This document discusses a liquid nitrogen vehicle. It provides a history of liquid nitrogen vehicles being developed in 1997. The main components of the engine are described, including a pressurized liquid nitrogen tank, heat exchangers, and an expander. The principle of operation involves using ambient heat to vaporize the liquid nitrogen, which then drives the expander and vehicle. Advantages include zero emissions and a potential longer range than electric vehicles, while drawbacks include safety issues and energy required for liquefaction. More research is still needed before commercialization.
dont think its a new technology,its an old tech.but i made it succesful by my presentation style.some slides are hidden and some some are linked..its a nice presentation
dont think its a new technology,its an old tech.but i made it succesful by my presentation style.some slides are hidden and some some are linked..its a nice presentation
As the world is hard pressed with the energy and fuel crises, compounded by pollution of all kinds, any technologies that bring out the solutions to this problem is considered as a bounty. In one of such new technologies, is the development of a new car called as compressed air car which does not require any of the known fuels like diesel, petrol, CNG, LPG, hydrogen etc. this works using only compressed air. This replaces all types of to-date known fuels and also permanently solves the problems of pollution as its exhaust is clean and cool measured practically as low as 5ºC. A proto type, a horizontal, single cylinder low speed engine was modified to run on compressed air. Since this engine runs only on high pressure compressed air, the exhaust of which is undoubtedly only air, making it a zero pollution engine. No heat is generated because there is no combustion of fuel, hence this car needs no cooling system and it result in reduced cost, weight, volume and vibration. Early cost analysis shows that it's very cost effective and the operational cost is ten times less than that of petrol or diesel. Experimental analysis were carried out on this modified car to find out its performance characteristics like brake power, mechanical efficiency, overall efficiency, air to Air ratio, volumetric efficiency, cost analysis etc. Though the efficiencies were low as the frictional forces were high for the proto designed engine, however the concept can be applied on a professionally designed engine to improve the car performance.
Automobile air conditioning based on VAC using exhaust heatBhagvat Wadekar
The theoretical analysis, the feasibility of such a system in a positive frame. It can be summarized that: In the exhaust gases of motor vehicles, there is enough heat energy that can be utilized to power an air-conditioning system. Therefore, if air-conditioning is achieved without using the engine’s mechanical output, there will be a net reduction in fuel consumption and emissions. Once a secondary fluid such as water or glycol is used, the aqua-ammonia combination appears to be a good candidate as a working fluid for an absorption car air-conditioning system. This minimizes any potential hazard to the passengers. The low COP value is an indication that improvements to the cycle are necessary. A high purity refrigerant would give a higher refrigeration effect, while the incorporation of a solution heat exchanger would reduce the input heat to the generator. The present system has both a reflux condenser and a heat exchanger. However, the reflux condenser is proved inadequate to provide high purity of the refrigerant and needs to be re-addressed. The evaluation of the COP, with and without the heat exchanger also proves that unless there is a high purity refrigerant, the effect of the heat exchanger to the generator’s heat is small.
As the world is hard pressed with the energy and fuel crises, compounded by pollution of all kinds, any technologies that bring out the solutions to this problem is considered as a bounty. In one of such new technologies, is the development of a new car called as compressed air car which does not require any of the known fuels like diesel, petrol, CNG, LPG, hydrogen etc. this works using only compressed air. This replaces all types of to-date known fuels and also permanently solves the problems of pollution as its exhaust is clean and cool measured practically as low as 5ºC. A proto type, a horizontal, single cylinder low speed engine was modified to run on compressed air. Since this engine runs only on high pressure compressed air, the exhaust of which is undoubtedly only air, making it a zero pollution engine. No heat is generated because there is no combustion of fuel, hence this car needs no cooling system and it result in reduced cost, weight, volume and vibration. Early cost analysis shows that it's very cost effective and the operational cost is ten times less than that of petrol or diesel. Experimental analysis were carried out on this modified car to find out its performance characteristics like brake power, mechanical efficiency, overall efficiency, air to Air ratio, volumetric efficiency, cost analysis etc. Though the efficiencies were low as the frictional forces were high for the proto designed engine, however the concept can be applied on a professionally designed engine to improve the car performance.
Automobile air conditioning based on VAC using exhaust heatBhagvat Wadekar
The theoretical analysis, the feasibility of such a system in a positive frame. It can be summarized that: In the exhaust gases of motor vehicles, there is enough heat energy that can be utilized to power an air-conditioning system. Therefore, if air-conditioning is achieved without using the engine’s mechanical output, there will be a net reduction in fuel consumption and emissions. Once a secondary fluid such as water or glycol is used, the aqua-ammonia combination appears to be a good candidate as a working fluid for an absorption car air-conditioning system. This minimizes any potential hazard to the passengers. The low COP value is an indication that improvements to the cycle are necessary. A high purity refrigerant would give a higher refrigeration effect, while the incorporation of a solution heat exchanger would reduce the input heat to the generator. The present system has both a reflux condenser and a heat exchanger. However, the reflux condenser is proved inadequate to provide high purity of the refrigerant and needs to be re-addressed. The evaluation of the COP, with and without the heat exchanger also proves that unless there is a high purity refrigerant, the effect of the heat exchanger to the generator’s heat is small.
Pistonless pump that makes them different from that of turbopump ,is the absence of piston.
This is a unique technique. In this ,no. of rotating parts is very less as compared to that of turbo pump.
The turbofan engine is a propulsive mechanism to combine the high thrust of a turbojet with the high efficiency of a propeller. Basically, a turbojet engine forms the core of the turbofan; the core contains the diffuser, compressor, burner, turbine, and nozzle. However, in the
turbofan engine, the turbine drives not only the compressor, but also a large fan external to the core. The fan itself is contained in a shroud that is wrapped around the core.
The development of insect resistance to the key fumigant phosphine is driving renewed interest in the development of alternatives. One such alternative is the use of low oxygen atmospheres that are usually created through the generation of nitrogen. However, the costs of nitrogen generation have
been a longstanding barrier to the adoption of the low oxygen atmospheres in agricultural storages such as grains.
The research team has taken advantage of recent advances in the cost of nitrogen generation (membrane technology) to assist industry overcome operational barriers to uptake of the
technology.
Cryogens are effective thermal storage media which, when used for automotive purposes, offer significant advantages over current and proposed electrochemical battery technologies, both in performance and economy. An automotive propulsion concept is presented which utilizes liquid nitrogen as the working fluid for an open Rankine cycle. Nitrogen propulsive systems can provide automotive ranges of nearly 400 kilometers in the zero emission mode, with lower operating costs than those of the electric vehicles currently being considered for mass production. Some of the advantages of a transportation infrastructure based on liquid nitrogen are that recharging the energy storage system only requires minutes and there are minimal environmental hazards associated with the manufacture and utilization of the cryogenic "fuel."
Cooling system plays important roles to control the temperature of car’s engine. One of the important
elements in the car cooling system is cooling fluid. The usage of wrong cooling fluid can give negatives impact to
the car’s engine and shorten engine life. An efficient cooling system can prevent engine from overheating and
assists the vehicle running at its optimal performance. This thesis was conducted to study the effectiveness of
various types cooling agent in the vehicle cooling system which will influence the operation time of the engine
block mainly cylinder in the light vehicle cooling systems. 3D model of the engine block is done in Pro/Engineer.
Different types of fluids mixed with base fluid water considered in this thesis Aluminum Oxide, Silicon Carbide,
Titanium Oxide and Copper Oxide at volume fraction of 0.4. The properties of the nanofluids are calculated
theoretically.CFD analysis is done on the engine block using all nanofluids and Thermal analysis is done on the
engine block by varying the materials Copper and Aluminum alloy
Analysis of Steady State Cryogenic Air Separation Unit and Simulation of Fixe...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Atmospheric dry air contains approximately 78%
nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% argon plus low concentrations
of noble gases like carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons and other
impurities. An air separation unit divides atmospheric air
into the three pure gaseous components (nitrogen, oxygen
and argon). Nitrogen, oxygen and argon are used by industry
in large quantities and hence termed industrial gases. The
current work aim is to simulate the cryogenic air separation
unit including adsorber and cryogenic distillation. Simulation
of absorber is carried out using ADSIM of Aspen Tech to
remove carbon dioxide (CO2
) and water vapour (H2O). The
breakthrough curves of carbon dioxide (CO2
) and water
vapour on 5A molecular sieve and activated alumina
respectively are found at different Reynolds number. The
study helps to find out schedule time adsorber/desorber unit.
ASPEN Plus simulator is used to simulate cryogenic air
separation into nitrogen, oxygen and argon.
Simulation Based Interpretation and Recent Trends on Performance Analysis on ...ijtsrd
The heat transfer system is of great importance in many commercial and domestic applications. Likewise, IC engine always maintained at the working temperature for good ex. The improper generation distribution of temperature affects the performance and reduces the efficiency of the engine hence to the vehicle automobile. The performance of automobile Radiators can be substantially improved by a number of augmentation techniques. Heat transfer can be increased by active and passive flow control techniques or either with the incorporation of Nanofluids. As in order to remove the excess temperature, we need some cooling system in the automobile. The cooling system can be of two types Air and Water cooling system. Air cooling system is generally used in two wheelers and airplanes. The air directly takes the heat from the surface of the engine through the fins available on them. In the water cooling system, a water jacket is provided around the engine which carries the heat of the engine and releases this heat to the atmosphere with the help of a component called a radiator. The radiator basically consists of the upper tank, lower tank, tubes, fins, thermostat, the inlet port and outlet port, pressure cap. In the present work, Simulation Based Interpretation and Performance Analysis on Automobile Radiator through NanoParticle Fluids on modeled setup will be done trying to incorporate the condition of the automobile by using Nanoparticle fluids of Al2O3 and CuO. Water will also be taken to compare the performance of the Nanofluids. Results of numerous experimental and Ansys CFD solvers will be illustrated. Krishna Dutta Pandey | Shailendra Tiwari | Kundan Gupta "Simulation Based Interpretation and Recent Trends on Performance Analysis on Automobile Radiator through Nano Particle Fluids" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38592.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/38592/simulation-based-interpretation-and-recent-trends-on-performance-analysis-on-automobile-radiator-through-nano-particle-fluids/krishna-dutta-pandey
Air Cooled condensers were first introduced in US
power industry in early 1970’s, but only during last 10-15
years number of installations greatly increased largely due to
growing attention being paid to environmental safety. Also,
growing demand for water for both domestic and industrial
use has brought an increased interest in use of Air Cooled
condensers. This is a review paper which studies the
performance of Air-cooled condenser under various operating
conditions it is found that there is degradation in performance
of air cooled condenser under high ambient temperatures and
windy conditions. The heat rejection rate of ACC also depends
on surface condition of fins and thus its performance is
reduced due to external fouling of finned tubes due to weather
conditions and by internal fouling from condensate (Ammonia
corrosion). A Hybrid (dry/wet) dephlegmator achieves major
enhancement in performance when ambient temperatures are
high. Also shading of condensers is done for air-conditioning
units to mitigate the adverse effect of high ambient
temperatures due to solar radiation. Now a day’s wind walls
are used to reduce the effect of high wind velocity .second
option is to increase the fan speed Fin cleaning plays an
important role in heat rejection. External cleaning improves
air side heat transfer coefficient. In order to improve the
performance of an ACC Flat tubes inclined at some angle to
horizontal can also be used in place of conventional circular
horizontal tubes so that an improvement in heat transfer rate
occurs.
2. Topics of Interest
Introduction to the liquid nitrogen vehicle
History
Justifying the use of liquid nitrogen vehicle
Cryogenic heat engines
Production of liquid nitrogen
Main components
Principle of operation
Open Rankine cycle
3. Topics of Interest
Advantages
Drawbacks
Solutions to drawbacks
Efficiency
Reason for not being commercialized
Conclusion
4. What is Liquid Nitrogen Vehicle?
It is a vehicle which uses Cryogenic fluid(liquid
nitrogen) as a working fluid.
Propulsion system is a cryogenic heat engine in
which a cryogenic substance is used as a heat sink.
CRYOGENICS
Cryogenic can be defined as the branch of the physics that deals with the study
of the production of very low temperature (below −150 °C, −238 °F or 123 K)
and the behavior of materials at those temperatures.
5. History
In 1997, the liquid nitrogen powered vehicles was
independently developed by University of North Texas (UNT)
and University of Washington (UW).
The propulsion systems in these vehicles were cryogenic heat
engines in which a cryogenic substance is used as a heat sink
for heat engine.
The vehicle (car) was named as LN2000.
It was a converted 1984 Grumman-Olson Kubvan mail
delivery van.
7. Why Nitrogen as a Vehicle Fuel?
High cost and limited availability of fossil fuels like petrol and
diesel.
Due to high level of pollution associated with the combustion
of fossil fuels the need of ZEV(Zero Emission Vehicle) has
been generated. (presently the battery powered electric vehicle
is the only commercially available ZEV but not successful due
to high initial cost, slow recharge and limited range).
And the most important is the huge availability of Nitrogen
gas(78% of air is nitrogen).
Note: According to Petroleum Conservation and Research Association
petroleum production will be at its peak in 2012 and is likely to
decrease after that.
8. Cryogenic Heat Engine
It is a engine which uses very cold substances to produce
useful energy.
There is always some heat input to the working fluid during the
expansion process.
9. Liquid Nitrogen(LN2)
Liquid Nitrogen is the cheapest, widely produced and most
common cryogen.
It is mass produced in air liquefaction plants
The liquefaction process is very simple.
Normal, atmospheric air is passed through dust precipitator
and pre-cooled.
11. Inter cooler
Atmospheric Dust Turbo
Precipitator pumps
Air passes
Expansion
Fractional
LN2
Insulated Nozzle
chamber
Distillation
Dewar Flask
Nitrogen cycle showing the production of liquid nitrogen
12. It is then compressed inside large turbo pumps to about 100
atmospheres(10.13 MPa).
Once the air has been cooled to room temperature it is allowed
to expand rapidly through a nozzle into an insulated chamber.
By running several cycles the temperature of the chamber
becomes low enough. The air entering it starts to liquefy.
Liquid nitrogen is removed from the chamber by fractional
distillation and is stored inside well-insulated Dewar flasks .
13. Main Components of the Engine:
A pressurized tank(24 gallon) to store liquid nitrogen.
Pressurant bottles of N2 gas substitute for a pump. The gas
pushes the liquid nitrogen out of the Dewar that serves as a fuel
tank.
A primary heat exchanger that heats (using atmospheric heat)
LN2 to form N2 gas, then heats gas under pressure to near
atmospheric temperature.
An Expander to provide work to the drive shaft of the vehicle.
An economizer or a secondary heat exchanger, which preheats
the liquid N2 coming out from the pressurized tank taking heat
from the exhaust.
16. Principle of Operation:
LN2 at –320oF (-196oC) is pressurized and then vaporized in a
heat exchanger by ambient temperature of the surrounding air.
This heat exchanger is like the radiator of a car but instead of
using air to cool water, it uses air to heat and boil liquid
nitrogen.
Liquid N2 passing through the primary heat exchanger quickly
reaches its boiling point.
The N2 expands to a gas with a pressure of 150 KPa.
18. The pressurized N2 gas drives the motor.
The only exhaust is nitrogen, which is major constituent of our
atmosphere.
Energy+N2(l)-->N2(g)
Hence, there is no pollution produced by running this car.
19. Advantages over electric cars:
A liquid nitrogen car is much lighter and refilling its tank takes
only about 10-15 minutes.
The exhaust produced by the car is environmental friendly.
A cryogenic car could have three times the range of an electric
car of the same weight and no battery disposal concerns .
20. Drawbacks:
The N2 passing through the tubes of the heat exchanger is so
cold that the moisture in the surrounding air would condense
on the outside of the tubes, obstructing the air flow.
Then there's the safety issue. Should a nitrogen car be kept in a
poorly ventilated space and, if the Nitrogen leaks off, it could
prove fatal.
Turning N2 gas into a liquid requires a lot of energy. So while
cryogenic cars have zero emissions, they rely on energy
produced at emission generating power plants.
21. Probable Solutions:
A tube within a tube design.
N2 passes back and forth inside a set of three nested tubes.
By the time it reaches the outermost tubes, the N2 is warm
enough that the exterior wall of the tube remains above the
freezing point of water.
Route the exhaust from the fossil fuel power plants through
cryogenic plants, so that the pollutants and the greenhouse
gases could be condensed for later disposal
22. Efficiency:
The LN2 car can travel 79 miles(127.58 km) on a full 24
gallon(90 liter) tank of liquid nitrogen going 20 MPH.
Its maximum speed is over 35 MPH.
23. Why not commercialized?
Even though the technology is 10 to 12 years old, still it has not
come to the market for two reasons.
Safety issues have not been sorted out as yet.
Lack of funds for research.
24. Conclusion:
In a real sense, the more such vehicles are used, the cleaner
the air will become.
In addition to the environmental impact of these vehicles,
refueling using current technology can take only a few
minutes, which is very similar to current gas refueling
times.
Extra research work is needed to utilize the most of the
available energy