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1. Qualitative
Research
and its Format

2. What is a qualitative research?
 It is exploratory research that is used to
understand the reasons and opinions of
individuals. Moreover, it is an important
market-based research study that focuses on
obtaining qualitative data through open-ended
conversations.

3. The purpose is to comprehend the main
problem and develop ideas and methods
for future quantitative research.

4. Parts of the Research
Paper

5. Chapter 1

7. Chapter 2

8. Drafting a strong literature review is
considered the foundation of any
research. It helps to evaluate existing
research and tells your teacher how your
research is relevant to the respective
field. Moreover, it also discusses new
insights that your research will contribute
to the field of study.

9. Thus, a writer needs to be well
prepared to utilize:
 multiple scholarly sources
 organizational plan to combine both
the summary and synthesis of the
previous literature

11. Review of the Related
Literature and Studies
Introduction
Body
Synthesis

12. What is the importance of a good
Literature Review?

13. It shows that the writer is familiar with
the topic and the relevant literature.
It helps to develop a theoretical
framework and methodology for your
research.
It positions a writer in relation to other
researchers and scholars.

14. It enables you to identify a research
gap and contribute to filling that
void by contributing to the field.
It resolves any conflicts between
the previous studies.

15. Common Mistakes to Avoid
 Students do not take sufficient time to define
and identify the most relevant sources.
 Sources of your literature review are not
related to the research problem.
 Excessive reliance on secondary sources
rather than relevant primary data.

16.  Accepting other research findings as valid rather
than critically examining the research design and
analysis.
 Not describing the search procedures to identify the
review of the literature.
 Only considering statistical results as valid rather
than integrating the chi-squared or meta-analytic
methods.
 Not considering the research findings and
interpretations found in the literature.

17. Chapter 3

18. A research methodology is the
blueprint of a study that provides an
interpretation of the data gathered.
Then draw a conclusion about it.
Researchers use various techniques
to answer their research questions,
such as qualitative, quantitative, lab
experiments, etc.

19. The main purpose of the research methodology
is to:
 Analyze information about the topic.
 Allow the reader to evaluate the overall
validity and reliability critically.
 Discover the answers to questions through
scientific methods.

20. Moreover, in the research methodology
section, the researcher has to answer two
questions:
 How was the data analyzed?
 How was the data collected or
generated?

21. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY / METHODOLOGY
OF THE STUDY
 Research Design
 Sources of Data
 Data Gathering Procedure
 Statistical Treatment

22. How to Write a Research
Methodology?

23. Steps to help you write a great research
methodology for your research paper:
1. Explain the Methodological Approach
2. Describe the Methods of Data
Collection
3. Describe your Data Analysis Methods
4. Evaluate the Methodology you select

24. Explain the Methodological Approach
Below are some questions that you need to
answer in this section:
 Do you need quantitative or qualitative data?
 Do you need to collect primary or secondary
data for your research?
 Do you select experimental or descriptive
data?

25. However, it depends on the discipline and
approach. You could start by discussing the
rationale and assumptions underpinning your
methodology.
 Do you use a standard methodology?
 What is the best method to answer your
research questions?
 What are the main reliability and validity
criteria of research?

26. Describe the Methods of Data
Collection
Qualitative Method
Quantitative Method

27. Qualitative Method:
 Interviews
 Participant Observation
 Existing Data

28. Quantitative Method
 Surveys
 Experiments

29. Describe your Data Analysis
Methods
In this step, you should explain how
you have analyzed and processed
data. However, do not go into in-depth
and not discuss the results of your
work at this step.

30. Evaluate the Methodology you Select
The methodology section is important because
it provides the readers with why you selected a
certain method. Also, you have to discuss the
weaknesses of the selected approach.
However, describe why its strengths have
convinced you to choose it.

31. Tips for Writing the Strong
Research Methodology

32. Tips to write a perfect research methodology:
 Focus on your objective and research
questions.
 Cite relevant sources in your paper.
 Select the research methods and techniques
carefully.
 Gather data according to the research
problem.
 Choose the correct type of research like a
case study, statistical analysis, etc.

33. Keep the target audience in your mind.
The methodology must be structured properly
and clearly.
Create the proper outline and follow it
throughout the writing phase.
Provide solid reasons why you select this
research method.
Write about how you select this research
methodology.

34.  Avoid writing irrelevant details.
 Discuss obstacles that you face when
conducting the research.
 Collect data from reliable and credible
sources.
 Proofread them before submitting and
publishing them.

35. The five parts of research methodology
are:
 Introduction and overview
 Data collection methods
 Research design
 Methods of data analysis
 Limitations of research

36. Types of Quantitative Research Design
 Experimental
 Quasi-experimental
 Correlational
 Descriptive

37. Types of Qualitative Research Design
 Case Study
 Ethnography
 Grounded Theory
 Phenomenology

38. Chapter 4

39. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA

40. What to do before Chapter 4?
 Develop a research instrument
 Distribute the instrument to the
respondents/participants
 Collect the data
 Apply the statistical technique/computation
to the data

41. Develop a Research Instrument
 Adopt or Adapt a pre-existing
instrument
 Develop a questionnaire

42. Collect the Data
 Plan your data collection

43. What are the factors that should
be put in Chapter 4?

44. Chapter 4 Content
 Presentation of Data
 Analysis of Data
 Interpretation of Data

45. Presentation of Data
The data are usually presented in tables,
charts and/or figures with textual
interpretation/s. However, the two common
used tools in data presentation are tables and
charts/graphs.

46. Graphs/Figures
- show relations, comparisons, and distributions in a
set of data like absolute values, percentages, or
index numbers.
These could be:
 Area graph
 Bar graph
 Pie Graph
 Column Graph
 Line Graph

47. Table
- provides exact values and illustrates
results efficiently as they enable the
researcher to present a large amount of
data in a small amount of space. The
elements in a table are title, rows,
column, label, and data.

48. Analysis of Data
It is the process of inspecting, rearranging,
modifying and transforming data to extract
useful information from it. Researchers must
take note on maintaining the integrity of the
data and be the credible data analyst.

49. Interpretation of Data
The intelligence and logic of the researchers
are required in this part. The analysis and
interpretation will be the bases of the findings
of the study.

50. The Levels of Interpreting Data
Level 1: The data collected are compared and contrasted
Level 2: Explain the internal validity, consistency and reliability
of results
Level 3: Explain the external validity of results, and the
applicability of external conditions
Level 4: Relate or connect the interpretation of data with
theory or with review of the related literature.

51. Chapter 5

52. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
 Summary of Findings
 Conclusions