This document summarizes cutting tools used in machining processes. It discusses single point and multi-point cutting tools. Single point tools have a single cutting edge, such as lathe and planer tools, while multi-point tools have two or more cutting edges like milling cutters and drills. The document describes the geometry of single point tools including the shank, flank, face, base, heel, nose, and cutting edges. It also discusses the various tool angles used in single point tools and provides examples of machines that use multi-point tools like milling machines and broaching machines. Finally, it covers tool wear, failure modes, and compares characteristics of single and multi-point cutting tools.

1. CUTTING TOOL
RISHAV GARG
SID- 16107032

2. CUTTING TOOLS
A cutting tool or cutter is any tool that is used to remove
material from the work piece by means of shear deformation.
• One of most important components in machining process
• Success in metal cutting depends on selection of proper
cutting tool for a given work material
• Performance will determine efficiency of operation
• Two basic types (excluding abrasives)
• Single point and multiple point
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3. SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOL
It is simpler form of cutting tool that have only one cutting
edge. Shear tools, lathe tools, planner tools, boring tools etc.
are the examples of single point cutting tool.
Boring Turning
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5. GEOMETRY OF SINGLE POINT
CUTTING TOOL
• Shank: the shank is used as a tool holder. It is a main body of the tool. It is generally gripped
in the tool frame.
• Flank: It is a surface of the cutting edge or the surface adjacent to the cutting edge of the
tool.
• Face: It is the surface of the tool where the chip slides along the top of this surface.
• Base: Base is a bearing surface of the tool. This base is held in a tool holder or it is directly
clamped in the tool post.
• Heel: Heel is an intersection to the flank and base of the cutting tool. It is a curved portion at
the bottom of the tool.

6. • Nose: This is a point where the base cutting edge and the side cutting edge gets intersected.
• Cutting edges: It is a face edge on the face of the tool that removes the material from the
work piece. There are two cutting edges as side cutting edge and end cutting edge, where the
side cutting edge is major cutting edge and the end cutting edge is minor cutting edge.
• Tool angles: Tool angle splay a vital role in the tool cutting action. The tool that comes with
proper angles will reduce failures as tool breaking due to high work forces on the work
piece. The metal cutting is done more efficiently with generation of little heat.
• Noise radius: The nose radius will provide long life and also good surface finish with it
sharp point on the nose. It has high stress and leaves in its path of cut. Longer nose radius
will give raise to chatter.

8. ANGLES OF SINGLE POINT CUTTING
TOOL
• 1.Side Cutting Edge Angle:
• The angle between side cutting
edge and the side of the tool shank is
called side cutting edge angle.
• 2.End Cutting Edge Angle:
• The angle between the end cutting
edge and a line perpendicular to the
shank of the tool shank is called end
cutting edge angle.

9. ANGLES OF SINGLE POINT CUTTING
TOOL
• . Side Relief Angle:
• The angle between the portion of
the side flank immediately below the
side cutting edge and a line
perpendicular to the base of the tool.
• Side Rake Angle:
• The angle between the face of the tool
and a line parallel to the base of the tool
measured on plane perpendicular to the
base and the side edge.

10. ANGLES OF SINGLE POINT CUTTING
TOOL
• End Relief Angle:
• The angle between the end flank
and the line perpendicular to the base of
the tool is called end relief angle.
• Back Rake Angle:
• The angle between the face of the tool
and line perpendicular to the base of the
tool measures on perpendicular plane
through the side cutting edge.

11. MULTIPOINT CUTTING TOOL
Multi-point cutting tools are those that have two or more chip producing edges on a
common body. Tool rotation then achieves the cut. Multi-point cutting tools include
milling cutters, end mills, drills, reamers, and taps.
The number of cutting edges may vary from around
four (in milling cutter) to hundreds (in grinding wheel).

12. MACHINES WITH MULTIPOINT
CUTTING TOOLS
• A milling machine cuts metal as the
workpiece is fed against a rotating cutting
tool called a milling cutter. Milling
machines cut flat surfaces, grooves,
shoulders, inclined surfaces, dovetails,
and T-slots.
• Milling machines are available in a
variety of designs that can be classified as
the following: (1) standard knee-and-
column machines, including the
horizontal and the vertical types; (2) bed-
type or manufacturing machines; and (3)
machines designed for special milling
jobs.

13. • Broaching is a machining method in
which a series of cutting teeth each
remove a portion of stock as the
cutting tool (broach) moves past or
through the work piece. Combining
both roughing and finishing in one
operation.
• Broaching removes stock to precise
tolerance faster than any other
known metal cutting process.

14. TOOL WEAR AND FAILURE
• Interaction between tool & chip.
• Cutting forces.
• Temperature increase during cutting.
Effect of tool wear—
Tool wear changes tool shape, decrease efficacy. Tool wear induce loss of dimensional accuracy, loss
of surface finish. It increases power consumption.

15. CLASSIFICATION OF TOOL WEAR
• Flank wear
• Crater wear on tool face
• Chipping
• Breakage
• Loss of hardness at high temperature

16. Single Point Cutting Tool Multi Point Cutting Tool
These cutting tools contain only one main cutting
edge.
Multi point cutting tools contains more than one
up to hundreds of cutting edges.
While machining with single point cutting tool,
only one main cutting edge continuously remains
in contact with work piece.
While machining with multi point cutting tool,
more than one cutting edge simultaneously engage
in material removal action in a pass.
Chip load per tooth is usually high. Due to presence of multiple cutting edges,
effective chip load per tooth reduces.
Since one cutting edge continuously remains in
contact with the work piece, so rate of rise in tool
temperature is high.
Due to successive engagement and disengagement,
heat in cutter dissipates when it is not in contact
with workpiece. Consequently rate of rise in tool
temperature is low.
In case of unplanned breakage of cutting edge,
entire process is required to pause until the broken
tool is replaced by a new one.
If one cutting edge breaks, cutting action can be
continued using other cutting edges without much
problem.
Design and fabrication of single point cutting tools
are comparatively easy.
Design and fabrication of multi point cutting tools
are quite difficult.
Usually single point cutting tools are given low
feed rate, so Material Removal Rate (MRR) and
thus productivity are low.
Higher feed rate can be employed with multi point
cutting tool, which increases MRR and
productivity. So machining operation becomes
economic.

17. THANK YOU