Data collection techniques
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This document outlines 10 different methods for collecting data in educational research: journals/diaries, document collection, field notes, interviews/discussions, stimulated recall, classroom diagrams/maps, think aloud, self report, questionnaire, and observations. Journals are written for public consumption while diaries are private. Field notes describe observed events. Interviews involve planned or unplanned verbal interactions. Stimulated recall uses previous data to prompt participant responses. Think aloud asks participants to express thoughts. Self report involves participants reporting their teaching and learning. Questionnaires can be self-administered or interviewer-administered. Observations can be real-time, audio recorded, video recorded, or transcribed.
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4 Data Collection Techniques - Choosing the Right One
Any research is only as good as the data that drives it, so choosing the right technique of data collection can make all the difference.
In this presentation, we will look at four different data collection techniques – Observation, Questionnaire, Survey Interview and Focus Group Session – and evaluate their suitability under different circumstances.
Section 8: Data Gathering and Instrumentation
This document discusses various methods of data collection in educational research. It describes data collection as involving deciding when, who, how, and what data to collect. Common research instruments include questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing data, Likert scales, semantic differential scales, and opinionnaires. Questionnaires can be self-administered or mailed but have low response rates. Interviews are conducted in-person but are time-consuming. Observation directly watches participants. The document provides guidelines for developing and using various data collection instruments and methods.
Participant observation
Participant observation is a qualitative research method where a researcher immerses themselves in a group to observe and participate in their daily lives over an extended period of time. This allows the researcher to gain an intimate understanding of the group's practices, behaviors, and culture. There are various levels of participation a researcher can take, from non-participatory observation to fully embracing the group's customs. While this provides rich insights, it also carries risks like bias and losing objectivity. Participant observation works best when little is known about a topic or to study phenomena in natural settings.
Instrumentation in social science studies
The document provides guidance on designing effective questionnaires. It discusses specifying the necessary information and type of interview method. It also covers determining question content and structure, wording, and order. Proper questionnaire design includes overcoming respondents' inability or unwillingness to answer, avoiding leading or ambiguous questions, and pre-testing the questionnaire to eliminate issues.
Data Collection in Research
Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established systematic fashion, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes.
Methods of data collection
This document discusses various data collection methods used in research, including observation, interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques. It provides details on each method, such as how to conduct interviews and focus groups, and the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The document also differentiates between primary and secondary data and discusses validity and reliability in data collection.
Gathering information presentation.
This document discusses different methods for gathering information, including questionnaires, interviews, newspapers/magazines, and the internet. Questionnaires allow collecting people's opinions through a list of questions, and can provide statistical data. Interviews involve real conversations using open or closed questions. The internet provides a wide range but unreliable information must be avoided. Newspapers/magazines supply real examples for research topics.
Questionnaire, interview, observation and rating scale
In writing about your research when you have completed the project you need an explanation of your methodology so that others can understand the significance of what you have done and make sense of how it all worked. The methodology piece says why you did what you did. It also enables you to write about what you did not do and why, and about the weaknesses or limitations of your project as well as its strengths. Every research has a limitation of some sort and it is perfectly acceptable to identify the weaknesses of your own study.
Recommended
4 Data Collection Techniques - Choosing the Right One
Any research is only as good as the data that drives it, so choosing the right technique of data collection can make all the difference.
In this presentation, we will look at four different data collection techniques – Observation, Questionnaire, Survey Interview and Focus Group Session – and evaluate their suitability under different circumstances.
Section 8: Data Gathering and Instrumentation
This document discusses various methods of data collection in educational research. It describes data collection as involving deciding when, who, how, and what data to collect. Common research instruments include questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing data, Likert scales, semantic differential scales, and opinionnaires. Questionnaires can be self-administered or mailed but have low response rates. Interviews are conducted in-person but are time-consuming. Observation directly watches participants. The document provides guidelines for developing and using various data collection instruments and methods.
Participant observation
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Instrumentation in social science studies
The document provides guidance on designing effective questionnaires. It discusses specifying the necessary information and type of interview method. It also covers determining question content and structure, wording, and order. Proper questionnaire design includes overcoming respondents' inability or unwillingness to answer, avoiding leading or ambiguous questions, and pre-testing the questionnaire to eliminate issues.
Data Collection in Research
Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established systematic fashion, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes.
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This document discusses various data collection methods used in research, including observation, interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques. It provides details on each method, such as how to conduct interviews and focus groups, and the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The document also differentiates between primary and secondary data and discusses validity and reliability in data collection.
Gathering information presentation.
This document discusses different methods for gathering information, including questionnaires, interviews, newspapers/magazines, and the internet. Questionnaires allow collecting people's opinions through a list of questions, and can provide statistical data. Interviews involve real conversations using open or closed questions. The internet provides a wide range but unreliable information must be avoided. Newspapers/magazines supply real examples for research topics.
Questionnaire, interview, observation and rating scale
In writing about your research when you have completed the project you need an explanation of your methodology so that others can understand the significance of what you have done and make sense of how it all worked. The methodology piece says why you did what you did. It also enables you to write about what you did not do and why, and about the weaknesses or limitations of your project as well as its strengths. Every research has a limitation of some sort and it is perfectly acceptable to identify the weaknesses of your own study.
different methods of data collection : Merits and Demerits
This document discusses different methods of data collection in research. It defines data and research and outlines the typical steps in a research process. The main methods of data collection discussed are observation, questionnaires, interviews, schedules, and case studies. For each method, the document describes the sub-types, merits, and demerits. It finds that primary data collection through methods like observation and interviews can provide in-depth insights but are more resource-intensive, while secondary data and questionnaires allow broad coverage but require adjustment and have response biases. Overall, the best method depends on the research objective and available resources.
Method and tools of data collection
This document discusses various methods and tools for data collection. It defines data collection methods as systematic ways of collecting information about subjects of study, and data collection tools as instruments used to gather information. The main methods covered are using available records, interviews, observations, questionnaires, scales and physiological measurements. Specific tools are also defined for each method. Sources of bias and ethical considerations in data collection are also addressed.
Schedules and questionnaire for data collection-Pragathi G S
Schedule is a structured set of questions used in personal interviews, while a questionnaire is filled out independently by respondents. Some key differences are:
- Schedules are filled out by enumerators during interviews, while questionnaires are filled out by respondents themselves.
- Response rates tend to be higher with schedules since enumerators can ensure all questions are answered, whereas respondents may not fully complete questionnaires.
- Schedules allow for gathering data from both literate and illiterate respondents, but questionnaires require literacy.
The research instruments
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Interview Method for Qualitative Research
Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.
Interviewing, a method for conducting research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.
McNamra (1999), the interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Interview may be useful as follow-up to certain respondent
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Elicitation
Elicitation refers to obtaining data from subjects through procedures like standardized tests, questionnaires, and interviews. Surveys are a commonly used descriptive method in educational research and can vary in scope from large governmental investigations to small single-researcher studies. Questionnaires are a popular means of collecting written data through open-ended and closed-ended questions from subjects. Interviews can range from unstructured to semi-structured to structured based on their formality, and involve eliciting data from one person by another through in-person encounters. Both tape-recording and note-taking during interviews have strengths and weaknesses for preserving data.
12 data-collection-methods
This document discusses three common data collection methods: observation, interview, and questionnaire. Observation involves personally watching and interacting with research subjects and can be participatory or non-participatory. Interviews are verbal conversations with research participants that can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured. Questionnaires are paper surveys containing a list of questions for respondents to answer in writing.
Focus Group Discussion (Fgd)
Focus group discussions are a type of qualitative research where a small group of people are asked questions in an interactive group setting about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs and attitudes towards a product, service, concept, advertisement or idea. They typically involve 8-12 participants and last 1-2 hours. Focus groups are used to explore complex behaviors and motivations, find consensus on topics, and gain insights in a friendly manner. They provide real-life data in a social environment quickly and cost-effectively, but require skilled facilitation and data is more difficult to analyze than quantitative data. Proper planning and facilitation is important to get useful results and deal with potential issues that may arise.
Malimu data collection methods
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Observation Method
Observation Method is one of the methods for data collection. This method is very much applicable for ethnic research. Expert data collectors are essential to collect data through observation method..
Types of instruments new
This document discusses research instruments and data collection methods. It defines key terms like data, instrumentation, and questionnaires. It describes common types of research instruments like rating scales, interviews, checklists, and anecdotal records. It provides guidelines for developing and pilot testing questionnaires, including writing clear questions and providing response options. The document outlines best practices for administering tests and collecting data, as well as advantages and disadvantages of different data collection methods.
Data collection methods
This document discusses data collection methods, including secondary and primary data. Secondary data refers to data that has already been collected for other purposes, and can help identify problems, define research questions, and interpret primary data. However, secondary data may not be directly relevant or accurate for the current research problem. Primary data is originally collected by the researcher specifically for the research problem and can be qualitative or quantitative. Common primary data collection methods include surveys, interviews, and observations. Surveys are a widely used quantitative method that involve distributing questionnaires via mail, email, telephone or online. They have advantages of being low-cost and allowing large samples, but suffer from low response rates.
Research instrument
This document discusses research instruments used for data collection. It describes three common instruments: questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Questionnaires involve structured questions to elicit responses, while interviews can be structured, unstructured, or focused. Observation can involve participating or non-participating. The document provides examples of each type of instrument and discusses characteristics of good instruments, such as being valid and reliable. It also outlines steps to prepare questionnaires and types of questions used.
Surveys method in research methodology
Surveys are used to assess health conditions and guide health programs. There are three main types of health surveys: health surveys assess overall health issues, morbidity surveys focus on a specific condition, and utilization surveys examine health service use. Effective surveys require thorough planning, appropriate tools like questionnaires, and obtaining permissions. Observation and interviews are commonly used for data collection, with each method having advantages and disadvantages. Structured techniques help ensure reliability and validity.
Tool for data collection
The document discusses research tools and data collection methods. It defines tools as instruments used to collect information for assessments and evaluations. There are various tools like questionnaires, interviews, and checklists. Primary data collection involves direct contact with participants through surveys, interviews, and observations. Secondary data collection does not require direct contact and includes methods like postal/email surveys. Common data collection methods are observation, interviews, questionnaires, and physiological measurements. The appropriate method depends on factors like the nature of study, sample size, and type of information needed.
Observation as a Research Tool
Observation is one of the important and basic methods or techniques or tools for collecting data in almost all types of research studies.(experimental or laboratory research, descriptive research or qualitative research.)
Observation as a research tool is used in understanding, measuring, prediction and modification of human behavior.
The observer can opt for either participant or non participant observation. This technique can be used to observe the behavior or attitude of the individual or a group. The observer has to plan carefully and execute the plans to collect accurate information. The observation could be supported with interaction.
This method gives an opportunity to know the insights of the group and naturally, the observer will be able to get the factual data compared to other methods of data collection.
Qualitative data collection
Qualitative data collection involves several key steps and considerations. Researchers must identify participants and sites, gain access and permissions, define what types of data to collect such as through observations, interviews, or documents, develop appropriate data collection tools, and collect data in an ethical manner. There are various sampling strategies such as purposive sampling to select information-rich cases. Key informants can provide insider perspectives. Interviews and focus groups are common but time-intensive methods to directly collect words from people. Reflective journals and field notes also capture qualitative data over time from single or multiple observers.
Classroom-Based Research EVO 2016 Week 3: "Data collection tools for resear...
This document discusses data collection tools for classroom-based research. It defines data as information obtained from research subjects. Various tools are described such as tests, essays, anecdotes, diaries, photos, and social media posts. Key considerations for data collection include where, when, how often, and who will collect data. Triangulation of data using multiple tools increases validity. Examples of tools include questionnaires, observation, documentation, interviews, journals, and stimulated recall. Developing Potentially Exploitable Pedagogic Activities allows collecting data through normal classroom activities to benefit students. Research ethics and validity, reliability, usability, and objectivity are also discussed.
Characteristics of a data collection
1. Validity refers to the degree to which a tool measures what it is intended to measure. There are several types of validity including content validity, criterion-related validity, and construct validity.
2. Reliability refers to the accuracy and consistency of a measuring tool. A reliable measure produces nearly the same results during repeated measurements.
3. Sensitivity refers to a measure's ability to detect changes, while appropriateness means a measure evaluates what it is intended to without bias. Objectivity, economy, practicability, and interest are also important factors when selecting a measurement tool.
Data collection techniques
This document discusses different methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on each method, such as advantages and limitations. Some key points covered include:
- Primary data is originally collected for the specific research purpose, while secondary data was previously collected by others.
- Observation allows collecting data without respondent bias but provides limited information. Interviews can obtain more depth but are more expensive and time-consuming.
- Questionnaires standardize responses but response rates may be low. They are cheaper than interviews and can reach more geographically dispersed respondents.
Methods of data collection
There are various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. Primary data collection methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Secondary data refers to previously collected data that is analyzed and available for use in other studies. Factors to consider when selecting a data collection method include the nature, scope, and objective of the research, available funds and time, and required precision.
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different methods of data collection : Merits and Demerits
This document discusses different methods of data collection in research. It defines data and research and outlines the typical steps in a research process. The main methods of data collection discussed are observation, questionnaires, interviews, schedules, and case studies. For each method, the document describes the sub-types, merits, and demerits. It finds that primary data collection through methods like observation and interviews can provide in-depth insights but are more resource-intensive, while secondary data and questionnaires allow broad coverage but require adjustment and have response biases. Overall, the best method depends on the research objective and available resources.
Method and tools of data collection
This document discusses various methods and tools for data collection. It defines data collection methods as systematic ways of collecting information about subjects of study, and data collection tools as instruments used to gather information. The main methods covered are using available records, interviews, observations, questionnaires, scales and physiological measurements. Specific tools are also defined for each method. Sources of bias and ethical considerations in data collection are also addressed.
Schedules and questionnaire for data collection-Pragathi G S
Schedule is a structured set of questions used in personal interviews, while a questionnaire is filled out independently by respondents. Some key differences are:
- Schedules are filled out by enumerators during interviews, while questionnaires are filled out by respondents themselves.
- Response rates tend to be higher with schedules since enumerators can ensure all questions are answered, whereas respondents may not fully complete questionnaires.
- Schedules allow for gathering data from both literate and illiterate respondents, but questionnaires require literacy.
The research instruments
The document discusses research instruments, focusing on questionnaires. It describes questionnaires as one of the most common tools for obtaining data beyond an observer's physical reach. Questionnaires can be sent to people thousands of miles away. They come in closed-form or open-form versions. Guidelines for constructing effective questionnaires include using clear language, singular purpose, relevance to the study objectives, and correct grammar. The document also lists 12 principles for developing questionnaires and discusses advantages like facilitating data gathering, as well as disadvantages such as potential for low response rates.
Interview Method for Qualitative Research
Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.
Interviewing, a method for conducting research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.
McNamra (1999), the interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Interview may be useful as follow-up to certain respondent
Mass media research unit 3
This document discusses qualitative research methods used in mass media research. It describes three approaches to social science research: positivism, interpretive, and critical. It then discusses five areas of difference between positivist and interpretive approaches. Finally, it summarizes various qualitative data collection methods like field observation, focus groups, intensive interviews, and content analysis.
Elicitation
Elicitation refers to obtaining data from subjects through procedures like standardized tests, questionnaires, and interviews. Surveys are a commonly used descriptive method in educational research and can vary in scope from large governmental investigations to small single-researcher studies. Questionnaires are a popular means of collecting written data through open-ended and closed-ended questions from subjects. Interviews can range from unstructured to semi-structured to structured based on their formality, and involve eliciting data from one person by another through in-person encounters. Both tape-recording and note-taking during interviews have strengths and weaknesses for preserving data.
12 data-collection-methods
This document discusses three common data collection methods: observation, interview, and questionnaire. Observation involves personally watching and interacting with research subjects and can be participatory or non-participatory. Interviews are verbal conversations with research participants that can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured. Questionnaires are paper surveys containing a list of questions for respondents to answer in writing.
Focus Group Discussion (Fgd)
Focus group discussions are a type of qualitative research where a small group of people are asked questions in an interactive group setting about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs and attitudes towards a product, service, concept, advertisement or idea. They typically involve 8-12 participants and last 1-2 hours. Focus groups are used to explore complex behaviors and motivations, find consensus on topics, and gain insights in a friendly manner. They provide real-life data in a social environment quickly and cost-effectively, but require skilled facilitation and data is more difficult to analyze than quantitative data. Proper planning and facilitation is important to get useful results and deal with potential issues that may arise.
Malimu data collection methods
This document discusses various methods of data collection in research. It describes six main methods: tests, questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, observation, and existing data. It provides details on questionnaires and interviews, including strengths and weaknesses of each. For questionnaires, it outlines 15 principles of construction such as matching items to objectives and using clear, concise language. For interviews it distinguishes between quantitative, standardized interviews and qualitative, open-ended interviews. The document emphasizes the importance of mixing methods to leverage their complementary strengths.
Observation Method
Observation Method is one of the methods for data collection. This method is very much applicable for ethnic research. Expert data collectors are essential to collect data through observation method..
Types of instruments new
This document discusses research instruments and data collection methods. It defines key terms like data, instrumentation, and questionnaires. It describes common types of research instruments like rating scales, interviews, checklists, and anecdotal records. It provides guidelines for developing and pilot testing questionnaires, including writing clear questions and providing response options. The document outlines best practices for administering tests and collecting data, as well as advantages and disadvantages of different data collection methods.
Data collection methods
This document discusses data collection methods, including secondary and primary data. Secondary data refers to data that has already been collected for other purposes, and can help identify problems, define research questions, and interpret primary data. However, secondary data may not be directly relevant or accurate for the current research problem. Primary data is originally collected by the researcher specifically for the research problem and can be qualitative or quantitative. Common primary data collection methods include surveys, interviews, and observations. Surveys are a widely used quantitative method that involve distributing questionnaires via mail, email, telephone or online. They have advantages of being low-cost and allowing large samples, but suffer from low response rates.
Research instrument
This document discusses research instruments used for data collection. It describes three common instruments: questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Questionnaires involve structured questions to elicit responses, while interviews can be structured, unstructured, or focused. Observation can involve participating or non-participating. The document provides examples of each type of instrument and discusses characteristics of good instruments, such as being valid and reliable. It also outlines steps to prepare questionnaires and types of questions used.
Surveys method in research methodology
Surveys are used to assess health conditions and guide health programs. There are three main types of health surveys: health surveys assess overall health issues, morbidity surveys focus on a specific condition, and utilization surveys examine health service use. Effective surveys require thorough planning, appropriate tools like questionnaires, and obtaining permissions. Observation and interviews are commonly used for data collection, with each method having advantages and disadvantages. Structured techniques help ensure reliability and validity.
Tool for data collection
The document discusses research tools and data collection methods. It defines tools as instruments used to collect information for assessments and evaluations. There are various tools like questionnaires, interviews, and checklists. Primary data collection involves direct contact with participants through surveys, interviews, and observations. Secondary data collection does not require direct contact and includes methods like postal/email surveys. Common data collection methods are observation, interviews, questionnaires, and physiological measurements. The appropriate method depends on factors like the nature of study, sample size, and type of information needed.
Observation as a Research Tool
Observation is one of the important and basic methods or techniques or tools for collecting data in almost all types of research studies.(experimental or laboratory research, descriptive research or qualitative research.)
Observation as a research tool is used in understanding, measuring, prediction and modification of human behavior.
The observer can opt for either participant or non participant observation. This technique can be used to observe the behavior or attitude of the individual or a group. The observer has to plan carefully and execute the plans to collect accurate information. The observation could be supported with interaction.
This method gives an opportunity to know the insights of the group and naturally, the observer will be able to get the factual data compared to other methods of data collection.
Qualitative data collection
Qualitative data collection involves several key steps and considerations. Researchers must identify participants and sites, gain access and permissions, define what types of data to collect such as through observations, interviews, or documents, develop appropriate data collection tools, and collect data in an ethical manner. There are various sampling strategies such as purposive sampling to select information-rich cases. Key informants can provide insider perspectives. Interviews and focus groups are common but time-intensive methods to directly collect words from people. Reflective journals and field notes also capture qualitative data over time from single or multiple observers.
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Characteristics of a data collection
1. Validity refers to the degree to which a tool measures what it is intended to measure. There are several types of validity including content validity, criterion-related validity, and construct validity.
2. Reliability refers to the accuracy and consistency of a measuring tool. A reliable measure produces nearly the same results during repeated measurements.
3. Sensitivity refers to a measure's ability to detect changes, while appropriateness means a measure evaluates what it is intended to without bias. Objectivity, economy, practicability, and interest are also important factors when selecting a measurement tool.
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Classroom-Based Research EVO 2016 Week 3: "Data collection tools for resear...
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Data collection techniques
This document discusses different methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on each method, such as advantages and limitations. Some key points covered include:
- Primary data is originally collected for the specific research purpose, while secondary data was previously collected by others.
- Observation allows collecting data without respondent bias but provides limited information. Interviews can obtain more depth but are more expensive and time-consuming.
- Questionnaires standardize responses but response rates may be low. They are cheaper than interviews and can reach more geographically dispersed respondents.
Methods of data collection
There are various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. Primary data collection methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Secondary data refers to previously collected data that is analyzed and available for use in other studies. Factors to consider when selecting a data collection method include the nature, scope, and objective of the research, available funds and time, and required precision.
Data Collection-Primary & Secondary
This presentation discusses primary and secondary data collection methods. It begins by defining primary data as original data collected specifically for the research purpose, such as through surveys and interviews. Secondary data refers to data previously collected by others, such as published sources. Both data types are useful but have tradeoffs - primary data directly addresses the research question while secondary data is easier to obtain but may not be specific. The presentation provides examples of primary and secondary data collection techniques and their respective advantages and disadvantages.
20100926080916 lecture 12-research methods & data collection techniques
This document discusses qualitative and quantitative research methods and data collection techniques. For qualitative research, it outlines in-depth interviews, participation observation, and focus group discussions as methods. Example questions are provided for in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. For quantitative research, face-to-face interviews, mailed questionnaires, and questionnaires are listed as methods. Example questions for face-to-face interviews, questionnaires, and mailed questionnaires are also included.
Methods of data collection
Data are numerical facts collected systematically for research purposes. Economists study phenomena and draw conclusions from collected data. There are two main sources of information: primary and secondary data. Primary data involves collecting original data directly from sources for a specific research purpose, such as through observation, interviews, questionnaires, or schedules. Secondary data refers to data that was originally collected by someone else for another purpose and has been published, such as government publications, journals, or reports.
Chapter 9-METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
This document discusses various methods of data collection in research. It describes 7 common methods: questionnaires, checklists, interviews, observation, records, experimental approaches, and survey approaches. For each method, it outlines the key aspects, such as how it is administered or structured, as well as advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses important considerations for developing research instruments and measuring variables in studies. The overall purpose is to provide guidance on selecting appropriate data collection techniques based on the research problem and design.
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Language acquisition is a developmental process where people build up their own language system through comprehensible input. It is important to have chances to practice with native speakers, improve skills like pronunciation over time with repetition, and acquire the grammatical system early to use language creatively. Learners need meaningful exposure in a variety of social settings to fully develop their language abilities.
6. Principles About Language Acquisition
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Qualitative research techniques
The document discusses various qualitative research techniques including observation, focus groups, depth interviews, and projective techniques. Qualitative research involves observational techniques or unstructured questioning to understand behaviors, opinions, and motivations. Focus groups involve moderated group discussions with 8-12 screened participants to understand perceptions and generate ideas. Projective techniques use ambiguous stimuli to indirectly reveal respondents' views through activities like word associations, sentence completions, and cartoon interpretations. While qualitative techniques are suitable in theory for Asia-Pacific countries, cultural factors like preference for numbers over opinions and reluctance to discuss sensitive issues pose challenges to their practical use in most Asian markets.
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Data collection methods
Secondary data refers to data that has already been collected by someone else, while primary data is data that is collected by the researcher themselves. Some advantages of using secondary data include not having to reinvent the wheel, saving time and money, and the data may be very accurate if collected by a government agency. However, secondary data can be limited by being outdated, incomplete, or inconsistent over time. Primary data collection allows customizing data to specific research questions but is more time consuming and expensive. Researchers must determine if their question can be answered by existing secondary data or requires new primary data collection.
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The memo recommends three ways for the Computown Public School System to bridge the digital divide:
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Quantitative and Qualitative Research
This document provides an overview of the key differences between quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative research aims to test hypotheses and make predictions by studying specific variables through structured data collection from large randomly selected groups, which is then analyzed statistically. Qualitative research seeks to understand social phenomena through descriptive data like words and images collected from smaller non-random groups via open-ended questions, interviews and observations, with the goal of gaining insights rather than making generalized predictions.
Data collection presentation
Data collection - Statistical data are a numerical statement of aggregates. Data, generally, are obtained through properly organized statistical inquiries conducted by the investigators. Data can either be from primary or secondary sources.
Source of Data in Research
This document discusses primary and secondary data collection techniques. Primary data is originally collected for the specific research purpose, through surveys, interviews, or observations. It is more reliable but costly and time-consuming to collect. Secondary data is previously collected data that is reused for another purpose, sourced from publications, websites, or databases. It is cheaper and faster to obtain but less targeted to the research questions. Both data types have advantages and disadvantages for research.
Qualitative Research
Qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world. It provides rich, detailed descriptions through methods like interviews, observations, and written responses. The researcher immerses themselves in the topic to understand perspectives without assumptions. Main types include case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. Data collection involves interactions, written responses, and observations. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. The process moves from specific to general understanding through a funnel or inductive approach. Validity is increased through triangulation of multiple data sources, types, and collection methods. Strengths include understanding context, but it is time consuming and results may not generalize. Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches at different stages of
Quantitative And Qualitative Research
Quantitative and qualitative research methods differ in important ways. Quantitative research uses statistical analysis of numeric data from standardized instruments, while qualitative research relies on descriptive analysis of text or image data collected from a small number of individuals. The two approaches also differ in how the research problem is identified, how literature is reviewed, how data is collected and analyzed, and how findings are reported. Common quantitative designs include experimental, correlational, and survey designs, while qualitative designs include grounded theory, ethnographic, narrative, and action research designs. The best approach depends on matching the research questions and goals.
Qualitative and quantitative methods of research
The document compares and contrasts qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses that qualitative research aims to understand social interactions through smaller, non-randomly selected samples, while quantitative research seeks to test hypotheses and make predictions using larger, randomly selected samples and specific variables. It also outlines the different types of data collected, forms of analysis, roles of researchers, and final reporting structures between the two methods.
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20100926080916 lecture 12-research methods & data collection techniques
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Data collection techniques
- 2. 1. JOURNAL/DIARIES Journal: is a daily record that is written in order to be read in public. Diary: is essentially private document that is written for personal use.
- 4. 3. FIELD NOTES The description and accounts of observed events, including non-verbal information, physical setting, interaction between the participants.
- 5. 4. INTERVIEWS/DISCUSSIONS This a planned/unplanned or a structured face to face verbal interaction.
- 6. 5. STIMULATED RECALL Using previous recorded or transcribed data to prompt responses from participants on actions, feelings, thoughts, beliefs, following events being researched. The researcher or the teacher stops the videotape at useful interval in order to inquire about the thinking going on at that moment.
- 7. 6. CLASSROOM DIAGRAMS & MAPS
- 8. 7. THINK ALOUD This is the situation whereby the participants are asked to express their thoughts aloud.
- 9. 8. SELF REPORT A process in which participants are asked to report to others, how they go about teaching and learning (usually through an interview).
- 10. 9. QUESTIONNAIRE Self administered questionnaire. Interviewer administered questionnaire
- 11. 10. OBSERVATIONS Real Time Observation. Recording 1. Audio taping 2. Videotaping Transcription 1. Making & transcribing audio recordings. 2. Making & transcribing video recordings.
- 12. Any difficult QUESTION must have answer… So ask me…
- 13. Thank you for being awesome audience.