Daniel Barcus discusses different types of engines in the document, including Stirling engines, diesel engines, and gasoline engines. Stirling engines run at a constant speed and were used until 1915 but are not commonly used today. Diesel engines compress air more than gasoline engines, resulting in very hot combustion that powers the piston. Gasoline engines are the most commonly used today and involve four strokes - intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust - to power the crankshaft through ignition of the fuel. The document provides an overview of the basic workings of different engine types.
The document provides a detailed overview of diesel engines, including their history and major components. It begins with a history of diesel engines from their invention in 1892 by Rudolf Diesel through their use in ships, trains, trucks and other vehicles. It then describes the key components of a diesel engine, such as the cylinder block, crankcase, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and cylinder head. It provides details on the purpose and construction of each major component.
- In petrol engines, air and fuel are mixed and compressed up to 1/8-1/12 of the original size, while in diesel engines only air is compressed up to 1/14-1/25 of the original size. Petrol engines use spark plugs to ignite the fuel-air mixture, while diesel engines rely on the high temperature of compressed air to ignite injected fuel.
- Petrol engines are lighter, cheaper to maintain, and require less compression than diesel engines. However, diesel engines are more thermally efficient, can pull heavier loads, and benefit from cheaper fuel. The type of engine used depends on the specific power and efficiency needs of the vehicle.
The document provides an overview of four-stroke engines, including:
- The four strokes that make up the combustion cycle: intake, compression, power/ignition, and exhaust.
- Key components of four-stroke engines like the intake/exhaust valves, piston, crankshaft, and spark plug.
- The basic operation of a four-stroke petrol/gasoline engine, which draws in an air-fuel mixture, compresses it, ignites it with a spark plug, and exhausts the gases.
The document discusses different classifications and components of internal combustion engines. It describes the major classifications as: type of ignition (spark or compression), engine cycle (4-stroke or 2-stroke), valve location, basic design, position/number of cylinders, air intake process, fuel input/type, application, cooling type. It then provides details on the 4-stroke engine cycle and lists common engine components such as the block, cylinders, pistons, crankshaft, camshaft, valves etc. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of how internal combustion engines can be classified and their basic cycles and components.
The document discusses the key components and workings of an internal combustion engine. It defines an internal combustion engine as one where combustion of fuel occurs within the engine's cylinder. It then lists and describes the main constructional parts of an internal combustion engine, including the cylinder, cylinder head, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, camshaft, and flywheel. The cylinder contains the moving piston and is where combustion takes place. The cylinder head covers the cylinder and contains inlet and outlet valves and a spark plug or nozzle.
The diesel engine was invented during the industrial revolution by a German engineer. Rudolf Diesel grew up in France but then left for England during the Franco-German war. ... By studying thermodynamics, Diesel found he could make a smaller, internal combustion engine that would convert all heat into work.
This document compares and contrasts spark ignition (SI) engines and compression ignition (CI) engines. It states that SI engines, typically gasoline engines, ignite air-fuel mixtures using a spark plug, while CI engines, typically diesel engines, ignite fuel injected into compressed hot air without a spark. It provides details on fuels used, combustion processes, compression ratios, and differences in air/fuel intake and combustion between the two engine types.
The document provides a detailed overview of diesel engines, including their history and major components. It begins with a history of diesel engines from their invention in 1892 by Rudolf Diesel through their use in ships, trains, trucks and other vehicles. It then describes the key components of a diesel engine, such as the cylinder block, crankcase, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and cylinder head. It provides details on the purpose and construction of each major component.
- In petrol engines, air and fuel are mixed and compressed up to 1/8-1/12 of the original size, while in diesel engines only air is compressed up to 1/14-1/25 of the original size. Petrol engines use spark plugs to ignite the fuel-air mixture, while diesel engines rely on the high temperature of compressed air to ignite injected fuel.
- Petrol engines are lighter, cheaper to maintain, and require less compression than diesel engines. However, diesel engines are more thermally efficient, can pull heavier loads, and benefit from cheaper fuel. The type of engine used depends on the specific power and efficiency needs of the vehicle.
The document provides an overview of four-stroke engines, including:
- The four strokes that make up the combustion cycle: intake, compression, power/ignition, and exhaust.
- Key components of four-stroke engines like the intake/exhaust valves, piston, crankshaft, and spark plug.
- The basic operation of a four-stroke petrol/gasoline engine, which draws in an air-fuel mixture, compresses it, ignites it with a spark plug, and exhausts the gases.
The document discusses different classifications and components of internal combustion engines. It describes the major classifications as: type of ignition (spark or compression), engine cycle (4-stroke or 2-stroke), valve location, basic design, position/number of cylinders, air intake process, fuel input/type, application, cooling type. It then provides details on the 4-stroke engine cycle and lists common engine components such as the block, cylinders, pistons, crankshaft, camshaft, valves etc. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of how internal combustion engines can be classified and their basic cycles and components.
The document discusses the key components and workings of an internal combustion engine. It defines an internal combustion engine as one where combustion of fuel occurs within the engine's cylinder. It then lists and describes the main constructional parts of an internal combustion engine, including the cylinder, cylinder head, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, camshaft, and flywheel. The cylinder contains the moving piston and is where combustion takes place. The cylinder head covers the cylinder and contains inlet and outlet valves and a spark plug or nozzle.
The diesel engine was invented during the industrial revolution by a German engineer. Rudolf Diesel grew up in France but then left for England during the Franco-German war. ... By studying thermodynamics, Diesel found he could make a smaller, internal combustion engine that would convert all heat into work.
This document compares and contrasts spark ignition (SI) engines and compression ignition (CI) engines. It states that SI engines, typically gasoline engines, ignite air-fuel mixtures using a spark plug, while CI engines, typically diesel engines, ignite fuel injected into compressed hot air without a spark. It provides details on fuels used, combustion processes, compression ratios, and differences in air/fuel intake and combustion between the two engine types.
This document discusses internal combustion engines. It defines internal combustion engines as engines that combust fuel inside the engine cylinder. It classifies internal combustion engines based on fuel type, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, engine speed, cylinder number and position. It describes the four stroke cycles of Otto and diesel engines. It compares petrol and diesel engines and two stroke and four stroke engines. It defines indicated power and mechanical, thermal, brake and relative efficiencies of internal combustion engines.
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the classification of I.C. engines based on fuel type, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, and cylinder configuration. It also describes the basic components and workings of 4-stroke petrol and diesel engines, as well as 2-stroke engines. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines, and between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines are outlined.
The document provides an overview of heat engines and internal combustion (I.C.) engines. It discusses how heat engines work by taking in heat from fuel combustion and partially converting it to mechanical work. I.C. engines are introduced as a type of heat engine where combustion occurs within the engine cylinder. The document then covers common classifications of I.C. engines, important engine parts like the piston and crankshaft, the basic working principle, and terminologies used in I.C. engines like bore and stroke.
This presentation discusses internal combustion engines. It provides an introduction and overview of external combustion engines and internal combustion engines. It then focuses on internal combustion engines, describing their main parts like the cylinder block, cylinder head, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, valves, spark plug, injector, manifold, and camshaft. It also defines important engine terminology and classifications of internal combustion engines. The advantages of internal combustion engines are listed as having higher efficiency than external combustion engines while also being more compact and having a lower initial cost.
Training report on Diesel Engine's component Engine headAbhishek Jakhar
This document provides an overview of diesel engine components and terminology. It discusses the purpose, working principle, classification, and history of diesel engines. The key components described include the engine block, crankshaft, pistons, connecting rods, cylinder liners, cylinder head, camshaft, valves, fuel system, and air system. Terminology explained includes top dead center, bottom dead center, compression ratio, indicated power, brake power, and efficiency. Piping systems of ships are also mentioned as a related topic.
This document summarizes and compares a 4-stroke and 6-stroke internal combustion engine. It explains that a 6-stroke engine adds two additional strokes - an air intake stroke and air exhaust stroke - to the standard 4-stroke cycle. This captures normally wasted heat to power an additional piston stroke, thereby increasing fuel efficiency by up to 50%. The 6-stroke engine also generates less pollution and heat compared to a 4-stroke while maintaining similar power levels. In conclusion, 6-stroke engine technology promises more efficient use of fossil fuels and could help transition to an era with limited oil reserves.
This document summarizes the key differences between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines. It explains that in a 2-stroke engine, the intake, compression, combustion and exhaust strokes occur in just two strokes of the piston, while a 4-stroke engine separates these functions into four strokes. This allows 2-stroke engines to fire on every revolution, providing more power but being less fuel efficient and more polluting than 4-stroke engines. The document also details how 2-stroke engines require oil to be mixed with fuel for lubrication, and describes the opening and closing of the intake and exhaust ports during the 2-stroke cycle.
The document discusses various topics related to diesel engines, including:
- What a diesel engine is and how it works by compressing air and injecting fuel to ignite without a spark plug.
- The typical systems that support a diesel engine like the intake, exhaust, fuel, cooling, and lubrication systems.
- Common faults that can occur in diesel engines like overheating, vibration, excessive fuel/oil consumption, and noise.
- Maintenance topics like servicing fuel injectors and bleeding air from the fuel system.
This document provides an overview of an internal combustion engine demonstration presented by the Mechanical Department at GEETANJALI INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL STUDIES. It defines internal combustion engines and heat engines, describes the main types of combustion engines as internal or external. It then outlines the key components of an internal combustion engine, such as the piston, crankshaft, connecting rod, and camshaft. Finally, it explains the four stroke cycles of spark ignition and compression ignition engines through diagrams and descriptions of the suction, compression, expansion, and exhaust strokes.
The document provides an overview of the basic components and functions of internal combustion engines. It discusses the different types of engines including 4-stroke, V8, and 2-stroke engines. It also describes the key components that an engine needs to operate such as fuel, air, spark, and compression. Pistons, crankshafts, camshafts, valves and their functions are explained. The 4-stroke combustion cycle and engine timing are also summarized.
A 4-stroke diesel engine works through intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. During intake, air is drawn into the cylinder. In compression, the air is compressed, raising the temperature enough to ignite fuel injected at the end of compression. In power, combustion drives the piston down. Finally, in exhaust, burnt gases are pushed out. Diesel engines are more efficient than gasoline but also more expensive, with higher fuel and maintenance costs. They produce less harmful emissions than gasoline engines.
This document provides an overview of diesel engines and biodiesel. It defines key diesel engine components and systems such as direct injection, common rail injection, turbochargers and intercoolers. It also covers important biodiesel fuel properties like cetane number, viscosity, cloud point and lubricity. The document indicates biodiesel has 12% less energy than diesel but can increase combustion efficiency. It notes most engine manufacturers approve blends up to B5 if fuel meets specifications.
Four-Stroke and Two-Stroke Marine Engines Comparison and ApplicationIJERA Editor
The document compares four-stroke and two-stroke marine engines. It provides details on the history and development of different marine engine types over time, from early propulsion relying on wind and oars to modern internal combustion engines. The four-stroke engine cycle includes intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes within two revolutions of the crankshaft. The two-stroke engine completes the intake, compression, power, and exhaust steps within one revolution, making it more efficient but also risking exhaust of unburned fuel. Marine vessels favor two-stroke engines due to better fuel usage, efficiency, and power-to-weight ratio compared to four-stroke engines.
This document provides information about disassembling and reassembling an internal combustion engine. It describes the key parts of the engine and their functions. The main steps taken to disassemble the engine are cleaning it, removing the cylinder head and other components. Assembly is done in reverse order. The four strokes of the engine cycle are also explained: intake, compression, ignition, and exhaust. Differences between this engine and others are noted, such as arrangement and valve design.
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It defines an internal combustion engine as a heat engine that converts thermal energy from fuel into mechanical work. It then classifies internal combustion engines in several ways such as by design, working cycle, number of strokes, fuel used, and other factors. The key parts of internal combustion engines like the cylinder, piston, valves are also defined. Important terminology used in internal combustion engines such as cylinder bore, stroke, swept volume, compression ratio are explained. The workings of different types of internal combustion engines such as spark ignition engines, compression ignition engines, and 2-stroke engines are outlined. Their differences and various engine efficiencies are also compared.
Internal combustion engines applied thermosciences (ferguson, kirkpatrick, ed. 2) [wiley]Focusing on thermodynamic analysis--from the requisite first law to more sophisticated applications--and engine design, here is a modern introduction to internal combustion engines and their mechanics. It covers the many types of internal combustion engines, including spark ignition, compression ignition, and stratified charge engines, and examines processes, keeping equations of state simple by assuming constant specific heats. Equations are limited to heat engines and later applied to combustion engines. Topics include realistic equations of state, stoichiometry, predictions of chemical equilibrium, engine performance criteria, and friction, which is discussed in terms of the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication and experimental methods such as dimensional analysis. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
From the Back Cover
THE PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS, FLUID MECHANICS, AND HEAT TRANSFER APPLIED TO INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES.
This completely revised text applies the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer to internal combustion engines. Every chapter has been reorganized and updated to clearly present current modeling and analysis techniques. The Second Edition includes new material on yhermodynamic modeling, intake and exhaust flow, friction, combustion, alternative fuels, emissions, and instrumentation. The book contains many wordked examples that illustrate important aspects of internal combustion engines.
WHAT'S NEW IN THIS EDITION
Up-to-date discussion of new engine technologies exposes readers to current engineering practice.
Java based applets for computation of engine thermodynamics, friction, and heat transfer are available on the book's web site.
Numerous worked examples and homework problems for student assignment.
Up-to-date literature references in each chapter provide a resource for further study.
New photos and figures show modern engine components and engine performance.
This document provides an overview of engine types and components presented by Vishal Singh of Raj Sons Auto Pvt. Ltd. It discusses the basic components and functions of engines, including pistons, connecting rods, crankshafts, and various engine types classified by combustion method, number of strokes, cylinder arrangement, and ignition method. It also summarizes lubrication basics, describing how oil is pulled from the sump through the filter and pump to lubricate engine components before draining back to the sump.
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It classifies internal combustion engines in 9 ways: by fuel type (petrol, diesel, gas), ignition type (spark, compression), number of strokes (2, 4), operating cycle (Otto, diesel, dual), speed (slow, medium, high), cooling system (air, water, evaporative), fuel injection method (carburetor, air, solid), number of cylinders (single, multi), and cylinder arrangement (vertical, horizontal, radial, in-line, V-type, opposite, opposite-piston). It also discusses the main components, cycles, and diagrams of 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines.
The vehicle propulsion is usually obtained by means of engines, also known as prime movers, i.e. mechanical devices capable to convert the chemical energy of a fuel into mechanical energy. By the way, the English term “engine”, is likely to have a French origin in the Old French word “engin” which in turns is thought to come from the Latin “ingenium” (sharing the same root of “ingénieur” or “engineer”).
This document discusses internal combustion engines. It defines internal combustion engines as engines that combust fuel inside the engine cylinder. It classifies internal combustion engines based on fuel type, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, engine speed, cylinder number and position. It describes the four stroke cycles of Otto and diesel engines. It compares petrol and diesel engines and two stroke and four stroke engines. It defines indicated power and mechanical, thermal, brake and relative efficiencies of internal combustion engines.
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the classification of I.C. engines based on fuel type, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, and cylinder configuration. It also describes the basic components and workings of 4-stroke petrol and diesel engines, as well as 2-stroke engines. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines, and between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines are outlined.
The document provides an overview of heat engines and internal combustion (I.C.) engines. It discusses how heat engines work by taking in heat from fuel combustion and partially converting it to mechanical work. I.C. engines are introduced as a type of heat engine where combustion occurs within the engine cylinder. The document then covers common classifications of I.C. engines, important engine parts like the piston and crankshaft, the basic working principle, and terminologies used in I.C. engines like bore and stroke.
This presentation discusses internal combustion engines. It provides an introduction and overview of external combustion engines and internal combustion engines. It then focuses on internal combustion engines, describing their main parts like the cylinder block, cylinder head, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, valves, spark plug, injector, manifold, and camshaft. It also defines important engine terminology and classifications of internal combustion engines. The advantages of internal combustion engines are listed as having higher efficiency than external combustion engines while also being more compact and having a lower initial cost.
Training report on Diesel Engine's component Engine headAbhishek Jakhar
This document provides an overview of diesel engine components and terminology. It discusses the purpose, working principle, classification, and history of diesel engines. The key components described include the engine block, crankshaft, pistons, connecting rods, cylinder liners, cylinder head, camshaft, valves, fuel system, and air system. Terminology explained includes top dead center, bottom dead center, compression ratio, indicated power, brake power, and efficiency. Piping systems of ships are also mentioned as a related topic.
This document summarizes and compares a 4-stroke and 6-stroke internal combustion engine. It explains that a 6-stroke engine adds two additional strokes - an air intake stroke and air exhaust stroke - to the standard 4-stroke cycle. This captures normally wasted heat to power an additional piston stroke, thereby increasing fuel efficiency by up to 50%. The 6-stroke engine also generates less pollution and heat compared to a 4-stroke while maintaining similar power levels. In conclusion, 6-stroke engine technology promises more efficient use of fossil fuels and could help transition to an era with limited oil reserves.
This document summarizes the key differences between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines. It explains that in a 2-stroke engine, the intake, compression, combustion and exhaust strokes occur in just two strokes of the piston, while a 4-stroke engine separates these functions into four strokes. This allows 2-stroke engines to fire on every revolution, providing more power but being less fuel efficient and more polluting than 4-stroke engines. The document also details how 2-stroke engines require oil to be mixed with fuel for lubrication, and describes the opening and closing of the intake and exhaust ports during the 2-stroke cycle.
The document discusses various topics related to diesel engines, including:
- What a diesel engine is and how it works by compressing air and injecting fuel to ignite without a spark plug.
- The typical systems that support a diesel engine like the intake, exhaust, fuel, cooling, and lubrication systems.
- Common faults that can occur in diesel engines like overheating, vibration, excessive fuel/oil consumption, and noise.
- Maintenance topics like servicing fuel injectors and bleeding air from the fuel system.
This document provides an overview of an internal combustion engine demonstration presented by the Mechanical Department at GEETANJALI INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL STUDIES. It defines internal combustion engines and heat engines, describes the main types of combustion engines as internal or external. It then outlines the key components of an internal combustion engine, such as the piston, crankshaft, connecting rod, and camshaft. Finally, it explains the four stroke cycles of spark ignition and compression ignition engines through diagrams and descriptions of the suction, compression, expansion, and exhaust strokes.
The document provides an overview of the basic components and functions of internal combustion engines. It discusses the different types of engines including 4-stroke, V8, and 2-stroke engines. It also describes the key components that an engine needs to operate such as fuel, air, spark, and compression. Pistons, crankshafts, camshafts, valves and their functions are explained. The 4-stroke combustion cycle and engine timing are also summarized.
A 4-stroke diesel engine works through intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. During intake, air is drawn into the cylinder. In compression, the air is compressed, raising the temperature enough to ignite fuel injected at the end of compression. In power, combustion drives the piston down. Finally, in exhaust, burnt gases are pushed out. Diesel engines are more efficient than gasoline but also more expensive, with higher fuel and maintenance costs. They produce less harmful emissions than gasoline engines.
This document provides an overview of diesel engines and biodiesel. It defines key diesel engine components and systems such as direct injection, common rail injection, turbochargers and intercoolers. It also covers important biodiesel fuel properties like cetane number, viscosity, cloud point and lubricity. The document indicates biodiesel has 12% less energy than diesel but can increase combustion efficiency. It notes most engine manufacturers approve blends up to B5 if fuel meets specifications.
Four-Stroke and Two-Stroke Marine Engines Comparison and ApplicationIJERA Editor
The document compares four-stroke and two-stroke marine engines. It provides details on the history and development of different marine engine types over time, from early propulsion relying on wind and oars to modern internal combustion engines. The four-stroke engine cycle includes intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes within two revolutions of the crankshaft. The two-stroke engine completes the intake, compression, power, and exhaust steps within one revolution, making it more efficient but also risking exhaust of unburned fuel. Marine vessels favor two-stroke engines due to better fuel usage, efficiency, and power-to-weight ratio compared to four-stroke engines.
This document provides information about disassembling and reassembling an internal combustion engine. It describes the key parts of the engine and their functions. The main steps taken to disassemble the engine are cleaning it, removing the cylinder head and other components. Assembly is done in reverse order. The four strokes of the engine cycle are also explained: intake, compression, ignition, and exhaust. Differences between this engine and others are noted, such as arrangement and valve design.
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It defines an internal combustion engine as a heat engine that converts thermal energy from fuel into mechanical work. It then classifies internal combustion engines in several ways such as by design, working cycle, number of strokes, fuel used, and other factors. The key parts of internal combustion engines like the cylinder, piston, valves are also defined. Important terminology used in internal combustion engines such as cylinder bore, stroke, swept volume, compression ratio are explained. The workings of different types of internal combustion engines such as spark ignition engines, compression ignition engines, and 2-stroke engines are outlined. Their differences and various engine efficiencies are also compared.
Internal combustion engines applied thermosciences (ferguson, kirkpatrick, ed. 2) [wiley]Focusing on thermodynamic analysis--from the requisite first law to more sophisticated applications--and engine design, here is a modern introduction to internal combustion engines and their mechanics. It covers the many types of internal combustion engines, including spark ignition, compression ignition, and stratified charge engines, and examines processes, keeping equations of state simple by assuming constant specific heats. Equations are limited to heat engines and later applied to combustion engines. Topics include realistic equations of state, stoichiometry, predictions of chemical equilibrium, engine performance criteria, and friction, which is discussed in terms of the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication and experimental methods such as dimensional analysis. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
From the Back Cover
THE PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS, FLUID MECHANICS, AND HEAT TRANSFER APPLIED TO INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES.
This completely revised text applies the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer to internal combustion engines. Every chapter has been reorganized and updated to clearly present current modeling and analysis techniques. The Second Edition includes new material on yhermodynamic modeling, intake and exhaust flow, friction, combustion, alternative fuels, emissions, and instrumentation. The book contains many wordked examples that illustrate important aspects of internal combustion engines.
WHAT'S NEW IN THIS EDITION
Up-to-date discussion of new engine technologies exposes readers to current engineering practice.
Java based applets for computation of engine thermodynamics, friction, and heat transfer are available on the book's web site.
Numerous worked examples and homework problems for student assignment.
Up-to-date literature references in each chapter provide a resource for further study.
New photos and figures show modern engine components and engine performance.
This document provides an overview of engine types and components presented by Vishal Singh of Raj Sons Auto Pvt. Ltd. It discusses the basic components and functions of engines, including pistons, connecting rods, crankshafts, and various engine types classified by combustion method, number of strokes, cylinder arrangement, and ignition method. It also summarizes lubrication basics, describing how oil is pulled from the sump through the filter and pump to lubricate engine components before draining back to the sump.
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It classifies internal combustion engines in 9 ways: by fuel type (petrol, diesel, gas), ignition type (spark, compression), number of strokes (2, 4), operating cycle (Otto, diesel, dual), speed (slow, medium, high), cooling system (air, water, evaporative), fuel injection method (carburetor, air, solid), number of cylinders (single, multi), and cylinder arrangement (vertical, horizontal, radial, in-line, V-type, opposite, opposite-piston). It also discusses the main components, cycles, and diagrams of 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines.
The vehicle propulsion is usually obtained by means of engines, also known as prime movers, i.e. mechanical devices capable to convert the chemical energy of a fuel into mechanical energy. By the way, the English term “engine”, is likely to have a French origin in the Old French word “engin” which in turns is thought to come from the Latin “ingenium” (sharing the same root of “ingénieur” or “engineer”).
The document provides information about fixing a car. It discusses how cars have evolved over time, with over 100,000 patents creating the modern automobile. It notes that Nicolas Joseph Cugnot built the first self-propelled road vehicle in 1769, powered by a steam engine. In 1789, Oliver Evans was granted the first U.S. patent for a steam-powered land vehicle. It also mentions how tools and mechanics for servicing cars have changed dramatically to reflect how cars have evolved.
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It provides classifications of IC engines based on fuel type, ignition method, number of strokes, cooling system, and other factors. It then describes the key components of IC engines like the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and their functions. The document explains the four stroke cycle of IC engines including the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. It also provides diagrams to illustrate engine parts and the four stroke cycle.
This document discusses the four stroke petrol engine. It describes the four strokes of the engine cycle: intake, compression, power, and exhaust. During intake, the piston moves down and air-fuel mixture enters the combustion chamber. In compression, the piston moves up and compresses the mixture. In power stroke, ignition occurs and the expanding gases push the piston down. Finally, in exhaust stroke, the piston moves up to push out the exhaust gases. The four strokes complete one cycle requiring two revolutions of the crankshaft.
The internal combustion engine uses combustion of fuel to power pistons or turbines and convert the energy to mechanical motion. There are several types of internal combustion engines including gasoline, diesel, gas turbine, jet, and Wankel rotary engines. They all work on the principle of combusting fuel but differ in ignition methods and fuel used. Hydrogen may eventually replace fossil fuels in traditional internal combustion engines or fuel cells could replace them altogether.
An internal combustion engine uses combustion of fuel to drive pistons that convert the energy to mechanical energy. The first modern internal combustion engine was created by Nikolaus Otto in 1876. There are different types of internal combustion engines classified by fuel, strokes, ignition, cycle, number of cylinders, and cooling method. The key parts include the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, valves, crankshaft, and flywheel. A four-stroke engine intakes air/fuel, compresses it, combusts it to push the piston, and exhausts gases over two revolutions, while a two-stroke engine does this in one revolution.
An internal combustion engine uses combustion of fuel to drive pistons that convert the energy to mechanical energy. The first modern internal combustion engine was created by Nikolaus Otto in 1876. There are several types of internal combustion engines including four-stroke gasoline engines, two-stroke gasoline engines, diesel engines, and rotary engines. Engines can also be classified based on their fuel, number of strokes, ignition method, combustion cycle, number of cylinders, and cylinder arrangement. The key parts of an internal combustion engine include the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, valves, crankshaft, and flywheel.
This document provides information on internal combustion engines:
- It discusses the key components and functions of internal combustion engines, including the cylinder block, cylinder, piston, piston rings, combustion chamber, inlet/exhaust manifolds, valves, spark plug, connecting rod, crankshaft, and camshaft.
- It compares two-stroke and four-stroke engines and provides theoretical diagrams of valve timing for four-stroke engines and port timing for two-stroke engines.
- It describes fuel systems for internal combustion engines, including carburetors and fuel injection.
The document provides an overview of automobiles, including their history and impact, classifications, manufacturing statistics, key components and systems. It discusses the internal combustion engine and how it works, different engine types, the fuel supply and exhaust systems, cooling/heating systems, the drivetrain including transmissions and front/rear wheel drive, and support systems like the suspension. The automobile has significantly shaped modern society through increased mobility and related economic activities, but has also caused environmental and safety issues.
The document describes a presentation on four-stroke petrol engines. It includes sections on the introduction, construction, working principle, applications, and lubrication of four-stroke petrol engines. The key points are:
1. A four-stroke petrol engine completes its cycle over four strokes of the piston and two revolutions of the crankshaft. It was invented by Nikolaus Otto in 1876.
2. The main parts include the piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, inlet and exhaust valves, spark plug, and carburetor.
3. The four strokes are intake, compression, power, and exhaust. During intake the mixture is drawn in, compression compresses it, combustion powers
This document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the classification of IC engines based on fuel used, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, speed, number of cylinders, and cylinder position. It describes the four-stroke cycles of Otto petrol and diesel engines. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines are outlined. The document also compares two-stroke and four-stroke engines, discussing their cycles, revolutions, power strokes, flywheels, ports/valves, lubrication, efficiencies, and applications. Indicated power, mechanical efficiency, thermal efficiency, and specific fuel consumption are defined.
This presentation discusses the history and workings of internal combustion engines. It provides a timeline of important inventors, from the first working engine designed by Francois Isaac de Rivaz in 1807 to Otto and clerk's inventions of the two-stroke and four-stroke engines in 1876. The key components of an internal combustion engine are defined. The four strokes of the engine cycle - intake, compression, power, and exhaust - are explained in detail. Diesel engines are also briefly discussed as undergoing the same cycle but igniting fuel via compression instead of a spark plug. In conclusion, internal combustion engines have revolutionized modern life by powering machinery and vehicles.
This presentation discusses the history and workings of internal combustion engines. It provides a timeline of important inventors, from the first working engine designed by Francois Isaac de Rivaz in 1807 to Otto and clerk's inventions of the two-stroke and four-stroke engines in 1876. The key components of an internal combustion engine are defined. The four strokes of the engine cycle - intake, compression, power, and exhaust - are explained in detail. Diesel engines are also briefly discussed as undergoing the same cycle but igniting fuel via compression instead of a spark plug. In conclusion, internal combustion engines have revolutionized modern life by powering machinery and vehicles.
Internal Combustion Engines - Construction and Working (All you need to know,...Mihir Pai
The document discusses various components and systems of internal combustion engines, including:
- The crankshaft, connecting rod, camshaft, spark plug, drivetrain, turbochargers, carburetors, fuel injection systems, engine lubrication systems, rotary engines, two-stroke engines, and experimental five-stroke and six-stroke engines. It provides brief descriptions of how each component or system functions within an engine.
The four-stroke petrol engine operates via four strokes: the intake stroke, compression stroke, power stroke, and exhaust stroke. Alphonse Beau de Rochas first patented the four-stroke engine design in 1861, though others had worked on similar ideas. Nikolaus Otto built the first car with a four-stroke engine in 1876. Four-stroke engines have advantages of more torque, longer lifespan, and cleaner running compared to two-stroke engines, though they are more complex, less powerful, and expensive. The engine draws in air and fuel during the intake stroke, compresses it during the compression stroke, burns it during the power stroke, and expels exhaust during the exhaust stroke.
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The document discusses internal combustion engines. It begins by introducing IC engines and their importance in replacing horse carriages with automobiles. It then discusses the development of the modern IC engine by Nikolas Otto in 1876, who developed the first four-stroke spark ignition engine. The document goes on to classify IC engines based on factors like number of strokes, fuel used, working cycle, design, ignition method, and applications. It also describes the major components of an IC engine like the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and valves. Finally, it explains the working principles of two-stroke and four-stroke engines for both petrol and diesel fuels.
The document summarizes key aspects of internal combustion engines. It describes that internal combustion engines generate power through the combustion of fuel within a piston-cylinder arrangement. The most common type is the reciprocating, spark-ignited, four-stroke gasoline engine used in automobiles and lawn mowers. The document then outlines the history and development of internal combustion engines from the early experiments in the 1680s to modern configurations. It provides details on the operation and components of typical four-stroke gasoline engines.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Daniel Barcus Engine Research Paper
1. Barcus1
Daniel Barcus
Ms. Bennett
British Literature
3 October 2011
The History and Explanation of Engines
How much does a person really know about engines and how vehicles function?For many
years engines have been used to propel many types of vehicles. There are several types of
engines, and those engine types have several sects. The engines summarized in this paper are
gasoline, diesel, and Stirling engines. Gasoline engines will be focused on the most, though,
because gasoline engines are used in most automobiles today. Each engine serves a purpose
whether it is for fuel efficiency, safety, or cost.
Stirling engines are basic engines. They are sometimes called “external combustion
engines.” When the Industrial Revolution came around, there was a large problem with steam
engines. Steam engines would explode, because during the Industrial Revolution people did not
understand how metal fatigued. Reverend Robert Stirling invented a hot air engine, which is now
called a “Stirling engine.” These engines could not explode, and used much less fuel. The
problem with the Stirling engine is that it would heat up and eventually burn a hole in itself.
Despite this problem, Stirling engines were still used until 1915 (Van Arsdell1091-1093).The
main reason Stirling engines are not used today to power vehicles is because Stirling engines run
at a constant speed and are not easily able to change speeds on the fly like diesel or gasoline
engines (Van Arsdell1093-1094).
Stirling engines are powered by heated air. When the air is heated it expands the piston,
and when the air is cooled it contracts the engine. One side of the engine is kept heated, and the
2. Barcus2
other side is kept cool. Because one side has constant heat, and the other is constantly cooled, the
air cycles throughout the engine. Stirling engines are so versatile that they can be heated by the
sun or even by a hot cup of coffee (Van Arsdell1090)!
Diesel engines are used today to power many vehicles. They are used in vehicles such as
pickup trucks, buses, marine crafts, and road-building equipment. The diesel engine is a result of
many years of study on internal combustion engines. Sadi Carnot first started working on this
engine, and it was taken on later by ÉtienneLenori. In 1860,Lenori released the first commercial
internal combustion engine. After a few years, Rudolph Diesel finally perfected the internal
combustion engine and added his own type of fuel (Brady 327). He originally wanted to use coal
dust as fuel, but modern diesel engines use low-cost oil (“Diesel Engine” 646). Diesel engines
are now called the diesel cycle engines. Today the diesel cycle engine is a reliable engine that
serves many purposes(Brady 327).
The diesel engine is a lot stronger than a gasoline engine, mainly because the pistons in
diesel engines compress a lot more than gasoline engines do. An average four-stroke gasoline
engine has thecompression ratio of between 9:1 and 10.5:1, while an average four-stroke direct-
injected diesel engine’s compression ratio is between 15:1 and 17:1. Since the diesel engine
compresses much more than a gasoline engine, the air becomes extremely hot in the diesel
engine and ignites the fuel. Diesel engines inject air into the cylinder, and then the air is
compressed. The air heats up to around 1,200-1,700 degrees Fahrenheit. Fuel is then injected into
the cylinder and ignites, pushing the piston backwards (Brady 327-328).Diesel cycle engines are
more powerful than gasoline engines and use cheaper fuel, but they weigh more, are more costly
to produce, and pollute more.
3. Barcus3
Gasoline engines are the most commonly used engines. In 1698, Thomas Savery invented
the “Miner’s Friend” which used steam power to pump water. Thomas Newcomen expanded on
the idea in later years and used a piston inside of the engine which produced constant power. In
1859, Jean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir invented a durable engine that was reliable. Later, in 1862,
Lenoir invented the first automobile. Nikolaus Otto, a grocery salesman, developed the world’s
first four-stroke engine in 1876. Most modern engines are very similar to the Otto engine (Jensen
542-543).
There are many parts to a gasoline engine. First there are the engine bearings. The
bearings hold the crankshaft for the pistons in place. The crankshaft runs through the center of
the engine, holds all of the pistons, and turns when a piston is pushed out or in. The pistons and
piston rings are the heart of the engine. The piston rings keep the pistons air-tight so that when
the fuel is ignited, none of the energy escapes. The pistons take the full force of the ignition,
turning the crankshaft, which in turn turns the timing chains, belts and cam drives. The timing
chains, belts, and cam drives turn the camshafts, and sometimes drive pumps for cooling and oil.
The camshaft has little egg shapes on it which turn and release the lifters, which open and close
the valves in the piston cylinders. There are two valves per cylinder, one for pouring fuel in and
one for letting exhaust out. Finally, there are the spark plugs, which ignite the fuel in the
cylinders(“Replacing Engine Parts”). Gasoline engines consist of many parts, and all of the parts
need to work together flawlessly to get the most out of an engine.
The gasoline engine converts energy into mechanical work. The gasoline engine is called an
internal combustion engine because the energy inside of the engine comes from the combustion
of fuel. The gasoline engine may also be called a spark-ignition engine, because the combustion
in the engine is initiated by a spark from a spark plug. Most legal gasoline engines are four-
4. Barcus4
stroke. Four-stroke means that there are four different strokes, or cycles, that the engine goes
through. The first stroke is the intake stroke. The fuel valve opens and fuel pours into the
cylinder. The second stroke is when the fuel valve closes and the piston starts to compress the
fuel. The spark plug ignites the fuel and forces the piston out, which completes the third stroke.
As the piston starts to go back in, the exhaust valve opens and the exhaust is expelled (Amann
557-559). The ignition of the fuel is controlled by an on-board computer, rather than the
mechanical actions of the engine. (Amann 565) Every time the engine completes its four strokes,
the crankshaft turns. Belts are attached to the crankshaft, which turn the camshaft(s). Cam
wheels attached to the camshaft open and close the intake and exhaust valves. There are different
designs for camshafts and valves. For example, sometimes the cam wheels directly push in the
valves, and sometimes cam wheels push an arm which opens and closes the valves. The
crankshaft also may operate the lubrication and cooling systems. Because of the extreme heat
causes by the ignition of the fuel, a lubrication and cooling system are a must; otherwise the
engine could possibly melt. Some engines use water cooling systems, which are mixed with
antifreeze. The water, which gathers heat, is pumped around the engine and is brought to a
radiator. The radiator increases the water’s surface area, and has a fan attached to it which is
turned by the crankshaft. The fan cools the water off quickly in the radiator, so that the water can
cycle through the engine again. The crankcase, which the crankshaft sits in, is filled with oil. A
pump carries the oil to different parts of the engine (Cohen 2167).Much more plays into engines
than just pouring in fuel and turning a key. An engine is its own ecosystem, which has different
parts that work together to help each other.
So far this paper has talked about the single cylinder in an engine. Unfortunately, most
engines have much more than one cylinder. Engines have many different shapes, as well as
5. Barcus5
different amounts of cylinders. There are four basic cylinder arrangements: V, inline, horizontal,
and radial. Radial arrangements were used in older aircraft engines, so they are not as common
as the other three. V engines areself-explanatory because they have the shape of a V. Inline
engines, or vertical engines, usually have all of their cylinders facing vertically, or into the air.
Horizontal engines, or flat engines, have two opposite cylinders that are horizontally aligned.
Along with the V, horizontal, and inline cylinder arrangements, engines have different amounts
of cylinders. The arrangement of the cylinders in an engine can be referred to by the initial of the
arrangement and the number of cylinders. For example, a V6 engine would have a V shape and
have six cylinders. An I4 engine would have an inline arrangement and eight cylinders. An H6
engine would have a have a horizontally opposed arrangement, and would have six cylinders.
Finally, an R5 engine would have a radial arrangement and five cylinders. There is really no
limit to how many cylinders one engine can have, but V6, V8, V10, V12, I3, I5, I6, H6, R5, R7,
and R9 are the most common arrangements (Amann 561-562). For vehicles, the arrangement of
the cylinders really matters on what type of vehicle that the engine is put in to. The arrangement
of cylinders does not affect performance by much, though. For example, an H6 engine could put
out almost the same power as a V6 engine. An inline engine is hard to cool, so an inline engine
would be good for a small car, but not a larger vehicle. Inline engines also needs only half as
many camshafts as the other type of engines, so inline engines are slightly lighter and more
reliable. Horizontal engines have low centers of gravity because they are flat and wide. V
engines are more box-shaped, and have some characteristics of horizontal and inline engines.
Some arrangements also might need more metal so they can be mounted correctly. A lot of
factors play into arrangement choice, but when it comes down to performance, all arrangements
perform the same (“Is there a difference between inline and V engine configurations?”).
6. Barcus6
There are many types of engines, but the gasoline engine is the most commonly used.
Gasoline engines are used because they are lightweight and very flexible when it comes to
configurations. Stirling engines are very basic engines which use air and heat to create
mechanical energy. Diesel engines are almost a combination of Stirling engines and gasoline
engines because they use heated air to ignite fuel, rather than a spark. Every engine is based
around pistons, which turn a crankshaft that can perform enumerable mechanical tasks. Some
engines sacrifice safety for fuel efficiency, give up fuel efficiency for safety, or change cost for
both.
7. Barcus7
Works Cited
Amann, Charles A. “Gasoline Engines.” Macmillan Encyclopedia of Energy.Ed. John
Zumerchik.Vol. 2. New York: Gale, 2001. 556-566. 3 vols. Gale Virtual Reference
Library.Web. 31 Aug. 2011. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/
i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3407300128&v=2.1&u=cant48040&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w>.
Brady, Robert N. “Diesel Cycle Engines.” Macmillan Encyclopedia of Energy.Ed. John
Zumerchik.Vol. 1. New York: Gale, 2001. 326-366. 3 vols. Gale Virtual Reference
Library.Web. 31 Aug. 2011. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/
i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3407300075&v=2.1&u=cant48040&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w>.
Cohen, M. L. “Internal Combustion Engine.” The Gale Encyclopedia of Science.Ed. K. Lee
Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner.3rd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 2164-2167. 6
vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Web. 2 Sept. 2011. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/
i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3418501239&v=2.1&u=cant48040&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w>.
“Diesel Engine.”UXL Encyclopedia of Science.Ed. Rob Nagel.2nd ed. Vol. 4. Detroit: U*X*L,
2002. 646-647. 10 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Web. 2 Sept. 2011.
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/
i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3438100223&v=2.1&u=cant48040&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w>.
“Is there a difference between inline and V engine configurations?” HowStuffWorks.Discovery,
n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2011. <http://www.howstuffworks.com/question366.htm>.
Jensen, Todd, and P. Andrew Karam.“The Internal Combustion Engine.”Science and Its
Times.Ed. Neal Schlager and Josh Lauer.Vol. 5. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 542-544. 8 vols.
Gale Virtual Reference Library.Web. 2 Sept. 2011. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/
i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3408502944&v=2.1&u=cant48040&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w>.
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“Replacing Engine Parts.”AA1CAR. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2011. <http://www.aa1car.com/
library/engine2.htm>.
Van Arsdell, Brent H. “Stirling Engines.” Macmillan Encyclopedia of Energy.Ed. John
Zumerchik.Vol. 3. New York: Gale, 2001. 1090-1095. 3 vols. Gale Virtual Reference
Library.Web. 2 Sept. 2011. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/
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