Cvs intro-csbrp
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The document discusses the cardiovascular system and includes definitions of normal pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary hypertension. It also mentions Mönckeberg medial calcific sclerosis seen on mammograms and describes non-palpable purpura and the tumbler test. The document concludes with a discussion of an EKG showing sinus tachycardia, discordant ST segments, and lead misplacement.
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CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH IN CARDIOLOGY
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Research in Cardiology (JCERC) is an international open access, scholarly peer-reviewed journal publishing high quality articles in all areas of cardiology related fields, especially current research, new concepts, novel methods, new therapeutic agents, and approaches for early detection and prevention of cardiac disorders and reporting new methods on basic and advanced clinical aspects of cardiology research.
2225 L Clinical Explanation
This document provides instructions for writing a clinical explanation of an experimental physiology lab procedure. The goals are to connect the lab to clinical topics to improve understanding and develop skills to communicate with patients. Students are asked to describe for a patient one lab procedure being used (EEG, ECG, or RESP) as a test for a specific disorder. They must explain how the test is done, any equipment used, what will be measured, and how the data can be used for diagnosis and treatment. A sample clinical explanation is provided for sphygmomanometry to test for orthostatic hypotension.
Diagnostic procedures
An EKG records the heart's electrical activity and can help diagnose a heart attack or abnormalities. A stress test measures how the heart responds to exertion to evaluate blood supply. A Holter monitor records continuous heart rhythm over 1-2 days to detect rhythm problems, compared to a snapshot from an EKG. Bypass surgery improves blood flow by attaching a blood vessel to bypass a blocked coronary artery. High cholesterol, high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and inactivity increase heart disease risk and should be managed through lifestyle changes and medical treatment.
Cvs chd-csbrp
This document provides an overview of congenital heart disease (CHD). It defines CHD as abnormalities of the heart present at birth arising from faulty embryogenesis between 3-8 weeks of gestation. CHD can cause left-to-right shunts, right-to-left shunts, or obstructions. Common types discussed include atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, and transposition of the great arteries. The document also reviews cardiac development and the factors that can contribute to CHD.
Cvs lab dxami-csbrp
The document discusses acute myocardial infarction (AMI), including the pathophysiology of AMI, patterns of infarction seen on ECG and microscopy, effects of reperfusion therapy, complications of AMI, and chronic ischemic heart disease. It provides images demonstrating features of AMI such as areas of necrosis, effects of reperfusion, and complications. The goal of reperfusion therapy is to limit infarct size and salvage cardiac muscle.
Rbc disorders-6
Sickle cell disease is a hereditary blood disorder caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene that results in abnormal sickle hemoglobin molecules which polymerize and distort red blood cells into a sickle shape when deoxygenated, leading to chronic hemolysis, pain crises, organ damage, and infections. Common clinical manifestations include anemia, painful vaso-occlusive crises, acute chest syndrome, splenic sequestration, and susceptibility to infections. Management focuses on treatment of acute complications, prophylactic antibiotics, pain management, blood transfusions, and in severe cases hematopoietic stem
Rbc disorders-3
This document discusses hemolytic anemias, including hereditary spherocytosis, G6PD deficiency, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Hereditary spherocytosis is caused by defects in membrane cytoskeletal proteins that result in spherical and fragile red blood cells prone to splenic sequestration and destruction. G6PD deficiency leaves red blood cells vulnerable to oxidative stress from drugs or infections. PNH is an acquired disorder where mutations lead to deficiencies in proteins that regulate complement activity on red blood cells, making them susceptible to complement-mediated hemolysis, especially at night.
Breast pathology 1
This document provides an overview of normal breast anatomy and histology as well as various benign breast pathologies. It begins with a description of normal breast features including the major ductal system and terminal ductal lobular units. Microscopically, it describes the epithelial and myoepithelial cell layers as well as markers used to identify each. Various benign developmental disorders, clinical presentations, inflammatory conditions such as mastitis and ductectasia, fat necrosis, and fibrocytic changes are then discussed with accompanying images.
Recommended
CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH IN CARDIOLOGY
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Research in Cardiology (JCERC) is an international open access, scholarly peer-reviewed journal publishing high quality articles in all areas of cardiology related fields, especially current research, new concepts, novel methods, new therapeutic agents, and approaches for early detection and prevention of cardiac disorders and reporting new methods on basic and advanced clinical aspects of cardiology research.
2225 L Clinical Explanation
This document provides instructions for writing a clinical explanation of an experimental physiology lab procedure. The goals are to connect the lab to clinical topics to improve understanding and develop skills to communicate with patients. Students are asked to describe for a patient one lab procedure being used (EEG, ECG, or RESP) as a test for a specific disorder. They must explain how the test is done, any equipment used, what will be measured, and how the data can be used for diagnosis and treatment. A sample clinical explanation is provided for sphygmomanometry to test for orthostatic hypotension.
Diagnostic procedures
An EKG records the heart's electrical activity and can help diagnose a heart attack or abnormalities. A stress test measures how the heart responds to exertion to evaluate blood supply. A Holter monitor records continuous heart rhythm over 1-2 days to detect rhythm problems, compared to a snapshot from an EKG. Bypass surgery improves blood flow by attaching a blood vessel to bypass a blocked coronary artery. High cholesterol, high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and inactivity increase heart disease risk and should be managed through lifestyle changes and medical treatment.
Cvs chd-csbrp
This document provides an overview of congenital heart disease (CHD). It defines CHD as abnormalities of the heart present at birth arising from faulty embryogenesis between 3-8 weeks of gestation. CHD can cause left-to-right shunts, right-to-left shunts, or obstructions. Common types discussed include atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, and transposition of the great arteries. The document also reviews cardiac development and the factors that can contribute to CHD.
Cvs lab dxami-csbrp
The document discusses acute myocardial infarction (AMI), including the pathophysiology of AMI, patterns of infarction seen on ECG and microscopy, effects of reperfusion therapy, complications of AMI, and chronic ischemic heart disease. It provides images demonstrating features of AMI such as areas of necrosis, effects of reperfusion, and complications. The goal of reperfusion therapy is to limit infarct size and salvage cardiac muscle.
Rbc disorders-6
Sickle cell disease is a hereditary blood disorder caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene that results in abnormal sickle hemoglobin molecules which polymerize and distort red blood cells into a sickle shape when deoxygenated, leading to chronic hemolysis, pain crises, organ damage, and infections. Common clinical manifestations include anemia, painful vaso-occlusive crises, acute chest syndrome, splenic sequestration, and susceptibility to infections. Management focuses on treatment of acute complications, prophylactic antibiotics, pain management, blood transfusions, and in severe cases hematopoietic stem
Rbc disorders-3
This document discusses hemolytic anemias, including hereditary spherocytosis, G6PD deficiency, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Hereditary spherocytosis is caused by defects in membrane cytoskeletal proteins that result in spherical and fragile red blood cells prone to splenic sequestration and destruction. G6PD deficiency leaves red blood cells vulnerable to oxidative stress from drugs or infections. PNH is an acquired disorder where mutations lead to deficiencies in proteins that regulate complement activity on red blood cells, making them susceptible to complement-mediated hemolysis, especially at night.
Breast pathology 1
This document provides an overview of normal breast anatomy and histology as well as various benign breast pathologies. It begins with a description of normal breast features including the major ductal system and terminal ductal lobular units. Microscopically, it describes the epithelial and myoepithelial cell layers as well as markers used to identify each. Various benign developmental disorders, clinical presentations, inflammatory conditions such as mastitis and ductectasia, fat necrosis, and fibrocytic changes are then discussed with accompanying images.
Cvs as-csbrp
Atherosclerosis is a disease involving the hardening and narrowing of arteries from plaque buildup within the arterial wall. The document discusses the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, which begins with endothelial injury from factors like smoking, inflammation, and hypercholesterolemia. This allows lipids like LDL to accumulate in the arterial intima, where they become oxidized and trigger an inflammatory response involving immune cells and cytokines. Over time, smooth muscle cells and macrophages are recruited, leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques containing lipids and cells that narrow the arteries. The document also covers risk factors, clinical implications like heart attacks, and theories of the disease process.
Cvs ihd-csbrp
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle and represents a group of pathophysiologically related syndromes. The most common cause is atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. IHD can cause angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Angina is recurrent chest pain or discomfort due to myocardial ischemia without necrosis. Myocardial infarction involves death of heart muscle cells due to prolonged ischemia. Risk factors for IHD are the same as those for atherosclerosis.
Cvs ie-csbrp
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium that leads to the formation of vegetations composed of thrombotic debris and organisms. It can be acute or subacute in onset. Acute infective endocarditis is commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and has an abrupt onset, while subacute bacterial endocarditis is commonly caused by Streptococcus viridans and has a more insidious onset. Complications of infective endocarditis include infected emboli, which can lead to conditions such as Roth spots, Osler's nodes, and Janeway lesions. Non-infective causes of endocardial vegetations include non-bacterial thrombot
Cvs aneurysms&dissection-csbrp
1) Aneurysms are abnormal dilations of blood vessels or the heart that can be congenital or acquired. Common sites include the abdominal aorta and left ventricle.
2) There are two main types of aneurysms - true aneurysms which involve a thinned arterial wall and false aneurysms/pseudoaneurysms which involve a defect in the arterial wall.
3) The main causes of aortic aneurysms are atherosclerosis, which commonly causes abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), and hypertension, which commonly causes thoracic aortic aneurysms.
Rbc disorders-5
Thalassemia syndromes are quantitative defects in globin chain synthesis where heme synthesis is normal. The main types are alpha and beta thalassemia. Alpha thalassemia involves reduced alpha globin chain synthesis leading to excess non-alpha chains forming abnormal hemoglobins like HbH and Hb Barts. Beta thalassemia involves reduced beta chain synthesis. This causes imbalanced globin chain production and hemolysis. The severity depends on the number of affected globin genes and can range from thalassemia minor to major. Thalassemia major requires lifelong blood transfusions.
Breast pathology 2
This document discusses risk factors for breast cancer. The major risk factors are age, family history of breast cancer, age at menarche and first birth. Estrogen exposure is also a major risk factor, as factors that increase lifetime estrogen exposure like early menarche, late pregnancy, not breastfeeding increase risk, while factors like late menarche, pregnancy before age 20, breastfeeding, and oophorectomy decrease risk. Genetic factors also play a role, as mutations in genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2 that are involved in DNA repair increase hereditary breast cancer risk. Sporadic breast cancers are more common in post-menopausal women and are influenced by lifetime estrogen exposure.
Rbc disorders-4
This document discusses megaloblastic anemias, which are caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folic acid. It describes the mechanisms by which these vitamins function in DNA synthesis and the effects of their deficiencies. It provides details on pernicious anemia, a type of megaloblastic anemia caused by autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells leading to impaired vitamin B12 absorption. The clinical features, morphological findings, investigations, and management of megaloblastic anemias and pernicious anemia specifically are summarized.
Breast pathology 4
This document discusses several pathologies that can occur in breast tissue, both male and female. It begins with normal breast histology and then covers mixed connective tissue and epithelial tumors such as fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor. It describes the microscopic appearance and characteristics of these tumors. The document also discusses duct papilloma, gynecomastia in males, and carcinoma of the male breast. It provides clinical, radiographic, and microscopic images to illustrate these conditions. Management and prognostic factors are summarized for phyllodes tumors and carcinoma of the male breast.
Rbc disorders 2
This document discusses iron deficiency anemia (IDA), including:
1. Iron is an important bioactive element involved in oxygen transport, oxidative metabolism, and cellular growth. The majority of iron is found in hemoglobin and myoglobin, with smaller amounts in various enzymes.
2. Iron is absorbed in the small intestine and transported by transferrin in plasma. It is stored in ferritin and hemosiderin. Iron requirements vary between men and women.
3. IDA is common and caused by low dietary iron intake, increased demands, blood loss, or malabsorption. Common causes of blood loss include gastrointestinal issues, menstruation, and pulmonary or urinary problems.
4.
Vit b12-schilling
The Schilling test is used to evaluate vitamin B12 absorption in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency. It has multiple stages where radiolabeled vitamin B12 is given orally and/or intravenously along with intrinsic factor. Urine is collected to measure absorption. Abnormal absorption could indicate pernicious anemia from lack of intrinsic factor or other causes of malabsorption. The test helps differentiate these causes of vitamin B12 deficiency.
Breast pathology 3
This document discusses different types and classifications of breast cancer. It begins by classifying breast cancers as either invasive (extending into surrounding tissue) or non-invasive (confined to ducts or lobules).
It then provides details on specific histologic types of non-invasive (in-situ) breast carcinomas like ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and Paget's disease. It also describes invasive breast carcinoma types including infiltrating ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma. For each type, it provides information on frequency, survival rates, clinical features, and microscopic appearance.
The document contains several images illustrating different breast carcinoma histologies and clinical presentations
Cvs misc-1-csbrp
1. Raynaud's phenomenon is characterized by paroxysmal vasoconstriction of the digital arteries, typically in response to cold or stress, and results in color changes in the fingers. It can occur primary or secondary to conditions like SLE or scleroderma.
2. Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) is a non-atherosclerotic inflammatory disease affecting small and medium arteries of the limbs. It mainly affects young male smokers and causes symptoms like claudication, pain relieved by hanging the leg over the bed, and Raynaud's phenomenon.
3. Varicose veins are abnormally dilated and tortuous veins most commonly seen
Cvs rhd-csbrp
This document discusses rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. It begins by describing rheumatic fever as an acute, immunologically mediated disease that occurs weeks after a Group A Streptococcal infection. It can lead to chronic rheumatic heart disease and valve damage. The document then covers the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever, its clinical manifestations like polyarthritis and Sydenham's chorea, its diagnosis using the Jones criteria, and the morphological features of both acute rheumatic fever and chronic rheumatic heart disease like Aschoff bodies. It concludes by describing the complications of rheumatic heart disease such as valve problems, heart failure, and arrhythmias.
Rbc disorders 8
This document discusses various types of bone marrow failure syndromes including aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, pure red cell aplasia, myelophthisic anemia, and polycythemia. Aplastic anemia is a syndrome of chronic primary hematopoietic failure caused by a stem cell defect that results in pancytopenia. Fanconi anemia is an inherited disorder characterized by bone marrow hypoplasia and physical abnormalities. Pure red cell aplasia is a primary marrow disorder where only erythroid progenitors are suppressed. Myelophthisic anemia occurs when solid tumors destroy bone marrow architecture. Polycythemia is a myeloproliferative disorder resulting in increased red blood
Cvs misc-2-csbrp
This document discusses hypertensive heart disease and cardiomyopathies. It describes how hypertensive heart disease can lead to left ventricular hypertrophy over time as an adaptive response to chronic hypertension. If compensated, it may be asymptomatic, but can eventually lead to heart failure, arrhythmias or sudden death. Three main types of cardiomyopathy are discussed - dilated, hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dilation and contractile dysfunction, while hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves thickened heart walls and restrictive cardiomyopathy decreases ventricular compliance. Various genetic and acquired causes are provided for each type.
Inflammation 2
Acute inflammation is characterized by a rapid onset and short duration, while chronic inflammation persists over a longer period of time. The major differences between acute and chronic inflammation include the onset and duration of symptoms as well as the type of inflammatory cells involved. Acute inflammation is driven by neutrophils in the early stages, while chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes and macrophages. Vascular changes like increased blood flow, vascular permeability and exudation are also hallmarks of acute inflammation but are generally less pronounced in chronic inflammation.
Pathology of Skin - Introduction
This document provides an overview of a dermatopathology course, including learning objectives, session details, sample exam questions, and study tips. It discusses key histopathological terms, classifications of skin diseases, common and rare skin conditions, and outlines the curriculum to be covered, including acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, infections, blistering diseases, and neoplastic conditions.
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)
This document discusses Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP), a systemic vasculitic syndrome seen primarily in children. It was first described in 1801 in a 5-year old boy presenting with hematuria, abdominal pain, joint pains and skin rash. HSP is characterized by immunoglobulin A deposition which can cause palpable purpura rashes, arthralgia, abdominal pain, and potentially serious renal involvement in 21-54% of cases. Diagnosis involves laboratory tests, abdominal ultrasound, and skin or renal biopsy. Treatment is usually supportive with NSAIDs, glucocorticoids in severe cases, and disease-modifying agents for gastrointestinal and renal complications.
Meningitis ppt
Bacterial meningitis typically begins as a localized infection that spreads to the meninges, causing inflammation. Common symptoms include headache, fever, and neck stiffness. Examination of cerebrospinal fluid shows increased white blood cells and protein levels, along with low glucose. Treatment involves antibiotics and measures to prevent complications. The diagnosis and treatment depends on the specific causative organism and patient age.
Acute leukemias aml-csbrp
A 25 year old male presented with fever for 1 month. Blood tests showed low hemoglobin and platelet counts, and a very high white blood cell count. A bone marrow examination confirmed the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML is a type of cancer that affects the myeloid line of blood cells. It is characterized by the overproduction of immature myeloid cells called myeloblasts in the bone marrow. The patient's case is discussed in the context of defining AML, describing its subtypes and clinical features, and summarizing methods used for diagnosis and classification.
Case stuies in Lymphomas
This document summarizes several case studies involving lymphomas:
Case 1 involves a 52-year-old female with enlarged lymph nodes and lung lesions. Biopsies of the lymph nodes and lung lesion were performed.
Case 2 involves a 40-year-old female with gastric pain and abnormalities found during endoscopy. A gastric biopsy was performed.
Case 3 involves a 5-year-old girl with a rapidly growing jaw swelling. Imaging and biopsies were performed to investigate.
Case 4 involves a 70-year-old male being evaluated for weakness found to have lymphadenopathy. Testing of lymph nodes and bone marrow was done.
The document discusses findings and next steps for each case
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Cvs as-csbrp
Atherosclerosis is a disease involving the hardening and narrowing of arteries from plaque buildup within the arterial wall. The document discusses the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, which begins with endothelial injury from factors like smoking, inflammation, and hypercholesterolemia. This allows lipids like LDL to accumulate in the arterial intima, where they become oxidized and trigger an inflammatory response involving immune cells and cytokines. Over time, smooth muscle cells and macrophages are recruited, leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques containing lipids and cells that narrow the arteries. The document also covers risk factors, clinical implications like heart attacks, and theories of the disease process.
Cvs ihd-csbrp
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle and represents a group of pathophysiologically related syndromes. The most common cause is atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. IHD can cause angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Angina is recurrent chest pain or discomfort due to myocardial ischemia without necrosis. Myocardial infarction involves death of heart muscle cells due to prolonged ischemia. Risk factors for IHD are the same as those for atherosclerosis.
Cvs ie-csbrp
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium that leads to the formation of vegetations composed of thrombotic debris and organisms. It can be acute or subacute in onset. Acute infective endocarditis is commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and has an abrupt onset, while subacute bacterial endocarditis is commonly caused by Streptococcus viridans and has a more insidious onset. Complications of infective endocarditis include infected emboli, which can lead to conditions such as Roth spots, Osler's nodes, and Janeway lesions. Non-infective causes of endocardial vegetations include non-bacterial thrombot
Cvs aneurysms&dissection-csbrp
1) Aneurysms are abnormal dilations of blood vessels or the heart that can be congenital or acquired. Common sites include the abdominal aorta and left ventricle.
2) There are two main types of aneurysms - true aneurysms which involve a thinned arterial wall and false aneurysms/pseudoaneurysms which involve a defect in the arterial wall.
3) The main causes of aortic aneurysms are atherosclerosis, which commonly causes abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), and hypertension, which commonly causes thoracic aortic aneurysms.
Rbc disorders-5
Thalassemia syndromes are quantitative defects in globin chain synthesis where heme synthesis is normal. The main types are alpha and beta thalassemia. Alpha thalassemia involves reduced alpha globin chain synthesis leading to excess non-alpha chains forming abnormal hemoglobins like HbH and Hb Barts. Beta thalassemia involves reduced beta chain synthesis. This causes imbalanced globin chain production and hemolysis. The severity depends on the number of affected globin genes and can range from thalassemia minor to major. Thalassemia major requires lifelong blood transfusions.
Breast pathology 2
This document discusses risk factors for breast cancer. The major risk factors are age, family history of breast cancer, age at menarche and first birth. Estrogen exposure is also a major risk factor, as factors that increase lifetime estrogen exposure like early menarche, late pregnancy, not breastfeeding increase risk, while factors like late menarche, pregnancy before age 20, breastfeeding, and oophorectomy decrease risk. Genetic factors also play a role, as mutations in genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2 that are involved in DNA repair increase hereditary breast cancer risk. Sporadic breast cancers are more common in post-menopausal women and are influenced by lifetime estrogen exposure.
Rbc disorders-4
This document discusses megaloblastic anemias, which are caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folic acid. It describes the mechanisms by which these vitamins function in DNA synthesis and the effects of their deficiencies. It provides details on pernicious anemia, a type of megaloblastic anemia caused by autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells leading to impaired vitamin B12 absorption. The clinical features, morphological findings, investigations, and management of megaloblastic anemias and pernicious anemia specifically are summarized.
Breast pathology 4
This document discusses several pathologies that can occur in breast tissue, both male and female. It begins with normal breast histology and then covers mixed connective tissue and epithelial tumors such as fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor. It describes the microscopic appearance and characteristics of these tumors. The document also discusses duct papilloma, gynecomastia in males, and carcinoma of the male breast. It provides clinical, radiographic, and microscopic images to illustrate these conditions. Management and prognostic factors are summarized for phyllodes tumors and carcinoma of the male breast.
Rbc disorders 2
This document discusses iron deficiency anemia (IDA), including:
1. Iron is an important bioactive element involved in oxygen transport, oxidative metabolism, and cellular growth. The majority of iron is found in hemoglobin and myoglobin, with smaller amounts in various enzymes.
2. Iron is absorbed in the small intestine and transported by transferrin in plasma. It is stored in ferritin and hemosiderin. Iron requirements vary between men and women.
3. IDA is common and caused by low dietary iron intake, increased demands, blood loss, or malabsorption. Common causes of blood loss include gastrointestinal issues, menstruation, and pulmonary or urinary problems.
4.
Vit b12-schilling
The Schilling test is used to evaluate vitamin B12 absorption in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency. It has multiple stages where radiolabeled vitamin B12 is given orally and/or intravenously along with intrinsic factor. Urine is collected to measure absorption. Abnormal absorption could indicate pernicious anemia from lack of intrinsic factor or other causes of malabsorption. The test helps differentiate these causes of vitamin B12 deficiency.
Breast pathology 3
This document discusses different types and classifications of breast cancer. It begins by classifying breast cancers as either invasive (extending into surrounding tissue) or non-invasive (confined to ducts or lobules).
It then provides details on specific histologic types of non-invasive (in-situ) breast carcinomas like ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and Paget's disease. It also describes invasive breast carcinoma types including infiltrating ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma. For each type, it provides information on frequency, survival rates, clinical features, and microscopic appearance.
The document contains several images illustrating different breast carcinoma histologies and clinical presentations
Cvs misc-1-csbrp
1. Raynaud's phenomenon is characterized by paroxysmal vasoconstriction of the digital arteries, typically in response to cold or stress, and results in color changes in the fingers. It can occur primary or secondary to conditions like SLE or scleroderma.
2. Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) is a non-atherosclerotic inflammatory disease affecting small and medium arteries of the limbs. It mainly affects young male smokers and causes symptoms like claudication, pain relieved by hanging the leg over the bed, and Raynaud's phenomenon.
3. Varicose veins are abnormally dilated and tortuous veins most commonly seen
Cvs rhd-csbrp
This document discusses rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. It begins by describing rheumatic fever as an acute, immunologically mediated disease that occurs weeks after a Group A Streptococcal infection. It can lead to chronic rheumatic heart disease and valve damage. The document then covers the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever, its clinical manifestations like polyarthritis and Sydenham's chorea, its diagnosis using the Jones criteria, and the morphological features of both acute rheumatic fever and chronic rheumatic heart disease like Aschoff bodies. It concludes by describing the complications of rheumatic heart disease such as valve problems, heart failure, and arrhythmias.
Rbc disorders 8
This document discusses various types of bone marrow failure syndromes including aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, pure red cell aplasia, myelophthisic anemia, and polycythemia. Aplastic anemia is a syndrome of chronic primary hematopoietic failure caused by a stem cell defect that results in pancytopenia. Fanconi anemia is an inherited disorder characterized by bone marrow hypoplasia and physical abnormalities. Pure red cell aplasia is a primary marrow disorder where only erythroid progenitors are suppressed. Myelophthisic anemia occurs when solid tumors destroy bone marrow architecture. Polycythemia is a myeloproliferative disorder resulting in increased red blood
Cvs misc-2-csbrp
This document discusses hypertensive heart disease and cardiomyopathies. It describes how hypertensive heart disease can lead to left ventricular hypertrophy over time as an adaptive response to chronic hypertension. If compensated, it may be asymptomatic, but can eventually lead to heart failure, arrhythmias or sudden death. Three main types of cardiomyopathy are discussed - dilated, hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dilation and contractile dysfunction, while hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves thickened heart walls and restrictive cardiomyopathy decreases ventricular compliance. Various genetic and acquired causes are provided for each type.
Inflammation 2
Acute inflammation is characterized by a rapid onset and short duration, while chronic inflammation persists over a longer period of time. The major differences between acute and chronic inflammation include the onset and duration of symptoms as well as the type of inflammatory cells involved. Acute inflammation is driven by neutrophils in the early stages, while chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes and macrophages. Vascular changes like increased blood flow, vascular permeability and exudation are also hallmarks of acute inflammation but are generally less pronounced in chronic inflammation.
Pathology of Skin - Introduction
This document provides an overview of a dermatopathology course, including learning objectives, session details, sample exam questions, and study tips. It discusses key histopathological terms, classifications of skin diseases, common and rare skin conditions, and outlines the curriculum to be covered, including acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, infections, blistering diseases, and neoplastic conditions.
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)
This document discusses Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP), a systemic vasculitic syndrome seen primarily in children. It was first described in 1801 in a 5-year old boy presenting with hematuria, abdominal pain, joint pains and skin rash. HSP is characterized by immunoglobulin A deposition which can cause palpable purpura rashes, arthralgia, abdominal pain, and potentially serious renal involvement in 21-54% of cases. Diagnosis involves laboratory tests, abdominal ultrasound, and skin or renal biopsy. Treatment is usually supportive with NSAIDs, glucocorticoids in severe cases, and disease-modifying agents for gastrointestinal and renal complications.
Meningitis ppt
Bacterial meningitis typically begins as a localized infection that spreads to the meninges, causing inflammation. Common symptoms include headache, fever, and neck stiffness. Examination of cerebrospinal fluid shows increased white blood cells and protein levels, along with low glucose. Treatment involves antibiotics and measures to prevent complications. The diagnosis and treatment depends on the specific causative organism and patient age.
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Acute leukemias aml-csbrp
A 25 year old male presented with fever for 1 month. Blood tests showed low hemoglobin and platelet counts, and a very high white blood cell count. A bone marrow examination confirmed the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML is a type of cancer that affects the myeloid line of blood cells. It is characterized by the overproduction of immature myeloid cells called myeloblasts in the bone marrow. The patient's case is discussed in the context of defining AML, describing its subtypes and clinical features, and summarizing methods used for diagnosis and classification.
Case stuies in Lymphomas
This document summarizes several case studies involving lymphomas:
Case 1 involves a 52-year-old female with enlarged lymph nodes and lung lesions. Biopsies of the lymph nodes and lung lesion were performed.
Case 2 involves a 40-year-old female with gastric pain and abnormalities found during endoscopy. A gastric biopsy was performed.
Case 3 involves a 5-year-old girl with a rapidly growing jaw swelling. Imaging and biopsies were performed to investigate.
Case 4 involves a 70-year-old male being evaluated for weakness found to have lymphadenopathy. Testing of lymph nodes and bone marrow was done.
The document discusses findings and next steps for each case
Case studies in inflammation-1
This document contains 14 case studies related to inflammation. Each case study provides brief clinical information about a patient, including descriptions of lesions, medical procedures, or test results. The cases cover a range of inflammatory conditions and injuries in different organ systems. Doctors are prompted to provide diagnoses or interpretations based on the limited information given for each case.
Invasion &; metastasis csbrp
The document discusses the process of tumor invasion and metastasis. It describes how tumor cells must go through a series of steps called the metastatic cascade to break away from the primary tumor and form secondary tumors elsewhere. This involves invasion of the extracellular matrix and vascular dissemination. The key steps of ECM invasion are: 1) changes in cell adhesion, 2) degradation of the ECM, 3) attachment to novel ECM components, and 4) migration of tumor cells through active proteolysis and locomotion. Genetic changes can cause variations in metastatic potential between cancer types by promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or affecting signaling pathways. Tumors can spread via lymphatics, direct seeding of body cavities,
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This document provides guidance on chemical safety in laboratories. It discusses the importance of understanding material safety data sheets, chemical hazards, and proper personal protective equipment. The key responsibilities are to treat all chemicals as dangerous, ensure safety is a priority for all, and to avoid haste which can compromise safety. Proper labeling, storage, hygiene and equipment are essential for preventing accidents and protecting health.
Single genedisorders 1
Single gene disorders with non-classic inheritance patterns can be caused by trinucleotide repeat mutations, mutations in mitochondrial genes, genomic imprinting, or gonadal mosaicism. Trinucleotide repeat disorders are caused by the expansion of repeats, usually containing G and C, which can impair gene function. Examples include fragile X syndrome and Huntington disease. Mitochondrial gene mutations are maternally inherited and affect tissues with high energy demands. Genomic imprinting involves parent-of-origin specific gene silencing through DNA methylation. Diseases caused include Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, which involve deletions on chromosome 15 but present differently depending on whether the paternal or maternal allele is deleted.
Leucocyte Disorders - Case studies
This document contains several quiz cases related to disorders of leucocytes. Some key details include:
- Case 1 asks about differentiating a condition from leukemoid reaction, the chromosomal abnormality involved, and treatment drugs.
- Case 3 describes a 60-year-old male with splenomegaly and anemia.
- Case 10 lists abnormal differential count findings in a 25-year-old male with fever.
- Case 11 describes test results for a 60-year-old female with bone pain and asks for the diagnosis.
- The document provides clues to identify people, medical conditions, and drugs related to hematology. It aims to test knowledge of disorders of white blood cells
Approach to endometrial biopsy
The document provides guidance on evaluating endometrial biopsy specimens. It discusses that the functionalis layer of the endometrium from the fundus is ideal for diagnosis. Proliferative phase dating is not possible while secretory phase dating is. Findings of fat in the specimen indicates uterine perforation. Endometrial polyps, hyperplasia, and carcinomas are discussed along with mimics. Immunostains can help in certain cases. The clinician should be notified of significant findings and limitations of the specimen.
Vit a-csbrp
Vitamins are organic micronutrients found in foods that are essential for health. Vitamin A deficiency can occur due to malabsorption or other issues affecting fat absorption. Key symptoms include night blindness, keratomalacia (softening and ulceration of the cornea), papular desquamation (flaking of the skin), and frequent respiratory infections. Vitamin A is important for maintaining epithelial surfaces and its deficiency can lead to epithelial metaplasia and keratinization of tissues.
Cell injuryadaptation 7
This document summarizes different types of intracellular pigments, including exogenous pigments that come from outside the body like carbon, iron, and silica, as well as endogenous pigments synthesized within the body like lipofuscin, melanin, hemosiderin, hematin, and bilirubin. It provides examples of different pigments, how they are demonstrated, their origins, locations in the body, and associations with certain diseases.
Cell injuryadaptation 6
Hyaline change is defined as a homogeneous glassy pink material seen on H&E stained sections that can accumulate both intra and extracellularly. It results from the accumulation of various substances and is a descriptive histologic term, not a specific marker of cell injury. Examples of intracellular hyaline change include Mallory bodies, hyaline droplets in renal tubular cells in nephrotic syndrome, alcoholic hyaline in the liver, viral inclusions, and Russel bodies. Extracellular hyaline change occurs in connective tissue and can be seen in conditions like hyalinization of glomeruli in chronic kidney disease, hyaline arteriosclerosis of renal vessels in hypertension, and aging. Amyloid should not be considered hyaline change as
Cell injuryadaptation 5
Pathologic calcification involves the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissues. There are two main types: dystrophic calcification occurs in dead or damaged tissues and is associated with normal calcium levels, while metastatic calcification occurs in normal living tissues and is associated with high calcium levels. Dystrophic calcification results from calcium deposition in areas of tissue damage or necrosis. Metastatic calcification is usually caused by hypercalcemia from conditions like hyperparathyroidism or certain cancers. The lungs, kidneys, and gastric mucosa are especially susceptible to metastatic calcification.
Cell injuryadaptation 4
This document discusses apoptosis, or programmed cell death. It begins by describing reversible and irreversible cell injury, with apoptosis and necrosis listed as examples of irreversible injury. Apoptosis is then discussed in more detail, noting that it was initially recognized in 1972 and is a mechanism to eliminate unwanted, harmful, or damaged cells. Apoptosis involves planned self-destruction of cells and is important for survival. The document outlines the clinical implications and provides examples of apoptosis in physiological and pathological conditions. It describes the morphology, biochemical features, and mechanisms of apoptosis, including the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Differences between apoptosis and necrosis are also summarized.
Cell injuryadaptation 3
This document discusses various types of necrosis including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, and fibrinoid necrosis. Coagulative necrosis preserves cell outlines while liquefactive necrosis completely digests dead cells. Caseous necrosis is seen in tuberculosis and has a cheesy appearance. Fat necrosis occurs in pancreatitis. Fibrinoid necrosis involves fibrin deposition in blood vessels. Gangrene and primary gangrene are also described, with primary gangrene caused specifically by Clostridium bacteria. Overall, the document provides detailed information on the morphological and pathological features of different forms of cell death.
Cell injuryadaptation 2
Atrophy is the shrinkage of cells and tissues due to loss of cellular components. It can result from decreased workload, blood supply, nutrition, endocrine stimulation or aging. At the microscopic level, atrophied cells appear smaller with more autophagic vacuoles and lipofuscin accumulation. Cancer cachexia involves activation of the proteasome pathway leading to muscle wasting.
Hypertrophy is the enlargement of cells and tissues due to an increase in cellular components but without an increase in cell number. It can be physiological such as in pregnancy or pathological such as in response to hypertension. The mechanisms involve increased protein synthesis, DNA content or cellular phenotype. Over time, degenerative changes can occur.
Cell injuryadaptation 1
This document discusses cell injury and adaptation. It covers various types of cell injury including ischemia/hypoxia, chemical injury, and free radical-induced injury. It describes mechanisms of injury like lipid peroxidation and ways cells can adapt through processes like hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, and metaplasia. Adaptations can be physiological or pathological in response to stresses and insults on cells. The document provides examples of cell injury and adaptation in different clinical scenarios.
7 shock
Hemodynamic derangements and shock can be classified in several ways. Shock is defined as inadequate tissue perfusion resulting in cellular oxygen debt. There are four main types of shock based on hemodynamic parameters: hemorrhagic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive. Etiologically, shock can be caused by hemorrhage, cardiac issues like myocardial infarction, sepsis/systemic inflammatory response syndrome, or anaphylaxis due to peripheral vasodilation. If not treated, shock can progress to organ dysfunction and failure due to hypoxic injury. Management involves identifying the cause, restoring intravascular volume and blood pressure, and treating the underlying condition.
6 infarction
1) Myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, pulmonary infarction, and gangrene of limbs are common examples of infarction that result from obstruction of blood flow.
2) Infarctions are typically wedge-shaped areas of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the arterial blood supply or venous drainage of a tissue.
3) The development of an infarction depends on factors like the nature of the blood supply, the rate of occlusion, the tissue's vulnerability to hypoxia, and the oxygen content of the blood. Tissues with dual blood supplies are less likely to infarct.
5 embolism
An embolus is a solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that breaks off and travels through the bloodstream, lodging in and blocking smaller blood vessels. Pulmonary embolisms originate from deep leg vein thrombi in 95% of cases and can cause infarction or blockage of lung tissue. Systemic embolisms originate from heart mural thrombi in 80% of cases and commonly impact the brain or lower extremities. Fat embolisms occur after bone fractures and burns, causing pulmonary insufficiency, neurological issues, and thrombocytopenia. Air embolisms enter the circulation through chest or obstetric injuries and can block major blood vessels. Amniotic fluid embolisms are a rare
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Cvs intro-csbrp
- 10. JAN-2015-CSBRP
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- 18. What is the normal pulmonary arterial pressure? • 1/8th of systemic arterial pressure • When it increases to 1/4th it called as PHT JAN-2015-CSBRP
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- 24. Mönckeberg medial calcific sclerosis - Mammogram JAN-2015-CSBRP
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- 42. Again, there is sinus tach and no concordant ST elevation, all ST segments are appropriately discordant. There is lead misplacement: the axis is different and all of I, aVL, V5, V6 should have upright R-waves; the fact that they are negative in I and aVL confirms lead misplacement. The S-waves are not very deep, but that is because they are cut off. If projected, they are indeed very deep. JAN-2015-CSBRP
- 43. JAN-2015-CSBRP
- 44. JAN-2015-CSBRP
Editor's Notes
- AIA-Anterior interventricular artery = Anterior descending Artery of left coronary.
- Brain: Berry Aneurysm: Gross, natural color, close-up, an excellent view of typical berry aneurysm located on anterior cerebral artery.
- Atrial Fibrillation
- Bicuspid aortic valve with calcification
- Comparison of normal with bicuspid aortic valve.
- MVP
- Monckeberg Medial Calcific Sclerosis
- Mönckeberg medial calcific sclerosis - Mammogram
- Differential cyanosis
- Raynaud's phenomenon
- Bovine heart. Seen in aortic regurgitation.
- Globular heart. Seen in Beri beri, aortic regurgitation, dilated cardiomyopathy.
- CCF. Dependent edema. Pedal edema and raised JVP If this patient is lying down for a long time, where do you look for edema?
- Echography showed bilateral pleural effusion, voluminous pericardial effusion, and the remaining structures were normal.
- Pericardial effusion – low voltage waves in all leads. It’s due to shunting of electrical charges by the pericardial fluid.
- PALPABLE PURPURA = VASCULITIS
- http://hqmeded-ecg.blogspot.in/2011_05_29_archive.html