This document outlines a student project to enhance the cooling effect of an automobile cooling system using copper oxide (CuO) nanofluid in the radiator. It begins with an introduction on the needs of cooling systems in internal combustion engines. It then discusses different types of cooling systems, including air, liquid, waterless and water-based systems. The document reviews literature on using nanofluids for heat transfer and their enhanced thermal properties compared to conventional fluids. It proposes exploring the effects of CuO nanofluid at different concentrations in a radiator system. The overall aim is to increase the cooling capacity through higher thermal conductivity provided by the metallic nanoparticles suspended in the base fluid.

1. IPCOWALA INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Submitted by,
 Shah Deep (121010102011)
 Chauhan Rahul (121010102033)
 Mominsuthar Sahirmohmad (121010102044)
 Parmar Jayveersinh (121010102048)
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano
fluid-(CuO) in radiator
Guided By,
Riteshkumar Ranjan
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 1

2. OUTLINE
 History of the cooling system
 Need of cooling system
 Now days used cooling system
 Introduction of the Nano Fluid
 Concept Of Nano Fluid
 Literature Review
 Properties of Nano Fluid
 Production
 Work plan
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3. INTRODUCTION
 The temperature of the gases in a reciprocating I.C.
engines varies from 40°C to 2500°C during the cycle.
 If the engine is not cooled, then the cylinder and piston
temperatures may exceed to 1500°C.
 At such high temperature, the metals will loose their
properties and expansion of piston will be considerable
and seize the liner.
 The lubrication of the engine will be badly affected if the
engine cylinder temperature exceed 80°C because the
lubricating oil will start evaporating and piston and
cylinder will be badly damaged.
 Therefor, it is essential to maintain the temperature of
engine parts below some limit by cooling.
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 3

4. NEEDS OF COOLING SYSTEM
 The high temperature reduces the strength of piston and piston rings
and uneven expansion of cylinder and piston may cause the seizure of
the piston.
 The high temperature may cause the decomposition of the lubricating
oil and lubrication between the cylinder wall and piston may
breakdown resulting in a scuffing of the piston.
 If the temperature around the valve exceeds 250°C, the overheating
of the valve because the scuff of the valve guides due to the
lubrication breakdown.
 The tendency of the detonation increases with an increase in the
temperature of the cylinder body.
 The pre-ignition of the charge is possible in spark ignition engine if
the ignition parts initially are at high temperature.
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 4

5. TYPES OF COOLING SYSTEM
Air cooling system
Liquid cooling system
 Waterless cooling system
 Water cooling system
• Thermo-syphon cooling system (Natural
cooling system)
• Forced circulating cooling system
• Cooling system using thermostatic valve
• Evaporative cooling systemEnhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 5

6. AIR COOLING SYSTEM
 In this system air is used as a
cooling medium and it is used
for small capacity engine. The
heat transfer co-efficient of air
is very low so that it can only
used in low capacity engines.
By attaching fins to the outside
the engine, the surface contact
area of the engine is increase
so that heat transfer rate is
increased. The use of fins
increases the heat transfer
surface by 5 to 10 times of its
original value.
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 6

7. WATER COOLING SYSTEM
 In water cooling system,
water is the heat transfer
medium. The heat carrying
capacity of the water is
higher compare to the air. In
high capacity engine or in
multi-cylinder engine water
cooling system is used. For
increasing the cooling effect
in various condition,
additives have been added
in the water, i.e. antifreeze
solution, corrosion inhibitors
(Sodium Benzoate), antifoam
additives, dyes etc.
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 7

8. COMPONENTS IN WATER COOLING SYSTEM
 Radiator
 Fan
 Water Pump
 Cooling Pipes
 Upper hose pipe
 Lower hose pipe
 Pressure Cap
 Thermostat
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 8

9. WATERLESS COOLING SYSTEM
 A proprietary blend, Soluble additives, No Water
 Boiling Point: 190°C
 Pour Point: -40°C
 Lifetime Coolant if they do not become
contaminated with water.
 Reduced Toxicity
 Improve fuel economy
 Offers environmental Advantages
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 9

10. COOLING WITH THE HELP
OF NANO-FLUID
Copper Oxide (CuO)
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 10

11. INTRODUCTION
 Nano fluid is a fluid containing nanometer sized particles,
called nanoparticles.
 These fluids are engineered colloidal suspensions of
nanoparticles in a base fluid.
 The nanoparticles used in Nano fluids are typically made
of metals, oxides, carbides, or carbon nanotubes.
 Common base fluids include water and ethylene glycol.
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 11

12. INTRODUCTION
 Nano fluids have novel properties that make them
potentially useful in many applications in heat transfer
including microelectronics, fuel cells, pharmaceutical
processes, and hybrid-powered engines.
 They exhibit enhanced thermal conductivity and the
convective heat transfer coefficient compared to the base
fluid.
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13. DEVELOPMENT AND CONCEPT OF NANO FLUID
 It is well known that at room temperature, metallic solids possess an
order-of-magnitude higher thermal conductivity than fluids.
 The thermal conductivity of copper at room temperature is about 700
times greater than that of water and about 3000 times greater than
that of engine oil.
 Therefore, the thermal conductivities of fluids containing suspended
solid metallic or on-metallic (metallic oxide) particles would be
expected to be significantly higher than those of conventional heat
transfer fluids.
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14. DEVELOPMENT AND CONCEPT OF NANO FLUID
 The main problems of using such suspensions are the rapid
setting of particles, clogging of flow channels and
increased pressure drop in the fluid.
 In contrast, nanoparticles due to their high surface to
volume ratio can remain in suspension and thereby reduce
erosion and clogging.
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15. WHY USE NANOPARTICLES?
 The basic concept of dispersing solid particles in fluids to
enhance thermal conductivity can be traced back to
Maxwell in the 19th Century.
 Studies of thermal conductivity of suspensions have been
confined to mm - or mm - sized particles.
 The major challenge is the rapid settling of these particles
in fluids.
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16. WHY USE NANOPARTICLES?
 Nanoparticles stay suspended much longer than micro-
particles and, if below a threshold level and/or enhanced
with surfactants/stabilizers, remain in suspension almost
indefinitely.
 Furthermore, the surface area per unit volume of
nanoparticles is much larger than that of micro particles.
 These properties can be utilized to develop stable
suspensions with enhanced flow, heat-transfer, and other
characteristics.
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 16

17. LITERATURE REVIEW
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18. Author Definition Abstract Conclusion
Ankush
D.Tharkar,
Shailendra
M.Lawankar
Nano Fluid a
coolant for
air finned
heat
exchanger:
The Review
Nano fluids are
differentiated as
metallic and nonmetallic
nanoparticles according
to material type since
different nanoparticles
need their own stability
method. various
nanoparticle types with
different base fluids are
invented and they are
studied. The main aim
of this review paper is
to summarize the use of
modified coolant for
heat exchanger by using
Nano fluid along with
their properties.
From literature survey it is
observed that these fluids offer
higher thermal conductivity
compared to that of
conventional coolants like ethyl
glycol. Some of the Nano fluid
copper oxide, Iron Oxide,
Aluminum Nitride are explain
with different preparation
method. Various way of
calculating properties of the
fluid are also mentioned in this
review. Therefore, further
research investigations are
needed to comprehensively
understand the stability of Nano
fluids before evolving new
energy efficient heat transfer
fluids specific to applications
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19. Author Definition Abstract Conclusion
Mostafa
Jalal,
Hossein
Meisami and
Mohammad
Pouyagohar
Experimental
Study of
CuO/Water
Nano fluid
Effect on
Convective
Heat
Transfer of a
Heat Sink
Different parameters affecting
the heat transfer characteristics
were investigated so that the
influence of each parameter
can be determined. Three
volumetric fractions of
nanoparticles as = 3.5, 4, 4.5
and 5 vlo% were used to prepare
the Nano fluid for the
experiment. The Reynolds
number varied from 400 to
2000, the convective heat
transfer coefficients were
determined. The results gained
in the study showed that
dispersion of CuO nanoparticles
in water significantly increased
the overall heat transfer
coefficient while thermal
resistance of heat sink
decreased.
• CuO nanoparticles
dispersed into the water
increased heat transfer
coefficient of the heat
sink significantly. This
outperformance can be
mainly attributed to
higher thermal
conductivity of the Nano
fluids and Brownian
motion of particles.
• Amount of augmentation
in heat transfer
coefficient increased with
increasing particle
concentrations and the
amount of heat transfer
enhancement did
decrease at higher
Reynolds numbers.
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20. Author Definition Abstract Conclusion
Parashurama M S, Dr.
Dhananjaya D A,
Naveena Kumar R R
Experimental
Study of Heat
Transfer in a
Radiator using
Nano fluid
This study attempts
to investigate the
heat transfer
characteristics of
an automobile
radiator using
water combination
based CuO Nano
fluids as coolants.
Thermal
performance of an
automobile radiator
operated with Nano
fluids is compared
with a radiator
using conventional
coolants.
The heat transfer rate for
CuO-water Nano fluid at
volume fraction 10% was
studied. The results indicate
that the overall heat transfer
coefficient of Nano fluid is
greater than that of water
alone and therefore the total
heat transfer area of the
radiator can be reduced.
However, the considerable
increase in associated
pumping power may impose
some limitations on the
efficient use of this type of
Nano fluid in automotive
diesel engine radiators.
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21. DIFFERENT NANO FLUIDS
 Copper Oxide (CuO)
 Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)
 Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)
 Titanium Oxide (TiO2)
 Zirconia (ZrO2)
 Tungsten Trioxide (WO3)
 Silicon Oxide (SiO2)
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 21

22. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Material Form Thermal conductivity
(W/m K)
Carbon Nanotubes
Diamonds
Graphite
Fullerenes film
1800-6600
2300
110-190
0.4
Metallic Solids (Pure) Silver
Copper
Nickel
429
401
237
Non-Metallic Solids Silicon 148
Metallic Liquids Aluminum
Sodium at 644 K
40
72.3
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 22

23. THERMAL AND PHYSICAL PROPOERTIES OF
NANO PARTICLES AND BASE FLUID
Sr. No Property Copper Oxide Water
1. Thermal
Conductivity
(W/mK)
400 0.605
2. Density (kg/m3) 8933 997.1
3. Specific Heat
(J/kgK)
385 4195
4. Dynamic Viscosity - 0.001003
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 23

24. PROPERTIES
Chemical Formula: CuO
Molar Mass: 79.454 g/mol
Form: Powder
Color: Black to Brown-Black
Melting Point: 1326°C
Boiling Point: 2000°C
Density: 6.315 g/cm3
Material to be avoided: Oxidizing agents, Acids
Solubility: Insoluble in Water, Alcohol, Ammonium Hydroxide, Ammonium Carbonate
Soluble in Ammonium Chloride, Potassium Cyanide, ethyl Glycol
Flash Point: Non-flammable
Crystal Structure: Monoclinic
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 24

25. PRODUCTION
 Copper oxide nanoparticles can be synthesized using the
aqueous precipitation method. In this method, copper and
nitric acid is used as a precursor and sodium hydroxide as
a stabilizing agent.
 Single phase monoclinic structure of the copper oxide
nanoparticles is revealed using X-ray diffraction. The
rectangular morphology of the copper oxide nanoparticles
is revealed using the scanning electron microscopy.
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 25

26. ADVANTAGES
 High dispersion stability with predominant Brownian
motion of particles
 Reduced particle clogging as compared to convention
slurries, thus promoting system miniaturization
 Reduced pumping power as compared to pure liquid to
achieve equivalent heat transfer intensification
 Adjustable properties, including thermal conductivity and
surface wet-ability, by varying particle concentrations to
suit different applications
 High specific surface area and therefore more heat
transfer surface between particles and fluids
 Low Cost compared to EG base fluid
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 26

27. WORK PLAN
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 27

28. LITERATURE
 “Nano Fluid a coolant for air finned heat exchanger: The Review” by
Ankush D.Tharkar, Shailendra M.Lawankar
 “Experimental Study of CuO/Water Nanofluid Effect on Convective Heat
Transfer of a Heat Sink” by Mostafa Jalal, Hossein Meisami and Mohammad
Pouyagohar
 “IMPROVED EFFICIENCY OF NANO COOLANTS” by Ankit Jain, Devender
Pratap, Satyapal Yadav
 “Experimental Study of Heat Transfer in a Radiator using Nanofluid” by
Parashurama M S, Dr. Dhananjaya D A, Naveena Kumar R R
 “Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Rate In Automobile Radiator
Using Nanofluid” by Ravi Adwani, Shri Krishna Choudhary
 “A Review on applications and challenges of Nano-fluids as coolant in
Automobile Radiator” by Rahul A. Bhogare, B. S. Kothawale
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29. THANK YOU
Enhancement of cooling effect of an automobile system using Nano fluid-(CuO) in radiator 29