This document summarizes a study that analyzed economic efficiency among bean farmers in Eastern Uganda. The study used a stochastic frontier cost function and Tobit regression model based on a survey of 580 households. The key findings were:
1) The mean economic efficiency level among bean farmers was 59.94%, indicating room for improvement.
2) Economic efficiency was positively influenced by factors such as value of assets, off-farm income, access to credit, and farming as the primary occupation.
3) To increase efficiency and productivity, the study recommends training farmers in business skills, and improving access to affordable credit through group lending models.
Influence of Farmers Multipurpose Cooperative Societies on Vegetable Producti...ijtsrd
This work examined the influence of farmers multipurpose cooperative societies FMCS on vegetable production in Enugu State, Nigeria, as the broad objective. Specifically, the study examined the effect of farm resources from all sources on vegetable crops output and ascertained the effect of farm resources obtained from cooperatives on vegetable farm profitability. The study adopted a survey research design. The population of the study was 3,020 FMCS with a membership of 30,257. A sample size sample of 353 was gotten by the application of Taro Yamani sample size formula. Primary data was used for the study. The research instrument was subjected to face and content validation. The reliability of the instrument was determined by a test re test method which returned a coefficient of .94. Descriptive and inferential were used in data analysis and hypotheses were tested at a 5 level of significance. Results indicated that farm resources from all sources statistically significantly predicted vegetable farm profitability F = 20.727, p .05 and that farm resources obtained from cooperatives statistically significantly predicted vegetable farm profitability F = 32.638, p .05 . It was concluded that FMCS have an influence on vegetable production in Enugu State. Sequel to this, it was recommended among others that farmers should be encouraged to join FMCS in Enugu State because of its obvious advantages. Aniagu Lauretta Ngozi | Nwankwo Frank "Influence of Farmers Multipurpose Cooperative Societies on Vegetable Production in Enugu State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46272.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/46272/influence-of-farmers-multipurpose-cooperative-societies-on-vegetable-production-in-enugu-state/aniagu-lauretta-ngozi
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmers’ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
Influence of Farmers Multipurpose Cooperative Societies on Vegetable Producti...ijtsrd
This work examined the influence of farmers multipurpose cooperative societies FMCS on vegetable production in Enugu State, Nigeria, as the broad objective. Specifically, the study examined the effect of farm resources from all sources on vegetable crops output and ascertained the effect of farm resources obtained from cooperatives on vegetable farm profitability. The study adopted a survey research design. The population of the study was 3,020 FMCS with a membership of 30,257. A sample size sample of 353 was gotten by the application of Taro Yamani sample size formula. Primary data was used for the study. The research instrument was subjected to face and content validation. The reliability of the instrument was determined by a test re test method which returned a coefficient of .94. Descriptive and inferential were used in data analysis and hypotheses were tested at a 5 level of significance. Results indicated that farm resources from all sources statistically significantly predicted vegetable farm profitability F = 20.727, p .05 and that farm resources obtained from cooperatives statistically significantly predicted vegetable farm profitability F = 32.638, p .05 . It was concluded that FMCS have an influence on vegetable production in Enugu State. Sequel to this, it was recommended among others that farmers should be encouraged to join FMCS in Enugu State because of its obvious advantages. Aniagu Lauretta Ngozi | Nwankwo Frank "Influence of Farmers Multipurpose Cooperative Societies on Vegetable Production in Enugu State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46272.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/46272/influence-of-farmers-multipurpose-cooperative-societies-on-vegetable-production-in-enugu-state/aniagu-lauretta-ngozi
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmers’ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
Efficiency and Yield Gap Analysis in Potato Production: The Case of Potato Fa...Premier Publishers
The study examined efficiency, yield gap and level of responsiveness of output to the factors of production in potato production in central highlands of Ethiopia. The study used household level cross sectional data collected in 2015/16 from 196 sample farmers selected through multistage sampling technique. A stochastic frontier model was employed for the efficiency analysis. The scale coefficient for production function was calculated to be 1.1, indicating a 1% increase in all inputs proportionally increases total production by 1.1%. The mean technical efficiency and actual yield gap of sample households are 62.6% and 15.2 t/ha respectively. Eighty six percent of the yield variation in potato production is due to technical inefficiency and accounts for 13.07 t/ha yield gap. Therefore, efforts designed to improve efficiency would be more cost effective than introducing new technologies such as developing new varieties as a means of increasing potato production and productivity.
Commercialization of Smallholder Teff Producers in Ethiopia: Constraints and ...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to assess the smallholder farmers’ teff production and marketing constraints and opportunities in Guduru District, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Two-stages sampling procedure was followed to select 154 teff producer farmers from four randomly selected kebeles. An interview schedule was used to collect household survey data during the 2016/2017 farming season. The Household Commercialization Index was used to assess the levels of market participation. The results revealed that about 78% of sampled farmers sold teff during a production year of 2016/2017. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance result revealed that production constraints like high cost of fertilizer and delayed delivery, credit problem, shortage of land, unpredictable rainfall, limited improved seed acquisition, insufficient labor, loss of soil fertility and marketing constraints like poor road, limited alternative outlets, fluctuation of teff price, low bargaining power of farmers, inadequate market information and week farmers’ cooperative were pressing constraints of teff production and marketing in study area in order of their importance. The implication of this finding is that promotion of better access to communication facilities and institutional services may significantly contribute to promoting market participation and hence commercialization of teff producer smallholders.
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Agriculture in Ethiopia yet bases on small scale farming is experiencing frequent drought. The study examines, does improved wheat seed adoption benefit farmer’s wheat yield or not in Ofla woreda, Tigrai? A primary data sources from a survey of random sample 300 small scale farm households were gathered. Of which 100 were certified wheat seed adoptor farmers and the remaining 200 were non users. In dealing with propensity score matching (PSM) was applied. The average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) result revealed that improved wheat seed adoptor household’s earn 35 to 54 quintal of wheat yield per hectare at a cost of plowing 9,400 Birr larger in a single production year compared to non adoptors earn below 18 quintal at a cost of Birr 7,000. Adoption of certified wheat seed complementary with other packages is more recommendable to enhance wheat yield at small scale level.
Demese Chnayalew,
Abstract
The crop development policies and strategies of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia focus on three major categories: food, industrial, and export crops. Among the food crops, potatoes and sweetpotatoes are valuable for food and nutrition security at household level, providing highly nutritious quality protein, vitamins, and micronutrients. Recently, potato has come to be viewed as an alternative crop for climate change adaptation, too. Despite this, the crop development policies and strategies are biased towards grain. This bias, along with related policies and strategies, has partly contributed to the low levels of cultivated area and production of root and tubers in general and potato and sweetpotato in particular. Within an agricultural research and development environment dominated by grain development policies and strategies, however, research and extension institutions never quit generating, developing, multiplying, and distributing improved potato and sweetpotato technologies, including varieties and agronomic practices. This paper assesses the technology generation and adoption in different parts of the country; it analyses existing policies, strategies, and institutional arrangements. Information generated through documentation review and discussions with selected and targeted key informants provided adoption levels of improved potato and sweetpotato varieties, and helps to explain existing constraints and plausible solutions for increased productivity and production. Comparative analysis is also made with other developing countries, specifically those in the East Africa region as a whole
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
An Empirical Study of Shifting Cultivation in Kombo Jinyo Village under West ...ijtsrd
Jhum cultivation or shifting swidden cultivation is prevalent since ancient time. It plays an important role for providing livelihood and food security to many people in hilly areas where the other opportunity of cultivation is not feasible. For Jhumias Jhum cultivators the importance of shifting cultivation goes beyond mere economic concerns. Jhum crops are adjusted to local condition and chemical for pests diseases control is not required. Traditionally, Jhumias specially belong to hilly region are totally dependent on Jhum cultivation because Jhum fields are source for many food and non-food crops which helps farmer to maintain their livelihood. Earlier Jhum was only for subsistence purpose, even in present era the output from Jhum is extremely limited and various programmes and policies implemented by Government is unsatisfactory, but Jhumias are sustaining its livelihood by changing its cropping pattern and land use management. Shifting cultivation is connected to local and regional commodity where cultivator are increasingly integrated to cash crops that are traded locally, regionally which provide resources to themselves and to the society. In the current era deforestation is a challenging one and Jhum cultivation is prevalent in study area. But we cannot incriminate such practice as a sole responsible for deforestation. Margum Ado | Marpi Bagra "An Empirical Study of Shifting Cultivation in Kombo Jinyo Village under West Siang Region of Arunachal Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19014.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/19014/an-empirical-study-of-shifting-cultivation-in-kombo-jinyo-village-under-west-siang-region-of-arunachal-pradesh/margum-ado
The long run impact of climate change on the productivity of major crops in the districts of Punjab is analyzed for the time period of 1970 to 2010. This study used deviations from average maximum annual temperature and deviations from average rainfall are used as indicators for climate change. While other variables include sale price, fertilizer use and number of tube wells. In order to incorporate long timer periods, this study used Panel ARDL model. The results show that cotton productivity is more positively sensitive to price changes; an increase in temperature, tube wells and fertilizers while wheat productivity is more positively sensitive to the rainfall in the long run. Consequently, in the short run, wheat productivity equilibrium is faster converging. Hence deviations from average rainfall are harmful to cotton crop in the long run and cotton & wheat in the short run, while deviations in maximum temperature is only harmful for cotton crop in the short run.
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Food Security Status of Farm Households in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study assessed the effect of yam-based production on the food security status of farm households in Edo south, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, analyse the contribution of yam-based production to the income profile of the households, estimate their mean per capita daily calorie intake and examine the determinants and the probability of households being food secured.
A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 120 farm households from Edo South agro-ecological zone of Edo-State data were collected with the aid of well – structured interview schedule on households socio-economic variables which included sex, age, marital status, level of education, farm size, household size and household income and expenditure profile among others. Data collected were analyzed by appropriate statistical analysis which included frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, and Logit regression model.
The results showed that 97 males, represented majority of the households with (80.8%) and females 23, represented 19.2%of the house heads. The mean age of household reads was 50 years, of which (92.5%) of them were married, 53% owned houses and 58% had farming experience of 11.20 years the mean household size was estimated as seven persons with a mean farm size of 1.35 hectares. The mean annual household income in the study area was estimated as N 496.850.88 out of which farm income contributed N 62.4307, and off income contributed (37.57%). The mean monthly household expenditure was N 40,934.31 out of which food expenditure accounted for 40 .22%. The results also showed that the area was fairly food -secured with 52.5% being food secured and 47.67 being food insecure with mean per capita calorie intake of 36,okcal and 120.2 kcal respectively.
Finally, the results also revealed that three variables in the logit model were significant in explaining variation in the food security status of the households. These are farm size, form income and off-income. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business.
The abstract should summarize the content of the paper. Try to keep the abstract below 250 words. Do not make references nor display equations in the abstract. The journal will be printed from the same-sized copy prepared by you. Your manuscript should be printed on A4 paper (21.0 cm x 29.7 cm). It is imperative that the margins and style described below be adhered to carefully. This will enable us to keep uniformity in the final printed copies of the Journal. Please keep in mind that the manuscript you prepare will be photographed and printed as it is received. Readability of copy is of paramount importance.
Pakistan's Agriculture Sector- 3 (Horticulture) Challenges and ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
Explains the importance of horticulture for the political economy of Pakistan,carries out its SWOT analysis and describes the challenges it is facing.Ends with a comprehensive set of recommendations for its improvement
Efficiency and Yield Gap Analysis in Potato Production: The Case of Potato Fa...Premier Publishers
The study examined efficiency, yield gap and level of responsiveness of output to the factors of production in potato production in central highlands of Ethiopia. The study used household level cross sectional data collected in 2015/16 from 196 sample farmers selected through multistage sampling technique. A stochastic frontier model was employed for the efficiency analysis. The scale coefficient for production function was calculated to be 1.1, indicating a 1% increase in all inputs proportionally increases total production by 1.1%. The mean technical efficiency and actual yield gap of sample households are 62.6% and 15.2 t/ha respectively. Eighty six percent of the yield variation in potato production is due to technical inefficiency and accounts for 13.07 t/ha yield gap. Therefore, efforts designed to improve efficiency would be more cost effective than introducing new technologies such as developing new varieties as a means of increasing potato production and productivity.
Commercialization of Smallholder Teff Producers in Ethiopia: Constraints and ...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to assess the smallholder farmers’ teff production and marketing constraints and opportunities in Guduru District, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Two-stages sampling procedure was followed to select 154 teff producer farmers from four randomly selected kebeles. An interview schedule was used to collect household survey data during the 2016/2017 farming season. The Household Commercialization Index was used to assess the levels of market participation. The results revealed that about 78% of sampled farmers sold teff during a production year of 2016/2017. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance result revealed that production constraints like high cost of fertilizer and delayed delivery, credit problem, shortage of land, unpredictable rainfall, limited improved seed acquisition, insufficient labor, loss of soil fertility and marketing constraints like poor road, limited alternative outlets, fluctuation of teff price, low bargaining power of farmers, inadequate market information and week farmers’ cooperative were pressing constraints of teff production and marketing in study area in order of their importance. The implication of this finding is that promotion of better access to communication facilities and institutional services may significantly contribute to promoting market participation and hence commercialization of teff producer smallholders.
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
twitter.com/ultraspectra
youtube.com/user/ultraspecra
Agriculture in Ethiopia yet bases on small scale farming is experiencing frequent drought. The study examines, does improved wheat seed adoption benefit farmer’s wheat yield or not in Ofla woreda, Tigrai? A primary data sources from a survey of random sample 300 small scale farm households were gathered. Of which 100 were certified wheat seed adoptor farmers and the remaining 200 were non users. In dealing with propensity score matching (PSM) was applied. The average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) result revealed that improved wheat seed adoptor household’s earn 35 to 54 quintal of wheat yield per hectare at a cost of plowing 9,400 Birr larger in a single production year compared to non adoptors earn below 18 quintal at a cost of Birr 7,000. Adoption of certified wheat seed complementary with other packages is more recommendable to enhance wheat yield at small scale level.
Demese Chnayalew,
Abstract
The crop development policies and strategies of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia focus on three major categories: food, industrial, and export crops. Among the food crops, potatoes and sweetpotatoes are valuable for food and nutrition security at household level, providing highly nutritious quality protein, vitamins, and micronutrients. Recently, potato has come to be viewed as an alternative crop for climate change adaptation, too. Despite this, the crop development policies and strategies are biased towards grain. This bias, along with related policies and strategies, has partly contributed to the low levels of cultivated area and production of root and tubers in general and potato and sweetpotato in particular. Within an agricultural research and development environment dominated by grain development policies and strategies, however, research and extension institutions never quit generating, developing, multiplying, and distributing improved potato and sweetpotato technologies, including varieties and agronomic practices. This paper assesses the technology generation and adoption in different parts of the country; it analyses existing policies, strategies, and institutional arrangements. Information generated through documentation review and discussions with selected and targeted key informants provided adoption levels of improved potato and sweetpotato varieties, and helps to explain existing constraints and plausible solutions for increased productivity and production. Comparative analysis is also made with other developing countries, specifically those in the East Africa region as a whole
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
An Empirical Study of Shifting Cultivation in Kombo Jinyo Village under West ...ijtsrd
Jhum cultivation or shifting swidden cultivation is prevalent since ancient time. It plays an important role for providing livelihood and food security to many people in hilly areas where the other opportunity of cultivation is not feasible. For Jhumias Jhum cultivators the importance of shifting cultivation goes beyond mere economic concerns. Jhum crops are adjusted to local condition and chemical for pests diseases control is not required. Traditionally, Jhumias specially belong to hilly region are totally dependent on Jhum cultivation because Jhum fields are source for many food and non-food crops which helps farmer to maintain their livelihood. Earlier Jhum was only for subsistence purpose, even in present era the output from Jhum is extremely limited and various programmes and policies implemented by Government is unsatisfactory, but Jhumias are sustaining its livelihood by changing its cropping pattern and land use management. Shifting cultivation is connected to local and regional commodity where cultivator are increasingly integrated to cash crops that are traded locally, regionally which provide resources to themselves and to the society. In the current era deforestation is a challenging one and Jhum cultivation is prevalent in study area. But we cannot incriminate such practice as a sole responsible for deforestation. Margum Ado | Marpi Bagra "An Empirical Study of Shifting Cultivation in Kombo Jinyo Village under West Siang Region of Arunachal Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19014.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/19014/an-empirical-study-of-shifting-cultivation-in-kombo-jinyo-village-under-west-siang-region-of-arunachal-pradesh/margum-ado
The long run impact of climate change on the productivity of major crops in the districts of Punjab is analyzed for the time period of 1970 to 2010. This study used deviations from average maximum annual temperature and deviations from average rainfall are used as indicators for climate change. While other variables include sale price, fertilizer use and number of tube wells. In order to incorporate long timer periods, this study used Panel ARDL model. The results show that cotton productivity is more positively sensitive to price changes; an increase in temperature, tube wells and fertilizers while wheat productivity is more positively sensitive to the rainfall in the long run. Consequently, in the short run, wheat productivity equilibrium is faster converging. Hence deviations from average rainfall are harmful to cotton crop in the long run and cotton & wheat in the short run, while deviations in maximum temperature is only harmful for cotton crop in the short run.
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Food Security Status of Farm Households in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study assessed the effect of yam-based production on the food security status of farm households in Edo south, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, analyse the contribution of yam-based production to the income profile of the households, estimate their mean per capita daily calorie intake and examine the determinants and the probability of households being food secured.
A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 120 farm households from Edo South agro-ecological zone of Edo-State data were collected with the aid of well – structured interview schedule on households socio-economic variables which included sex, age, marital status, level of education, farm size, household size and household income and expenditure profile among others. Data collected were analyzed by appropriate statistical analysis which included frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, and Logit regression model.
The results showed that 97 males, represented majority of the households with (80.8%) and females 23, represented 19.2%of the house heads. The mean age of household reads was 50 years, of which (92.5%) of them were married, 53% owned houses and 58% had farming experience of 11.20 years the mean household size was estimated as seven persons with a mean farm size of 1.35 hectares. The mean annual household income in the study area was estimated as N 496.850.88 out of which farm income contributed N 62.4307, and off income contributed (37.57%). The mean monthly household expenditure was N 40,934.31 out of which food expenditure accounted for 40 .22%. The results also showed that the area was fairly food -secured with 52.5% being food secured and 47.67 being food insecure with mean per capita calorie intake of 36,okcal and 120.2 kcal respectively.
Finally, the results also revealed that three variables in the logit model were significant in explaining variation in the food security status of the households. These are farm size, form income and off-income. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business.
The abstract should summarize the content of the paper. Try to keep the abstract below 250 words. Do not make references nor display equations in the abstract. The journal will be printed from the same-sized copy prepared by you. Your manuscript should be printed on A4 paper (21.0 cm x 29.7 cm). It is imperative that the margins and style described below be adhered to carefully. This will enable us to keep uniformity in the final printed copies of the Journal. Please keep in mind that the manuscript you prepare will be photographed and printed as it is received. Readability of copy is of paramount importance.
Pakistan's Agriculture Sector- 3 (Horticulture) Challenges and ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
Explains the importance of horticulture for the political economy of Pakistan,carries out its SWOT analysis and describes the challenges it is facing.Ends with a comprehensive set of recommendations for its improvement
AN ASSESSMENT OF PROFITABILITY OF GROUNDNUT PRODUCTION USING GROSS MARGIN, TH...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. With the constraints on land due to increased population and emergence of other enterprises such as sugarcane farming, groundnut remains a dominant crop in the area and continues to play a critical role as a source of income to the rural farmers. The study focused on profitability of groundnut production in Ndhiwa Sub-County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on production characteristics of farmers, groundnut yield levels, total input costs (variable) and revenues earned were obtained from 323 farmers and analyzed. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. The operational cost and returns of groundnuts production were determined through Gross Margin (GM) and return on investment analysis. Secondary and primary data collected was collated, cleaned and coded for electronic entry and analysis. Groundnut was mainly grown in small scale with the average area under groundnut being 0.32 ha under. The average gross income from groundnut production was KES 34,268 per hectare from a mean output of 659 kilograms. Groundnut was found to be profitable in the area since it had a positive gross margin.
Assessing the determinants of agricultural commercialization and challenges c...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This study assesses the agricultural commercialization levels, determinants, and challenges confronting smallholder cassava farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. This study was conducted in Oyo State, Nigeria using cross-sectional data from 211 smallholder cassava farmers and employing multi-stage sampling procedures. Descriptive statistics, Crop Commercialization Index (CCI), and Ordered Logit Model (OLM) were used to analyze the data collected. The results revealed that 83.9% of the cassava farmers participated in the commercialization of their cassava roots while the remaining farmers were non-participants. The greatest challenge faced by the cassava farmers in the study area was the incessant attacks by the Fulani herdsmen (destroying growing cassava on the farm) while other challenges included cassava cyclical gluts and poor access road. Moreover, OLM revealed that age, farm size, cassava marketing experience and distance to market had significant influence on commercialization levels of cassava farmers. However, in order to enhance increased commercialization levels of cassava farmers and peaceful coexistence in the study area, policies and intervention programmes that will facilitate rural infrastructure development and proffer lasting solution to the farmers-herders crisis should be given upmost priority.
Advancement in agricultural technologies is seen to result in the shift in production functions. The study was conducted to establish the impact of the improved rice variety on productivity in the Ejura-Sekyedumase and Atebubu-Amantin Municipalities of Ghana. The study was based on the survey of 208 rice farmers using a three-stage stratified sampling method. The study used a structured questionnaire to collect inputoutput data from the rice farmers. Data were analysed using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The study found that the technical change associated with the introduction of the improved rice variety was of the non-neutral type. Further, the adoption of the improved rice variety has increased rice productivity by about 46% for the adopters. The main determinants of productivity for the adopters were seed, land, fertiliser, herbicide, and education. Productivity among the non-adopters was positively influenced by seed, land, herbicide, and fertiliser. The study concluded that the improved rice variety has superior yield advantage. The study recommends for the simultaneous promotion of improved rice varieties and their recommended inputs to increase rice productivity.
Evaluating Plantmate organic manure and prime EC foliar on plant performance ...Innspub Net
Trials for the effectiveness of Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food for increased yields for selected crops were done in five different Agro-ecological zones and soil types, in Kenya. The approach was executed through controlled greenhouse experiment and in the field. The trials data obtained indicated Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food in combination with half the rate of recommended inorganic fertilizer performed significantly (p<0.05) better than all other treatments. Thus, plots treated with Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food gave higher yields in common beans, French beans, maize, onions, cabbages, capsicum with percentages exceeding 100 compared to the control in most cases. In many soils fertilizers are fixed and rendered insoluble under certain soil conditions such as soil pH. The Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food ameliorated the soil conditions as it interacted with inorganic fertilizer thus increasing its use efficiency by crops. Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food not only increased soil chemical fertility but also improves water use efficiency at low matric potential and generally improves plant vigor and soil health.
Impact of the Adoption of Improved Varieties of Household Income of Farmers i...BRNSS Publication Hub
In Benin, maize occupies a strategic place in the agricultural sector due to its growing importance in national
consumption and trade with neighboring countries. This study aims to analyze the impact of the adoption of
improved maize varieties on the income and expenditure of maize farmers in the South Atlantic Department
of Benin. The data used were collected from 144 maize growers in the Atlantic Department. Maize farmers
with or without improved varieties were selected randomly. The average treatment effect method with
propensity score matching was used to estimate the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties
on household income and expenditure. Maize growers using four impact indicators: (i) Netincome; (ii)
school expenses; (iii) health expenditure; and (iv) food expenditures. The results showed that the adoption
of improved maize varieties led to an improvement in annual netincome (a relative effect of 8.78%), health
expenditure (a relative effect of 15.88%), and expenditure on education (a relative effect of 16.08%). On
the other hand, the adoption of improved varieties of maize has no significant influence on the expenditure
invested in the dietof household members. It shows that the adoption of improved varieties of maize by
which has a positive impact on the netincome, health expenditure, and household education expenditure.
Impact of the Adoption of Improved Varieties of Household Income of Farmers i...BRNSS Publication Hub
In Benin, maize occupies a strategic place in the agricultural sector due to its growing importance in national consumption and trade with neighboring countries. This study aims to analyze the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on the income and expenditure of maize farmers in the South Atlantic Department of Benin. The data used were collected from 144 maize growers in the Atlantic Department. Maize farmers with or without improved varieties were selected randomly. The average treatment effect method with propensity score matching was used to estimate the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on household income and expenditure. Maize growers using four impact indicators: (i) Netincome; (ii) school expenses; (iii) health expenditure; and (iv) food expenditures. The results showed that the adoption of improved maize varieties led to an improvement in annual netincome (a relative effect of 8.78%), health expenditure (a relative effect of 15.88%), and expenditure on education (a relative effect of 16.08%). On the other hand, the adoption of improved varieties of maize has no significant influence on the expenditure invested in the dietof household members. It shows that the adoption of improved varieties of maize by which has a positive impact on the netincome, health expenditure, and household education expenditure.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Intercropping of Maize(Zea mays L.) with Spear mint(Mentha spicata L.) as Sup...paperpublications3
Abstract: Field experiment was conducted in 2011 up to 2013 cropping season to investigate maize based farming system by inclusion of spearmint. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications.The result showed that sole planting of spearmint gave significantly higher essential oil yield, leaf fresh weight, above ground biomass than planting as intercropped with maize. However, intercropping didn’t show significant variation on plant height, shelling percentage and grain yield of the main crop. Land equivalent ratio (LER) indicated yield advantages for all intercrop combinations, especially at 42cm inter row spacing of spearmint intercropped with maize followed by 36cm inter row spacing of spearmint intercropped with maize. Similarly, Maize intercrop with spearmint at 42cm inter row spacing of spearmint gave higher monetary advantage index (41747) followed by 36cm inter row spacing of spearmint intercropped with maize (37496) than planted at sole. This indicate that intercropping maize at 42cm inter row spacing of spearmint followed by 36cm inter row spacing of spearmint is biologically efficient, economically feasible and more profitable than planting alone.
Keywords: Intercropping, Land Equivalent Ratio, Mentha spicata, Monetary Advantage, Supplementary, Zea mays
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood in Nigeria, primarily because the environment is favorable for Agricultural practice. On the basis of climate, topography and vegetation the country is divided into five agricultural zones, namely Dry sub humid, Sub-humid, very humid and swamp/flood. Subsistence agriculture formed the major system of farming in the olden days which provide food crops for human consumption, while surplus are transported to the local markets for sale. Subsistence agriculture also forms the basis upon which all other system of farming are built. Hence, this paper examines the problems and prospects of subsistence agriculture in Ibarapa East local Government Area of Oyo State. Ten farming centres were used as samples in the area. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant data. Percentage and T-test distribution techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings show that there is low agricultural production in the study area as a result of problems such as shortage of fund, land tenure system, inadequate transportation system among others.
Sources of Technical Inefficiency of Smallholder Farmers in Sorghum Productio...Premier Publishers
This study aims to estimate the technical efficiency and identify sources of technical inefficiency in sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, southern Ethiopia using data collected from a sample of 124 households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land, Urea, DAP, labour, oxen and chemicals found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The mean technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that, age, education, family size, off-farm occupation, extension service, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Negative coefficients of education, family size, off-farm occupation, extension service and soil fertility indicates that improvement in these factors results in a significant decrease in the level of technical inefficiency. Akin, positive coefficients of age, livestock holding and plots distance were found to increase households’ technical inefficiency. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Leguminous vegetables production and marketing in Southern Benin|Ijaar vol-15...Innspub Net
As a preliminary study that sets ground for the introduction of new leguminous vegetables, this survey assessed the state of production and market characteristics of leguminous vegetables in urban and peri-urban areas of southern Benin. Covering three administrative departments where most vegetable growers and traders are based in Benin, the study used the semi-structured interview approach with 105 respondents including vegetable growers and traders to gather information on diversity, pest and disease management practices, constraints, distribution channel of leguminous vegetable cultivated and willingness to adopt new leguminous vegetable species and varieties. The results showed clear task division between males and females. While a narrow diversity of leguminous vegetable species was grown in Benin, their production is highly market driven. Tunnel type greenhouse and open field farming were practiced in mono-cropping or crop rotation system with the use of poultry manure, animal dungs and mineral fertilizers as mean of fertilisation. The collectors and wholesalers were the most important stakeholders of the distribution channel, followed by the hotels and restaurants. Major constraints include pest and disease infestations, low yield achieved and lack of improved varieties. All respondents were willing to adopt new leguminous vegetable including vegetable soybean “edamame”, peas, pigeon peas, mung bean, faba-beans, common bean. This study provides insights to the current situation and prospects of the legume vegetables sector in Benin, and can be used as decision tool for the introduction of new leguminous vegetable species to promote the sector and make substantial contribution to nutritional security in Benin.
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The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Evaluation of the Growth and Yield Performances of Maize in a Soybean Culture...iosrjce
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An analysis of economic efficiency in bean production evidence from eastern uganda
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.13, 2013
1
An Analysis of Economic Efficiency in Bean Production: Evidence
from Eastern Uganda
Kenneth W. Sibiko*
, Oscar I. Ayuya, Eric O. Gido and Joseph K. Mwangi
Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Management, Egerton University, PO box 536, 20115
Egerton, Kenya
* E-mail of the corresponding author: kenwaluse@gmail.com
Abstract
Bean has emerged to be an important cash crop as well as a staple food in Uganda; however, the country’s bean
productivity per unit area cultivated has been on the decline for the past ten years. This study estimated the
economic efficiency levels and assessed the factors influencing economic efficiency among bean farmers in
Eastern Uganda, by applying a stochastic frontier cost function and a two-limit Tobit regression model, based on
a random sample of 580 households. Findings revealed that the mean economic efficiency level was 59.94% and
it was positively influenced by value of assets, off-farm income, credit and farmers’ primary occupation. Based
on the findings from this study, there is need for government and stakeholders to train farmers on entrepreneurial
skills so that they can divest their farm profits into more income generating activities which would harness more
farming capital. Finally, there is a need for initiatives geared towards enhancing farmers’ access to adequate
credit for farming at affordable interest rates and using groups as collateral, so that they could invest more in
farming to increase their economic efficiency and farm productivity.
Key words: stochastic frontier approach, smallholder farmers, Tobit regression model
1. Introduction
Uganda’s economy is predominantly agricultural and it employs about 70.8% of the population. At the rural
household level, the proportion of the population directly involved in agricultural activities is high with crop
production accounting for more than 70% of the employment within the sector itself. However, about 68.1%
depend on agriculture for subsistence, while the rest practice farming for commercial purposes (FAO 2009).
Overall, the sector accounts for 25% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), (UBOS 2010) and serves as an
important provider of inputs for the other production activities, especially the manufacturing sector. Moreover,
80% of the Ugandan population live in rural areas and depend almost entirely on Agriculture for their livelihoods;
hence the sector serves as a basic source and provider of food self-sufficiency and security for majority of the
population.
Beans are the most widely grown pulses and second only to maize as a food crop and a major source of
food security in East Africa (Mauyo et al. 2007). It is readily available and a popular food to both the urban and
rural population in Uganda. It also provides about 25% of the total calories and 45% of the protein intake of the
diets of many Ugandans (NARO 2000). The crop is also a staple food of more than 300 million diets worldwide.
In fact, Uganda’s bean consumption has been increasing since the 1980’s. In 1987, Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) estimated Uganda’s bean consumption at 29.3 kg per capita (Kirkby 1987). However, recent
studies show that the country’s per capita consumption has increased to over 58 kg (Soniia and Sperling 1999).
This compares with Rwanda and parts of western Kenya with some of the highest consumption levels in the
world at 66 kg per capita per year. Beans are also valued by the poor because all parts of the plant can be
consumed: the grain is eaten fresh or dried, the leaves are used as vegetables and the stalk is used to make soda
ash (Soniia et al. 2000).
In Uganda, consumers prefer large seeded red-mottled bean grain types, followed by the purple and red
types, while the pale and white colours are not popular. Large red-mottled varieties comprise some of the
traditional types such as K20, a determinate variety developed by the national research program in the 1960’s
(Rubaihayo et al. 1981) and the semi climbers referred to as Nambale. However, the new improved varieties
developed by the national agricultural research organization have also received high market reception especially
K132, K131 and NABE 2 (Kalyebara 2008). Other important grain types available in the country include the
medium size types such as the red-medium type (Kayinja) and the brown-red oval types (Kanyebwa). The small-
seeded Lango beans are usually black or cream coloured bUSH bean varieties and are popular in Northern
Uganda. Several other bean seed types are cultivated in Uganda, with definite regional differences in preferences
for production and consumption (Hidalgo 1991).
Beans are also important source of income for many Ugandan farmers and traders due to the increasing
demand both in the domestic and export markets, such as Kenya. According FAO statistics (2009), beans
accounted for 6.1% of the total national agricultural GDP and ranked fifth behind banana, cassava, indigenous
cattle meat and cattle milk in terms of value of output. This implies that harnessing the bean yield potential
2. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.13, 2013
2
through increased investment in bean research could lead to significant improvements in the health and
wellbeing of many Ugandans.
Uganda’s bean production is common in the central, eastern and western regions. It is mainly dominated by
small scale farmers who have limited resources and produce the crop under unfavourable conditions (such as
little use of inputs, marginal lands and intercropping with competitive crops). The average plot size for these
farmers ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 hectares per household (Hoogendijk and Soniia 1997). Therefore, the greater
percentage of beans is usually grown for household consumption with a small percentage sold to the market or
through other venues (Wortmann et al. 2004).
Uganda’s total bean output was increasing rapidly between 1997 and 2002 as indicated by FAO statistics
(2011). These statistics correspond with the introduction of improved and more disease resistant varieties by
NARO during the same period (Kalyebara 2008). In fact, during this period the productivity per hectare was also
increasing every year. However, subsequent years (from 2002 to 2006) saw a series of fluctuations in bean
output, resulting in a general decline in domestic food supply per capita during the same period. Even as the
statistics for 2006 to 2011 reveal an upward trend in bean output, the country’s productivity per hectare has been
on the decline trend since 2001 (Table 1). The average bean yield in the country has been recorded as 0.6-0.8 Mt
Ha-1
, which depicts a major shortfall from the potential yield of 1.5-2.0 Mt Ha-1
realized with improved varieties
and good crop husbandry under farm level conditions (Kalyebara 2008).
Various Government and non-governmental organizations (such as CIAT1
and PABRA2
) have designed
interventions, in Eastern Uganda, to intensify the application of soil enhancing technologies with the aim of
boosting productivity levels. However, the impact of such intervention in improving efficiency levels of the
smallholder farmers is not clearly understood. Therefore, this study compared the economic efficiency levels of
smallholder farmers who used (treated) and those who did not use (non-treated) soil enhancing technologies. The
factors influencing economic efficiency among bean farmers in Eastern Uganda were also assessed. Economic
efficiency is the ability of a bean farmer to employ a cost minimizing combination of farm inputs while still
producing the maximum possible output, given the available technology. Findings from this study provide
evidence as to whether bean farmers were utilizing available resources in a cost effective manner.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: section two discusses the materials and methods, section
three presents’ results and discussions, while section four entails the conclusions and policy recommendations of
the study.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Study area
This paper is based on a study conducted in the Eastern region of Uganda which focused on four districts
namely: Mbale, Tororo, Busia and Budaka. Bean production is high in these districts (over 80% of households
grow beans). The study area covered two agro-ecological zones: the Montane agro-ecological zone, in which
Mbale falls, is found at higher elevations between 1500-1700 metres above sea level and receives high and
effective rainfall. In addition, the soils in this zone are majorly volcanic with medium to high productivity
(Mwebaze 1999). The Banana-millet-cotton agro ecological zone covers Tororo, Busia and Budaka districts and
is found at lower elevations, receiving less evenly distributed rainfall ranging between 1000-1500mm p.a. The
soils in the banana-millet zone are a mixture of volcanic and alluvial with low to medium productivity. The
major staple crops grown in the study area include: bananas, sweet potatoes, cassava, Irish potatoes and beans.
Other crops grown include coffee, wheat, barley, maize, millet, peas, simsim, sunflower, cotton, rice, onions and
carrots (Mwebaze 1999).
The population in the districts was also found to be very high (the lowest being Busia at 287,800 and the
highest being Tororo at 493,300). In addition, population growth in the districts was relatively high ranging
between 2.5-3.5% per year (CIA World Fact book 2011). However, the total land area in Uganda is 241,548 Km2
of which 75% is available for cultivation. Therefore the capacity of this land resource to sustain the livelihoods
of Ugandans given this rapidly increasing population largely depends on how well edaphic (soil related),
climatic and biotic factors can be managed to increase and sustain its productivity.
2.2 Data
The population of interest constituted smallholder producers of beans in Eastern Uganda; the sampling unit
was the farm household; while the unit of analysis was the household head. A multistage sampling technique
was used which involved a purposive sampling of four districts in Eastern Uganda; after which a simple random
sampling procedure was used at the district, sub-county, parish and village levels for each district. A sample of
580 households was randomly selected using a list of farmers in the village. The sample size was then
1
CIAT: International Center for Tropical Agriculture;
2
PABRA: Pan-Africa Bean Research Alliance
3. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.13, 2013
3
proportionately disaggregated as follows for the four districts, based on the intensity of bean production: Busia
(343), Mbale (112), Tororo (85) and Budaka (40). Primary data was collected in November 2012 for the main
cropping season using personally administered structured questionnaires and through observation.
The data included information on bean farming operations such as: quantities of seeds, planting and
topdressing fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, manure, land area and labour man-days. Corresponding
information on average input prices was also collected from the respondents. The land area under beans (in
hectares) was then used to standardize the rest of the inputs in terms of the quantities per hectare. Data was also
collected on household socio-economic and institutional characteristics such as the farmer’s age, gender, years of
schooling, farming experience, main occupation, household size, income and asset profiles, distance to the
market, extension contacts, group membership and credit.
2.3 Model specification: Review of approaches for measuring efficiency
Since Farrell (1957), there has been a series of studies in the analysis of efficiencies in all fields. In the field
of agriculture, the modeling and estimation of the stochastic function, has been proposed by Aigneir et al. (1977)
and Meeusen and van den Broeck (1977). A critical review of the frontier literature dealing with farm level
efficiency in developing countries conducted by Battese (1992), Coelli (1995) and Thiam et al. (2001) indicated
that there were wide-ranging theoretical issues that had to be dealt with in measuring efficiency in the context of
frontiers which included selection of functional forms and the relevant approaches to use.
Two approaches that can be used in measuring efficiency are the parametric and non-parametric models,
which differ in two ways. First, they differ on assumptions of the distribution of the error term that represents
inefficiency. Second, they differ in the way the functional form is imposed on the data. Parametric methods use
econometric approaches to impose functional and distributional forms on the error term whereas the non-
parametric methods do not (Hyuha et al. 2007). Parametric models suffer from the same criticism as the frontier
deterministic models, in a sense that they do not take into account the possible influence of measurement errors
and other noises in the data as do stochastic frontier models (Thiam et al. 2001). The results can also be
misleading because they do not allow for a random error as is the case with stochastic parametric approaches.
Besides, non-parametric methods also lack statistical tests that would tell us about the confidence of the results.
For this reason, this study adopts the stochastic frontier model to measure and explain economic inefficiencies of
farmers.
2.4 Stochastic Frontier Model
Afriat (1972) was the first to propose the formulation and application of a deterministic production frontier
model (Taylor and Shonkwiler 1986). The basic structure of the model is as shown in equation 1:
= ( , ) (1)
Where ƒ (х, ß) denotes the frontier production function and µ is a one-sided non-negative distribution term. This
model imposes a constraint of µ ≥ 0, which implies that actual output is less than or equal to the potential, given
the input and output prices. According to Taylor and Shonkwiler (1986), the model is in full agreement with
production theory, but the main criticism against it is that all the observed variations are accounted for by the
management practices as pointed out earlier. No account is taken of statistical noise such as random errors,
omitted variables and shocks.
On the other hand, the history of stochastic models began with Aigneir and Chu (1968) who suggested a
composite error term and since their work, much effort has been exerted to finding an appropriate model to
measure efficiency. This resulted in the development of a stochastic frontier model (Aigner et al. 1977). The
model improved the deterministic model by introducing ‘ν’ into the deterministic model to form a composite
error term model (stochastic frontier).
The error term in the stochastic frontier model is assumed to have two additive components namely: a
symmetric component which represents the effect of statistical noise (e.g. weather, topography, distribution of
supplies and measurement error). The other error component captures systematic influences that are unexplained
by the production function and are attributed to the effect of inefficiency (Tijani 2006). The model is specified as:
= ( , ) (∨ µ)
(2)
Where ƒ ( х, ß), is as defined in (1) and ν-µ is error term, The Vi’s are random variables which are assumed to be
iid1
N(0,δV2
) and independent of the Ui’s which are non-negative random variables assumed to account for
inefficiency in production and are often assumed to be iid (N (0, δu2
). Assuming that equation 2 is a self-dual
production frontier such as the Cobb-Douglas function, then the dual cost frontier can be expressed as:
= ( ; ) ( )
(3)
Where Ci is the minimum cost incurred by the ith
farmer to produce output Y; g is a suitable function (C-D); Pi
represents a vector of prices of labour (wage), fertilizer, seeds, chemical inputs and manure employed by the ith
farmer in bean production; α is the parameter to be estimated; Vi’s and Ui’s are as specified above.
1
iid-Independent and Identically distributed random errors
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4
In this case, Ui captures the level of farmer-specific economic inefficiency. The maximum likelihood estimates
of the parameters in the stochastic frontier cost function defined by equations 2 & 3 are obtained using STATA
computer software. We then apply Shepherd’s Lemma in partially differentiating the cost frontier with respect to
each input price to obtain the system of minimum cost input demand equations as:
= = ( ; ) (4)
In equation 4 φ is a vector of parameters to be estimated. We can then obtain the economically efficient
input quantities (Xie) from input demand equations, by substituting the farms’ input prices P and output quantity
Y* into equation 4. Further, it is now possible to calculate the cost of the actual or observed input bundle as
∑Xi*Pi while the cost of economically efficient input bundle associated with the farmers’ observed output is
∑Xie*Pi. Hence we calculate economic efficiency estimates based on these cost measures as follows:
=
∑ ∗
∑ ∗ =
!"#$ "& '' ()*$ +*( ,
!"#$ "& "+# -. ()*$ +*( ,
(5)
2.5 Tobit model
The economic efficiency estimates obtained by the methods described above are regressed on some farm
and household specific attributes using the Tobit model. This approach has been used widely in efficiency
literature (Nyagaka et al. 2010; Obare et al. 2010). The farm and household specific factors regressed here
include gender, age, education, main occupation and farming experience of the farmer; as well as farm size, off-
farm income, value of assets, distance to the market, group membership and credit. The choice of these variables
was intuitive although they have been found to have an effect on the level of efficiency among smallholder
farmers. The structural equation of the Tobit model is therefore given as:
/∗
= + 1 (6)
Where Yi* is a latent variable for the ith
bean farmer that is observed for values greater than τ and censored for
value less than or equal to τ. The Tobit model can be generalized to take account of censoring both from below
and from above. X is a vector of independent variables postulated to influence efficiency. The β’s are parameters
associated with the independent variables to be estimated. The ε is the independently distributed error term
assumed to be normally distributed with a mean of zero and a constant variance. The observed y is defined by the
following generic measurement equation:
/ = /∗
2 /∗
> 4
/ = 45 2 /∗
≤ 4 (7)
Typically, the Tobit model assumes that τ = 0 which means the data is censored at zero. However,
efficiency scores for the bean farmers range between 0-1. Thus we substitute τ in equation 7 as follows:
/ = /∗
2 0 < /∗
< 1
/ = 0 2 /∗
≤ 0
/ = 1 2 /∗
≥ 1 (8)
Therefore the model assumes that there is an underlying stochastic index equal to (Xiβ + εi) which is
observed only when it is some number between 0 and 1; otherwise Yi* qualifies as an unobserved latent (hidden)
variable. The dependent variable is not normally distributed since its values range between 0 and 1. The
empirical Tobit model for this study therefore takes the following form:
/∗
= ; + ∑ (< + 1==
(>= (9)
It is important to mention that estimating the model using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) would produce
both inconsistent and biased estimates (Gujarati 2004). This is because OLS underestimates the true effect of the
parameters by reducing the slope (Goetz 1995). Therefore, the maximum likelihood estimation is recommended
for Tobit analysis.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Farmer-specific efficiency scores
Predicted farmer-specific economic efficiency scores in Eastern Uganda are summarized in Table 2. The
scores were predicted after estimating the stochastic frontier cost function. The findings showed that the mean
economic efficiency score among all the sampled farmers was 59.94%, with treated farmers having a higher
mean (62.09%) than the overall; compared to non-treated farmers which had a lower mean (57.82%) than the
overall. The t-test results also revealed that the mean difference was statistically significant at 5% level, which
indicates that the mean economic efficiency score for treated farmers was significantly greater than the mean for
non-treated farmers.
The maximum economic efficiency scores were 91.10% and 89.17% for the treated and non-treated farmers
respectively. On the other hand, the minimum economic efficiency scores were 0.31% and 3.07% for treated and
non-treated farmers respectively. Thus, the most economically efficient farmer as well as the least economically
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5
efficient farmer was found among the treated farmers. This also shows that if an average bean farmer were to
attain the level of economic efficiency shown by the most efficient treated farmer, then they would realize a
saving of 34.20% [(1-(59.94/91.10)) x 100] in terms of total production costs while maximizing their bean
productivity. The findings also reveal that there is a huge gap between the least economically efficient and the
most economically efficient farmer in the study area. But it is promising to find that 78.51% of the treated
farmers and 72.62% of non-treated farmers have economic efficiency scores above 50%.
Across the districts focused in the study, the ANOVA results (Table 3) revealed that economic efficiency
levels did not vary significantly across districts. However, mean results indicate that, Tororo district had the
highest average economic efficiency levels (67.54%) among bean farmers, whereas Mbale showed the lowest
average economic efficiency of 54.78%. Economic efficiency is concerned with costs of production; therefore,
the fact that bean farms in Tororo district were located closer to the input markets than all the other districts may
have been responsible for the higher levels of economic efficiency in Tororo. In addition, the mean farm sizes in
Mbale were the smallest compared to those in the other three districts, which suggests that it is less economical
to produce beans in Mbale and this explains why the least economic efficiency levels were registered there.
3.2 Determinants of economic efficiency
The results in Table 4 show estimates of the two-limit Tobit regression of selected socio-economic and
institutional-support factors against farmer-specific economic efficiency scores. The model was correctly
specified since its chi-square was 48.82 and it was strongly significant at 1% level. In addition, the pseudo R2
was 72.2%, thus it implies that the independent variables chosen for the model were able to explain 72.2% of the
variations in farmer economic efficiency. Among the selected variables, four were found to contribute
significantly to economic efficiency namely: main occupation, off-farm income, value of assets and credit.
The farmer’s primary occupation showed a negative influence on economic efficiency as hypothesised and
it was significant at 5% level. The results revealed that farmers whose main occupation was employment,
business or any other income generating activity (other than farming) had significantly higher economic
efficiency by 0.1% compared to those who were full time farmers. This is attributed to the fact that in farms
where the household head was involved in non-farm occupations, the farmer had more funds coming in from
such external sources which were used to improve farming activities. The results are consistent with those
reported by Mulwa et al. (2009) among maize farmers in Kenya; and also Tijani (2006) among rice farms in
Nigeria. In their findings, the authors observed that farmers who entirely depended on farming were
disadvantaged in that they did not have regular sources of income to finance their farming; rather, they had to
wait until harvest time. In fact, in most cases the proceeds from the farm are not always reinvested back to the
farm, due to other household needs or accumulated debts, so that farm productivity decreases over time.
Further findings indicate that off-farm income had a positive effect on economic efficiency as hypothesised
and it was significant at 5% level. The results indicate that an increase in off-farm income by a unit increased the
level of economic efficiency by 2.1%. This suggests that the more income a farmer obtained from off-farm
sources the more economically efficient he became. The positive relationship is attributed to the fact that off-
farm income provides extra capital that is invested in farming in form of purchasing inputs and hiring labour;
hence farmers with such earnings reflect higher farm productivity. Similar findings were reported by Lopez
(2008) among selected farms in the USA. However, Kibaara (2005) in a study of maize producers in Kenya
observed that efficiency was reduced when farmers had higher off farm income. This may be the case if the type
of off-farm activity totally deprives the farmer time to attend to his or her farm.
The other factor influencing economic efficiency was the value of assets, which showed a positive
effect on economic efficiency as was hypothesised. The coefficient was also strongly significant at 1% level.
The results indicate that an increase in the value of assets owned by a unit increased the level of economic
efficiency by 3.4%. The results are similar to those by Tchale (2009) among smallholder crop farmers in Malawi,
who observed that assets (like livestock units, a radio and a bicycle) owned by the farmers improved their
liquidity position thereby ensuring that they were able to purchase inputs promptly. Tchale also mentioned that
radios were important for accessing production and market information through the media, while bicycles made
it less costly for farmers to transport items to and from the market. As such, asset ownership collectively
improved the level of economic efficiency of the bean farmers in the study area.
Finally, economic efficiency was also influenced by the amount of credit. The results showed that credit
had a positive influence on economic efficiency and it was significant at 5% level. Specifically, it was found that
an increase in the amount borrowed by a unit increased economic efficiency by 0.5%. The positive effect
suggests that credit is a major contributor of economic efficiency among bean producers in the area. The findings
are similar to those reported by Hyuha et al. (2007) among rice producers in Uganda; and also Goncalves et al.
(2008) among milk producing farms in Brazil. In these studies, it was observed that access to credit is important
in production in the sense that it improves farmers’ ability to purchase the otherwise unaffordable farm inputs;
and consequently it significantly improves their level of efficiency. There are innovative credit facilities
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6
currently coming up that integrate credit providers, producers and traders in such a way that farmers who borrow
loans are linked to a ready market for their produce; which in turn enables them to be able to repay the farming
loans. On the other hand, the introduction of crop insurance has lessened uncertainties associated with
agriculture and boosted confidence among lenders to provide farming loans. Therefore credit has a great
potential for improving economic efficiency in Uganda in coming years.
4. Conclusions and policy implications
The main objective in this study was to estimate the economic efficiency levels and assess the factors
influencing economic efficiency among bean farmers in Eastern Uganda. It was established that the mean
economic efficiency among bean farmers was 59.94% with treated farmers showing a significantly higher mean
than the non-treated farmers. However, there was a large discrepancy between the most efficient and the least
efficient farmer. It was also encouraging that at least half of the farmers had economic efficiency scores
exceeding the 50% limit and could easily improve to the level of the most efficient farmer. Finally, the Tobit
regression model estimation revealed that economic efficiency was positively influenced by value of assets at 1%
level and off-farm income and credit at 5% level. However, farmers’ primary occupation negatively influenced
economic efficiency at the 5% level.
Based on the findings from this study, there is need for the government and NGOs concerned with
Agriculture to organize seminars where farmers would be trained on entrepreneurship. This will sensitize the
farmers to invest their farm profits into more farming equipment and income generating assets that would enable
them harness more farming capital for buying farming inputs to improve their productivity. This initiative will
also reduce over-dependence on farm produce and provide alternative employment to the young people in the
area. The government of Uganda through the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries and other
development partners should also come up with more initiatives through which farmers can access adequate
credit facilities at affordable interest rates and using groups as collateral, so that smallholder farmers can invest
more in farming to increase their economic efficiency and farm productivity.
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Table 1: Bean production information in Uganda for selected years
Year Output
(‘000’ Mt1
)
Harvested Area
(‘000’Ha)
Yield
(Mt/ha)
Food supply
Kg/Capita/Year
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
221
387
401
420
511
535
525
455
478
424
435
440
452
948
973*
630
645
669
699
731
765
780
812
828
849
870
896
925
-
-
0.35
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.70
0.70
0.67
0.56
0.58
0.50
0.50
0.49
0.49
-
-
9.20
14.80
14.80
14.00
17.70
17.80
16.90
14.40
13.80
11.30
11.80
-
-
-
-
Source: FAOSTAT 2011; * denotes estimated figures; - denotes missing data
Table 2: Predicted economic efficiency scores between treated and non-treated farmers
Economic efficiency Treated farmers Non-treated farmers
Class Frequency % Frequency %
0-24 21 8.26 13 8.28
25-49 33 13.22 30 19.11
50-74 140 55.37 67 42.68
75-100 59 23.14 47 29.94
Total 253 100.00 328 100.00
Mean 62.09 57.82
Std deviation 20.02 21.48
Maximum 91.10 89.17
Minimum 0.31 3.07
t-ratio -2.109
Sig. 0.013**
Overall mean 59.94
** is significant at 5% level
Table 3: Farmer-specific efficiency scores in terms of districts
District
Busia Mbale Budaka Tororo
Mean (%)
59.70 54.78 60.68 67.54
S.D (%)
18.88 27.36 23.45 14.55
ANOVA: F-ratio
0.393
Sig.
0.758
1
Mt denotes metric tonnes, equivalent to 1000 kgs
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9
Table 4: Tobit regression estimates of factors influencing economic efficiency
Economic Efficiency Coefficient t-value P>|t|
Sex (1=Female) 0.000 0.000 1.000
Age (years) 0.000 0.220 0.830
Schooling (years) -0.003 -0.850 0.397
Occupation (1=Farming) -0.001 -2.470 0.014**
Farming (years) 0.000 0.130 0.900
Farm size (ha) 0.005 0.640 0.521
Off-farm Income (UGX) 0.021 2.020 0.044**
Asset value (UGX) 0.034 4.080 0.000***
Distance to market (km) -0.004 -1.120 0.262
Extension service 0.000 0.010 0.992
Group membership 0.001 0.010 0.994
Credit (UGX) 0.005 2.280 0.023**
Constant 1.328 9.390 0.000***
Log likelihood = 58.197 48.820
Pseudo R2
= -0.722 0.000
*, **, *** is significant at 10%, 5% and 1% levels respectively
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