This document discusses the process of collecting qualitative data. It explains that qualitative researchers identify participants and sites, determine what type of data to collect through methods like observations, interviews, documents, and audiovisual materials. Researchers develop data collection forms like interview protocols and observational protocols to systematically record information. The document provides details on purposeful sampling strategies, gaining access to research sites, seeking ethical approval, and collecting and recording qualitative data.
The demands of communication studies researchKenneth James
Research ranks among the most abused concept in the academic circle. Often times, a student who went to the library in search of facts to back up his or her term paper or assignment comes back to announce that he or she almost died carrying out research in the library. In this case, mere flipping through the pages of some books and copying some portions of the books become a research effort.
Again, some people perceive checking for the meaning of a word or an historical fact in the encyclopedia as a research activity (Osuala, 2005).
Research, however, is much more than all these. It is hardly as simple as consulting a dictionary or an encyclopedia to ascertain the meaning of a word or a historical fact that is already there in the dictionary or encyclopedia as the case may be.
The demands of communication studies researchKenneth James
Research ranks among the most abused concept in the academic circle. Often times, a student who went to the library in search of facts to back up his or her term paper or assignment comes back to announce that he or she almost died carrying out research in the library. In this case, mere flipping through the pages of some books and copying some portions of the books become a research effort.
Again, some people perceive checking for the meaning of a word or an historical fact in the encyclopedia as a research activity (Osuala, 2005).
Research, however, is much more than all these. It is hardly as simple as consulting a dictionary or an encyclopedia to ascertain the meaning of a word or a historical fact that is already there in the dictionary or encyclopedia as the case may be.
Identifying and formulating a research question: Ayurveda Perspective Kishor Patwardhan
This presentation is based on the following publications:
Ratan SK, Anand T, Ratan J. Formulation of Research Question - Stepwise Approach. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg. 2019;24(1):15-20. doi:10.4103/jiaps.JIAPS_76_18
Fandino W. Formulating a good research question: Pearls and pitfalls. Indian J Anaesth. 2019;63(8):611-616. doi:10.4103/ija.IJA_198_19
WHO: A practical guide for health researchers (2004)
DATA COLLECTION AND FIELDWORK – WHAT TO EXPECT AND HOW TO OVERCOME DIFFICULTI...Samar Almossa
In this session, we will discuss: a) fieldwork essentials b) fieldwork preparation c) conducting fieldwork: what to expect and how to cope with unexpected challenges d) post fieldwork: blues, imposter syndrome, and getting back on track.
How to Identify the Research Gap While Writing a PhD Dissertation Literature ...PhD Assistance
PhD Assistance gives you tips to Identify Research Gaps in the Literature Review for writing a PhD dissertation.
A Research Gap is a Topic or field for which insufficient data restrict the ability to conclude a research question. If we are looking for a research issue, what is the healthiest beverage for humans? You can discover multiple studies and potential answers to the questions. Research gap identification eventually makes way for new and exciting research.
PhD Assistance offers UK Dissertation Research Topics Services. When you Order Dissertation Services at PhD Assistance, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, Always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
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For Any Queries : Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
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Questions to Ask Across the Ethnographic LifecycleCelia Emmelhainz
This presentation highlights questions for anthropologists and other qualitative researchers to ask themselves across the research data management lifecycle, including in finding, annotating, securing, and archiving qualitative research materials.
It was Presented in the 1st Refresher Course in E-Learning & E-Governance (Interdisciplinary) on July 30, 2018 at UGC-Human Resource Development Centre (HRDC), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. I was invited as a Resource Person for the training course.
Identifying and formulating a research question: Ayurveda Perspective Kishor Patwardhan
This presentation is based on the following publications:
Ratan SK, Anand T, Ratan J. Formulation of Research Question - Stepwise Approach. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg. 2019;24(1):15-20. doi:10.4103/jiaps.JIAPS_76_18
Fandino W. Formulating a good research question: Pearls and pitfalls. Indian J Anaesth. 2019;63(8):611-616. doi:10.4103/ija.IJA_198_19
WHO: A practical guide for health researchers (2004)
DATA COLLECTION AND FIELDWORK – WHAT TO EXPECT AND HOW TO OVERCOME DIFFICULTI...Samar Almossa
In this session, we will discuss: a) fieldwork essentials b) fieldwork preparation c) conducting fieldwork: what to expect and how to cope with unexpected challenges d) post fieldwork: blues, imposter syndrome, and getting back on track.
How to Identify the Research Gap While Writing a PhD Dissertation Literature ...PhD Assistance
PhD Assistance gives you tips to Identify Research Gaps in the Literature Review for writing a PhD dissertation.
A Research Gap is a Topic or field for which insufficient data restrict the ability to conclude a research question. If we are looking for a research issue, what is the healthiest beverage for humans? You can discover multiple studies and potential answers to the questions. Research gap identification eventually makes way for new and exciting research.
PhD Assistance offers UK Dissertation Research Topics Services. When you Order Dissertation Services at PhD Assistance, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, Always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Learn More:http://bit.ly/3aomOF3
Contact Us:
For Any Queries : Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
WhatsApp No: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
Questions to Ask Across the Ethnographic LifecycleCelia Emmelhainz
This presentation highlights questions for anthropologists and other qualitative researchers to ask themselves across the research data management lifecycle, including in finding, annotating, securing, and archiving qualitative research materials.
It was Presented in the 1st Refresher Course in E-Learning & E-Governance (Interdisciplinary) on July 30, 2018 at UGC-Human Resource Development Centre (HRDC), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. I was invited as a Resource Person for the training course.
Chapter Session 2.5 data collection 27.3.18.pptetebarkhmichale
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation.
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe different types of data collection techniques
Demonstrate dimensions , type of observations and how to prepare and conduct observation
Understand the practical communication skills for interviews to ask good questions , probe and follow up questions .
Able to prepare for interview
Understand the characteristics and uses of focus group discussions
Conduct focus group discussions
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
2. WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF QUALTATIVE
DATA CLLECTION?
1-Identify your participants and sites.
2-Gain access.
3-Determine the type of data to collect.
4-Develop data collection forms.
5-Administer the process in an ethical manner.
5. To develop a detailed
understanding
Select people or sites who can
best help us understand our
phenomenon
Select representative
individuals
To generalize from sample to
the population
Purposeful “Qualitative”
sampling
Random “Quantitative”
sampling
To make “claims” about the population
To build/test “theories” that explain the
population.
That might provide useful information.
That might help people learn about the
phenomenon.
That might give voice to silenced people.
7. TYPES OF PURPOSEFUL
SAMPLING
Maximal Variation Sampling
Extreme Case Sampling
Typical Sampling
Theory or Concept Sampling
Homogeneous Sampling
Critical Sampling
Opportunistic Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Confirming and Disconfirming Sampling
8. Maximal Variation Sampling:
A purposeful sampling strategy in which the
researcher samples cases or individuals that
differ on some characteristic or trait.
e.g. different age groups.
9. EXTREME CASE SAMPLING
Is a form of purposeful sampling in which you
study an outlier case or one that displays
extreme characteristics.
-Choose extreme cases after knowing the typical or
average case-e.g., outstanding successes, crisis
events
10. Typical Sampling
A form of a purposeful sampling in which the
researcher studies a person or site that is
“typical” to those unfamiliar with the situation.
11. Theory or Concept Sampling
A purposeful sampling strategy in which the
researcher samples individuals or sites
because they can help the researcher generate
or discover a theory or specific concepts within
the theory.
12. Homogeneous Sampling
The researcher purposefully samples individuals
or sites based on membership in a subgroup
that has defining characteristics.
15. Snowball Sampling
A form of purposeful sampling that typically
proceeds after a study begins and occurs when
the researcher asks participants to recommend
other individuals to study.
16. Confirming and Disconfirming Sampling
A purposeful strategy used during a study to
follow up on specific cases to test or explore
further specific findings.
17. WHEN DOES SAMPLING OCCUR
Before data collection? After data collection has started?
What is the intent? What is the intent?
To develop
Many
perspectives
19. HOW WILL YOU GAIN ACCESS TO THE
PEOPLE AND SITES?
Gaining access to the site or individual(s) in
qualitative inquiry involves obtaining permission
at different levels, such as:
The organization
The site
The individuals
The campus institutional review boards
20. SEEK INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW
BOARD APPROVAL
Institutional Review Board (IRB(:
Insures that data reported is credible and accurate and that
the participant’s right and confidentiality are protected.
21. Several strategies might prove useful when negotiating qualitative
research through the (IRB) process:
1-Determine if individuals reviewing proposals on the review board
are familiar with qualitative research.
2-Develop detailed descriptions of the procedures so that reviewers have
a full disclosure of the potential risks to people and sites in the study.
3-Detail ways you will protect the anonymity participants.
4-Discuss the need to respect the research site and to disturb or
disrupt it as little as possible.
5-Detail how the study will provide opportunities to “give back” and
reciprocate in some way to those individuals you study.
6-Acknowledge that during your prolonged interaction with
participants, you may adopt their beliefs and even become an
advocate for their ideas.
22. 7-specify potential power imbalances that may occur between yourself
and participants, and how your study will address these imbalances.
8-Detail how much time you will spend at the research site.
9-Include in the project description a list of the interview questions so
reviewers on the institutional board can determine how sensitive the
questions may be.
23. GATEKEEPER
A gatekeeper is an individual has an official or
unofficial role at the site, provides entrance to
a site, helps researchers locate people, and
assists in the identification of places to study.
27. OBSERVATIONS
The process of gathering open-ended, firsthand
information by observing people and places at a
research site.
Advantages:
opportunity to record information as it
occurs in a setting,
1-To study actual behavior.
2-To study individuals who have
difficulty verbalizing their ideas.
e.g. preschool children
Disadvantages:
You will be limited to those
sites and situations where you
can gain access.
You may have difficulty
develop rapport with
individuals there.
28. A participant observer: is an observational role
adopted by researchers when they take part in
activities in the setting they observe.
Observational roles
A nonparticipant observer: is an observer who
visit a site and records notes without becoming
involved in the activities of the participants.
A changing observational role: is one where
researchers adapt their role to the situation.
e,g, page 223
29. The process of observing:
1-Select a site to be observed that can help you best understand
the central phenomenon.
2-Ease into the site slowly by looking around; getting a general sense
of the site; and taking limited notes, at least initially.
3-At the site, identify who or what to observe, when to observe, and
how long to observe.
4-Determine, initially, your role as an observer.
5-Conduct multiple observations over time to obtain the best
understanding of the site and the individuals.
6-design some means for recording notes during an observation.
Fieldnotes: are text recorded by the researcher during an observation
in a qualitative study.
30. 7-Consider what information you will record during an observation.
8-Record descriptive and reflective fieldnotes.
Descriptive fieldnotes: record a description of the events, activities, and people.
Reflective fieldnotes: record personal thoughts that researchers have that relate to
their insights, hunches, or board ideas or themes that emerge during the observation.
9-Make yourself known, but remain unobtrusive.
10-After observing, slowly withdraw from the site.
33. ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF THE
INTERVIEW:
Advantages:
1-provide useful information when you cannot directly observe
participants.
2-they permit participants to describe detailed information
Disadvantages:
1-it provides only information “filtered” through the views of the
interviewers.
2-interview data may be deceptive and provide the perspective
the interviewee wants the researcher to hear.
3-the presence of the researcher may affect how the
interviewee responds.
4-interviewee responses also may not be articulate,
perceptive, or clear.
34. Types of interviews and open-ended questions on
questionnaires:
2-focus group interviews: the process of collecting data through
interviews with a group of people, typically four to six.
3-telephone interviews: is the process of gathering data using the
telephone and asking a small number of general questions.
4-electronic e-mail interviews: consist of collecting open-ended data
through interviews with individuals using computer and the internet to do
so.
1-one-on-one interviews: is a data-collection process in which the
researcher asks questions to and records answers from only one
participant in the study at a time.
35. CONDUCTING INTERVIEWS:
1-Identify the interviewees.
2-Determine the type of interview you will use.
3-During the interview, audiotape the questions and
responses.
4-Take brief notes during the interview.
5-Locate a quiet, suitable place for conducting the
interview.
6-Obtain the consent from the interviewee to participate
in the study.
7-Have a plan, but be flexible.
8-Use probes to obtain additional information.
9-Be courteous and professional when the interview is
over.
36. DOCUMENTS
Consist of public and private records that qualitative
researchers obtain about a site or participants in a study and
they can include newspapers, minutes of meeting, personal
journals, and letters.
37. DOCUMENTS
Advantages:
1-Being in the language and words of the participants.
2-Ready for analysis without the necessary transcription that is required
observational or interview data.
Disadvantages:
1-Documents are some times difficult to locate and obtain.
2-Information may not be available to the public.
3-Information may be located in distant archives, requiring the
researcher to travel, which take time and can be expensive.
4-The documents may be incomplete, inauthentic, or inaccurate.
5-In personal documents such as diaries or letters, the handwriting may
be hard to read.
38. COLLECTING DOCUMENTS:
1-Identify the type of documents that can provide useful information to answer
your qualitative research questions.
2-consider both public and private documents as sources of information of your
research.
3-once the documents are located, seek permission to use them from the
appropriate individuals in charge of the materials.
4-if you ask participants to keep a journal, provide specific instructions about the
procedure.
5-once you have permission to use documents, examine them for accuracy,
completeness, and usefulness in answering the research questions in your
study.
6-record information from the documents.
39. AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS
Consist of images or sounds that researchers
collect to help them understand the central
phenomenon under study.
40. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF USING VISUAL
MATERIALS?
Advantages:
1-people easily relate to images because they are
so pervasive in our society.
2-Images provide an opportunity for the
participant to share directly their perceptions of
reality.
3-images such as videotapes and films, for
example, provide extensive data about real life as
people visualize it.
41. Disadvantages:
1-they are difficult to analyze because of the rich
information.
2-you as a researcher may influence the data collected.
3-in selecting the photo album to examine or requesting
that a certain type of drawing be sketched, you may
impose your meaning of the phenomenon on
participants, rather than obtain the participants’ views.
42. STEPS OF COLLECTING
AUDIOVISUAL :MATERIALS
1-determine what visual material can provide information to answer
research questions and how that material might augment existing
forms of data, such as interviews and observations.
2-identify the visual materials available and obtain permission to use it.
3-check the accuracy and authenticity of the visual materials if you do
not record it yourself.
4-collect the data and organize it.
43. HOW DO YOU RECORD DATA?
Data recording protocols:
Are forms designed and used by qualitative
research to record information during
observations and interviews.
For observations and interviews, qualitative researchers
use specially designed protocols.
44. Interview protocol
Is a form designed by the researcher that contains
instructions for the process of the interview, the
questions to be asked, and space to take notes of
responses from the interviewee.
45. DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN OF AN
INTERVIEW PROTOCOL
1-It contains a header to record essential information about the interview,
statements about the purpose of the study a reminder that participants need to sign
the consent form, and suggestion to make preliminary test of the recording
equipment.
2-following this header are five brief open-ended questions that allow
participants maximum flexibility for responding to the questions.
3-the core questions, 2 through 4, address major research in the study.
46. Observational protocol
Is a form designed by the researcher before data
collection that is used for taking fieldnotes
during an observation