines shall be used in type script except for
quotations of footnotes where single line spacing can be used.
Spacing in Abstract should be in single line space.
36. The format of title page consists of following parts:
Title
Purpose of thesis
Name of researcher
Department
University
Enrolment number
Year of submission
Title page should be symmetrically and logically laid out
38. 18 point
18 point
14 point
14 point
18 point
16 point
h-4.43, w-4.38
14 point
14 point
14 point
14 point
39. Guidelines about writing title of thesis:
Title should indicate the concept, contents and scope of
the study
Do not include in title of abbreviations & scientific
names in brackets etc
Never start title title with A , An , The To.
Standard scientific and correct terminology be used
40. Three certificate namely
a) Students declaration
b) Certificate of guide about the bonafide nature of
research are given in preliminaries
c) Approval Sheet : This is to prove that the authors have
passed the requirements needed for the thesis. This is
signed by the researcher advisory committee
44. This is a page focused on expressing gratitude to
organizations, agencies or individuals who, in one way
or another, have aided the researchers in finishing the
thesis.
It should be in present tense
45. The table of contents is essentially a topic outline of
the thesis.
It is compiled by listing the headings in the thesis down
to whichever level you choose.
47. • Include a list of figures (illustrations) and a list of tables
if you have one or more items in these categories.
• Use a separate page for each list.
• List the number, caption, and page number of every
figure and table in the body of the thesis.
51. INTRODUCTION
• The first chapter of your thesis is your Introduction.
• This is where you provide an introduction to the topic of your
thesis: you give the context in terms of content of the research
project
• Background information
• Importance and need of study
• Objectives of study
• Hypothesis or assumptions
• Scope and limitations of study
FORMAT OF INTRODUCTION
52. The background information contains about meanings,
definitions, concepts, contexts to the subject under study,
evidences supported by statistical data, past research
findings ,and so on
Answer to the question , why ? Of the study is expected
here. Why the study has been undertaken ? Needs to be
justified
Background information
Importance of study
54. Objectives gives specific directions to the investigations
hence must be well defined
They are two types
a)general objectives
b)specific objectives
As the objectives of the study are already set before the
study is conducted the same to be stated in report
The statement of objective always begin with “T0”
Objectives of study
55. A STUDY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF REVISED RAWE PROGRAMME IN ANGRAU,
ANDHRA PRADESH
General objective:
To study the functioning of revised rawe programme in Angrau,
Andhra pradesh
Specific objectives:
•To know the profile characteristics of the RAWEP students.
•To study the opinions of the students and functionaries of RAWEP.
•To find out the extent of participation of students in the activities of RAWEP.
•To study the relationship between the profile characteristics of RAWEP
students with their opinions and extent of participation.
•To elicit the constraints and suggestions of the RAWEP students and
functionaries associated with RAWEP.
•To arrive at the constructive strategies for effective implementation of
RAWEP.
56. Scope indicates the length and breadth of the study
research design, the areas variables, respondents
covered, in brief and scope of methodology and
study.
Limitations indicate the reasons and casual factors
responsible for limiting the scope ,objectives, and
methodology of the study
Scope and limitations
57. Scope of study:
To know the extent to which both the students and functionaries of the
SAUs perceive the objectives of RAWEP as achieved. It identifies the profile
characteristics affecting the participation of students in RAWEP and the
opinions of students and functionaries of RAWEP. It also identifies the
constraints and suggestions of the RAWEP students and functionaries
associated with RAWEP and finally arrive at the constructive strategies for
effective implementation of RAWEP.
Limitations of study
Being a research study conducted by the student researcher, it has usual
limitations like-
The study has the limitation of time, finance and resources available at the
disposal of the student researcher.
The objectivity of the study is limited to the honesty exhibited by students and
functionaries of RAWEP.
A STUDY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF REVISED RAWE PROGRAMME IN ANGRAU,
ANDHRA PRADESH
59. Review of literature means identification ,reading
,comprehension, and understanding and use of literature
,relevant to aspects to be dealt in research study
Sources of information
Textbooks
Research journals
Thesis
Magazines
Internet ,newspaper etc.
61. This chapter gives a brief description of the methods
and procedures followed in the study.
It deals with the methodology of research adopted for
the present investigation, which includes research
design, sampling procedure, empirical measurement of
variables, collection of data and statistical tools used.
62. The research methodology followed is described
under the following heads:
Research design
Sampling procedure
Operationalization of variables and their empirical
measurement
Devices and methods used for collection of data
Statistical tools used for analysis of data
64. Result is a statement of facts based on systematically
analyzed and tabulated data.
Results are preferably presented in three ways
1) tabulated data
2) interpretation of tabulated data
3) graphical representation
65. TYPES OF PRSENTATION OF RESULTS
Tabulation means systematic analysis and presentation of
data in logical sequence in rows and columns
Format of table:
1.Table number- written as table 1 , table 2 etc on the top of table at left hand
corner
2.Title of table: appropriate and self explanatory title should be given afetr table
number
3.Body of table: divided in rows and columns
4.Foot notes : given at bottom of table
72. Summary is an abridged form of main report, which
includes all aspects of study in shortened form.
Major findings are also stated and at end of each
statement of findings principle conclusions are given
Note :
a)Tables and figures not included in summary
b)Should not exceed 300-350 words
c)Written in past tense
74. Appendix is the supplementary part of thesis which
includes all such information which do not form the part
of main text, but necessary
The appendix may include:
-tools of data collection
-details about statistical methods and experimental
procedures
Appendix may be numbered as A, B,C OR I,II,III and son
an listed at end in table of contents