Understanding the Consumer
Culture and Cultural Change
1
Understanding Culture
Culture is the lens through which consumers view products and try to make sense of their own and other people’s behaviour..
Culture dictates the manner of how people consume, the priority of needs and wants they attempt to satisfy.
Consumption choices cannot be understood without considering the cultural context in which they are made.
Therefore:
Culture determines
the overall priorities that a consumer attaches to different activities and products
the success or failure of specific products and services.
What is Culture?
Culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
(Edward B. Tylor, 1871)
What is the difference between the two?
Culture is "the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another."
(Hofstede, 1991, p.5)
3
Definitions of Culture
“Culture may be defined as a set of values, ideas, artefacts, and other meaningful symbols that help individuals to communicate, interpret, and evaluate as members of society.“ (Engel, Blackwell & Miniard, 1990, p. 3).
‘Culture is a society’s personality and describes what people have in common. It is the total sum of learned beliefs, values, and customs that direct the consumer behaviour of members of a particular society’ (Schiffman et al., pp. 282)
4
(adapted from Douglas & Craig, 2011)
Consumer
CULTURE
Cognition
Attitude
Values
Patterns of
Consumption
Choices
Information seeking
Disposal?
Macro
Micro
Meso
Situational Factors
Macro: The types of macroenvironmental variables, which condition consumer behavior, include economic variables such as GNI per capita, income distribution,
GNP, income distribution, government exp, population- purchasing power and variety of options available
The demographic factors such as population size and rate of growth, levels of education, socio-cultural factors such as cultural values, religion and geographic factors such as climate or topography. While each of these different factors can be clearly identified, it is important to remember that they interact with each other, as well as conditioning variables at other levels of context.
Meso: within country differences in ethics groups, language, lifestyle, culture, topography
In China, for example, there are marked differences in the economic infrastructure, consumer purchasing power and distribution channels between different regions (Batra, 1997; Cui and Liu, 2000).
Micro: Local level info on market, economy
This is defined here as consisting of the basic physical infrastructure in a village, town or city, including roads, water, electricity, the market infrastructure, i.e. the number and type of stores avail ...
CULTURAL FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMER BEHAVIOR pptIna Negi
Consumer Behavior is the study of how individuals, groups and organizations select, buy, use and dispose of goods, services, ideas or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants.
Cultural factors are the established beliefs, values, traditions, laws and languages of a nation or society.
Dissecting culture and its application to business.docxmadlynplamondon
Dissecting
culture and its
application to
business
What we’ll cover
1. What is the nature of culture?
2. Variety and variation in culture
3. How have globalisation, migration and diversity impacted on
national culture?
4. Use these insights to critically evaluate models of national culture
5. Culture traps: problems and pitfalls to avoid
6. Dynamic models of culture
7. Groupwork exercise: apply your cultural knowledge to business
practice
1. What is culture?
Read the following descriptions of national values
for China, India, Britain
•What do these descriptions tell us about the nature of
culture?
i.e. what kinds of things do we call ‘culture’?
• How long might it take an outsider to understand these
values?
So what is the nature of culture?
“a complex frame of reference that consists of patterns of traditions,
beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and meanings that are shared to varying
degrees by interacting members of a community”
(Ting-Toomey, 1999, p.10)
traditions rituals, ceremonies, rites of passage
beliefs, values, norms underlying principles governing behaviours
symbols language (verbal, non-verbal) also images
meanings Interpretations of symbols held by members
‘shared to varying degrees’ not every single member of the culture to the same degree!
‘a frame of reference’ for making sense of the world
Culture is socially constructed; a basis for shared, collective identities
What are the key
words to highlight
in this definition?
Another definition
“the coherent, learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s
concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what
things are appropriate, and dictates behaviour”
(Varner & Beamer, 2011, p.5)
coherent an entire, consistent world view
learned we are not born with it; culture is transmitted
view of a group agreed, shared views of a society
What are the key
words to highlight
in this definition?
The Iceberg of Culture
In awareness Visible
Out of conscious
awareness
Invisible
Self-awareness
The Iceberg of Culture Fine arts Literature
Drama Classical music Popular music
Folk dancing Games Cooking Dress
Notions of modesty Conceptions of beauty Ideas about child raising
Rules of descent Cosmology Relationship to animals Courtship practices
Patterns of superior/subordinate relations Definitions of sin
Conceptions of justice Notions of leadership Incentive to work Tempo of work
Attitudes to the dependent Approaches to problem solving
Patterns of group decision making Eye behaviour Conceptions of cleanliness
Theories of disease Conception of status mobility
Roles in relation to status by age, sex, class, occupation, kinship etc
Definition of insanity Nature of friendship Conception of self
Patterns of visual perception Body language Facial expression
Notions of logic and validity Patterns of handling emotions ...
CULTURAL FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMER BEHAVIOR pptIna Negi
Consumer Behavior is the study of how individuals, groups and organizations select, buy, use and dispose of goods, services, ideas or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants.
Cultural factors are the established beliefs, values, traditions, laws and languages of a nation or society.
Dissecting culture and its application to business.docxmadlynplamondon
Dissecting
culture and its
application to
business
What we’ll cover
1. What is the nature of culture?
2. Variety and variation in culture
3. How have globalisation, migration and diversity impacted on
national culture?
4. Use these insights to critically evaluate models of national culture
5. Culture traps: problems and pitfalls to avoid
6. Dynamic models of culture
7. Groupwork exercise: apply your cultural knowledge to business
practice
1. What is culture?
Read the following descriptions of national values
for China, India, Britain
•What do these descriptions tell us about the nature of
culture?
i.e. what kinds of things do we call ‘culture’?
• How long might it take an outsider to understand these
values?
So what is the nature of culture?
“a complex frame of reference that consists of patterns of traditions,
beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and meanings that are shared to varying
degrees by interacting members of a community”
(Ting-Toomey, 1999, p.10)
traditions rituals, ceremonies, rites of passage
beliefs, values, norms underlying principles governing behaviours
symbols language (verbal, non-verbal) also images
meanings Interpretations of symbols held by members
‘shared to varying degrees’ not every single member of the culture to the same degree!
‘a frame of reference’ for making sense of the world
Culture is socially constructed; a basis for shared, collective identities
What are the key
words to highlight
in this definition?
Another definition
“the coherent, learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s
concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what
things are appropriate, and dictates behaviour”
(Varner & Beamer, 2011, p.5)
coherent an entire, consistent world view
learned we are not born with it; culture is transmitted
view of a group agreed, shared views of a society
What are the key
words to highlight
in this definition?
The Iceberg of Culture
In awareness Visible
Out of conscious
awareness
Invisible
Self-awareness
The Iceberg of Culture Fine arts Literature
Drama Classical music Popular music
Folk dancing Games Cooking Dress
Notions of modesty Conceptions of beauty Ideas about child raising
Rules of descent Cosmology Relationship to animals Courtship practices
Patterns of superior/subordinate relations Definitions of sin
Conceptions of justice Notions of leadership Incentive to work Tempo of work
Attitudes to the dependent Approaches to problem solving
Patterns of group decision making Eye behaviour Conceptions of cleanliness
Theories of disease Conception of status mobility
Roles in relation to status by age, sex, class, occupation, kinship etc
Definition of insanity Nature of friendship Conception of self
Patterns of visual perception Body language Facial expression
Notions of logic and validity Patterns of handling emotions ...
Factors Influencing Consumer Buying Decision
Influence of Culture on Consumer Behavior-Concept of Culture; The measurement of Culture; Indian Core
Values; Cultural aspects of emerging markets, Values, Lifestyles, and Psychographics- Impact of Values,
Lifestyles and Psychographics on buying behavior; Demographics, Lifestyles and Psychographics; Values and
Value Systems, Group Influence on Consumption- Role of reference groups; Effect of reference groups on
consumer decision making; Celebrity endorsements
Cultural Diversity Essay
Cultural Diversity
Cultural Diversity Essay
Cultural Diversity Essay
Cultural Diversity Essay
Cultural Diversity Essay
Cultural Diversity in America Essay
Cultural Diversity Essay
Cultural Diversity In Children
Cultural Diversity Essay
Essay about Cultural Experience
What is it that consumer researchers try to find among varying cultu.pdffatoryoutlets
The right and left sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans originate on the upper surfaces of
breast bone and collar bones, pass along both sides of the neck, and insert just behind the ears on
the mastoid processes. Describe the action that occurs if both sides contract together.
Solution
If one sternocleido mastokd contracts, it flexes the cervical vertibral column to the same side and
rotates the head to the opposite side. When both the sides contract together , it flexes the neck
amd extends the head..
Culture theory strengthens the expectation that markets work, not because they are comprised of autonomous individuals who are free of social sanctions but because they are powered by social beings and their distinctive ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge. It can contribute to understanding and promoting development where group relationships predominate and individualism is tempered.
Cover LetterOne aspect of strategic planning is to develop a str.docxmarilucorr
Cover Letter
One aspect of strategic planning is to develop a strong team of people. Discovering and retaining top talent may lead a company to success. Your goal for this journal assignment is to showcase why you would make a good candidate for an organization. To stand out from other candidates, you will want to write a cover letter for each position in which you apply. Cover letters allow you an opportunity to highlight your skills and competencies for potential employers.
For this assignment, you will develop a cover letter, reflect on your most relevant skills, and assess what action steps you can take to make your cover letter stronger.
To write an impactful cover letter, you should answer the following questions before you begin composing it. Starting with these questions will help provide a clear and concise message for the person reading your cover letter.
Why are you interested in the position? Consider what makes the position, organization, or company interesting to you.
What three skills or competencies do you possess that match the skills the employer is seeking in a candidate?
You can find these skills by viewing the job description. These specific skills are the reason every cover letter should be unique for each job you apply for.
Begin by reviewing the following Forbes’ articles:
Forget Cover Letters – Write A Pain Letter, Instead! (Links to an external site.)
Stop! Don’t Send That Cover Letter (Links to an external site.)
Tips For The Perfect Resume And Cover Letter (Links to an external site.)
Once you have reviewed the articles, identify a position of interest as a potential job opportunity. You may use any job search website. Two popular employment websites are
Indeed (Links to an external site.)
and CareerBuilder. After you identify a position of interest, use the job description to identify three skills or qualifications that match your background. Next, develop a cover letter by creating a three- to four-sentence paragraph highlighting your matching skills.
Carefully review the
Grading Rubric (Links to an external site.)
for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.
Required Resources
Text
Abraham, S. (2012).
S
trategic management for organizations
. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/
Chapter 1: Strategic Management
Chapter 2: Leadership, Governance, Values, and Culture
Chapter 3: Strategic Thinking
Articles
Collamer, N. (2014, February 4).
The perfect elevator pitch to land a job (Links to an external site.)
.
Forbes
. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/nextavenue/2013/02/04/the-perfect-elevator-pitch-to-land-a-job/
This article provides information about how a 30 second summary about being the perfect candidate can help during a job interview and will assist you in your Elevator Speech discussion forum this week.
Accessibility Statement does not exist.
Privacy Policy (Links to an external site.)
Ryan, L. (2014, October 12).
Forget cov.
Cover Letter, Resume, and Portfolio Toussaint Casimir.docxmarilucorr
Cover Letter, Resume, and Portfolio
Toussaint Casimir
Walden University
NURS 6660 PMH Nurse Practitioner Role I: Child and Adolescent
February 3, 2019
Personal Philosophy Statement
Patient care is complex system that is delivered by a multidisciplinary team. Its success requires perfect harmony between the all the involving members. It is vital that the care we deliver as healthcare professional is patient – centered. Therefore, it is important to know the population that we are serving, its needs and its cultural background. In the United States more than any other country, healthcare providers should develop their cultural awareness and competence.
The stigma around the mental illness and the quality of treatment that mentally ill individuals receive have inspired me to become a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP). I have felt the necessity to stand up and do what is right as my contribution to fix this urgent issue. In our society, physical or medical diseases provoke empathy, but we demonstrate disdain for people impacted by mental conditions. Like we always say, “See it and fix it”. So, passivity is as wrong as the wrong doing.
As a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner, I will have the opportunity to care for a multicultural population with different conceptions or point of view about mental health. It is my role and responsibility to understand the cultural differences and provide support to those in need. I have learned that in the healthcare system, we should not be judgmental. My personal philosophy is to treat each and every patient as I would like to be treated. It is a moral obligation to use my knowledge to serve and educate individuals in my community. As a healthcare professional, I believe that I have the capability to change to way mentally ill individuals are viewed and treated. Through my philosophy, I will be able to advocate for holistic and empathic care for individuals with mental health conditions.
Self – Assessment
I have decided to transition from registered nurse (RN) to psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) to better serve my community. So, I have always said and believe that the more someone has the he/she can give. When I decided to go back to school to pursue my goal, I said to myself “I have to choose one of the best schools”. Finally, I have chosen Walden University that I believe meet my expectations. For my Practicum, I have chosen the Compass Health System which has been established in the South Florida since 1990, and it is well respected in the community. They offer their services through their offices and most of the hospital with mental health crisis. They are one the major teaching facilities in mental health in the South Florida.
I have selected preceptors who have been working with Compass Health System for several years. So, they acquired a very solid experience in the field. I have taken great advantage of their experience to strengthen my assessment s.
More Related Content
Similar to Understanding the ConsumerCulture and Cultural Change1.docx
Factors Influencing Consumer Buying Decision
Influence of Culture on Consumer Behavior-Concept of Culture; The measurement of Culture; Indian Core
Values; Cultural aspects of emerging markets, Values, Lifestyles, and Psychographics- Impact of Values,
Lifestyles and Psychographics on buying behavior; Demographics, Lifestyles and Psychographics; Values and
Value Systems, Group Influence on Consumption- Role of reference groups; Effect of reference groups on
consumer decision making; Celebrity endorsements
Cultural Diversity Essay
Cultural Diversity
Cultural Diversity Essay
Cultural Diversity Essay
Cultural Diversity Essay
Cultural Diversity Essay
Cultural Diversity in America Essay
Cultural Diversity Essay
Cultural Diversity In Children
Cultural Diversity Essay
Essay about Cultural Experience
What is it that consumer researchers try to find among varying cultu.pdffatoryoutlets
The right and left sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans originate on the upper surfaces of
breast bone and collar bones, pass along both sides of the neck, and insert just behind the ears on
the mastoid processes. Describe the action that occurs if both sides contract together.
Solution
If one sternocleido mastokd contracts, it flexes the cervical vertibral column to the same side and
rotates the head to the opposite side. When both the sides contract together , it flexes the neck
amd extends the head..
Culture theory strengthens the expectation that markets work, not because they are comprised of autonomous individuals who are free of social sanctions but because they are powered by social beings and their distinctive ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge. It can contribute to understanding and promoting development where group relationships predominate and individualism is tempered.
Cover LetterOne aspect of strategic planning is to develop a str.docxmarilucorr
Cover Letter
One aspect of strategic planning is to develop a strong team of people. Discovering and retaining top talent may lead a company to success. Your goal for this journal assignment is to showcase why you would make a good candidate for an organization. To stand out from other candidates, you will want to write a cover letter for each position in which you apply. Cover letters allow you an opportunity to highlight your skills and competencies for potential employers.
For this assignment, you will develop a cover letter, reflect on your most relevant skills, and assess what action steps you can take to make your cover letter stronger.
To write an impactful cover letter, you should answer the following questions before you begin composing it. Starting with these questions will help provide a clear and concise message for the person reading your cover letter.
Why are you interested in the position? Consider what makes the position, organization, or company interesting to you.
What three skills or competencies do you possess that match the skills the employer is seeking in a candidate?
You can find these skills by viewing the job description. These specific skills are the reason every cover letter should be unique for each job you apply for.
Begin by reviewing the following Forbes’ articles:
Forget Cover Letters – Write A Pain Letter, Instead! (Links to an external site.)
Stop! Don’t Send That Cover Letter (Links to an external site.)
Tips For The Perfect Resume And Cover Letter (Links to an external site.)
Once you have reviewed the articles, identify a position of interest as a potential job opportunity. You may use any job search website. Two popular employment websites are
Indeed (Links to an external site.)
and CareerBuilder. After you identify a position of interest, use the job description to identify three skills or qualifications that match your background. Next, develop a cover letter by creating a three- to four-sentence paragraph highlighting your matching skills.
Carefully review the
Grading Rubric (Links to an external site.)
for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.
Required Resources
Text
Abraham, S. (2012).
S
trategic management for organizations
. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/
Chapter 1: Strategic Management
Chapter 2: Leadership, Governance, Values, and Culture
Chapter 3: Strategic Thinking
Articles
Collamer, N. (2014, February 4).
The perfect elevator pitch to land a job (Links to an external site.)
.
Forbes
. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/nextavenue/2013/02/04/the-perfect-elevator-pitch-to-land-a-job/
This article provides information about how a 30 second summary about being the perfect candidate can help during a job interview and will assist you in your Elevator Speech discussion forum this week.
Accessibility Statement does not exist.
Privacy Policy (Links to an external site.)
Ryan, L. (2014, October 12).
Forget cov.
Cover Letter, Resume, and Portfolio Toussaint Casimir.docxmarilucorr
Cover Letter, Resume, and Portfolio
Toussaint Casimir
Walden University
NURS 6660 PMH Nurse Practitioner Role I: Child and Adolescent
February 3, 2019
Personal Philosophy Statement
Patient care is complex system that is delivered by a multidisciplinary team. Its success requires perfect harmony between the all the involving members. It is vital that the care we deliver as healthcare professional is patient – centered. Therefore, it is important to know the population that we are serving, its needs and its cultural background. In the United States more than any other country, healthcare providers should develop their cultural awareness and competence.
The stigma around the mental illness and the quality of treatment that mentally ill individuals receive have inspired me to become a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP). I have felt the necessity to stand up and do what is right as my contribution to fix this urgent issue. In our society, physical or medical diseases provoke empathy, but we demonstrate disdain for people impacted by mental conditions. Like we always say, “See it and fix it”. So, passivity is as wrong as the wrong doing.
As a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner, I will have the opportunity to care for a multicultural population with different conceptions or point of view about mental health. It is my role and responsibility to understand the cultural differences and provide support to those in need. I have learned that in the healthcare system, we should not be judgmental. My personal philosophy is to treat each and every patient as I would like to be treated. It is a moral obligation to use my knowledge to serve and educate individuals in my community. As a healthcare professional, I believe that I have the capability to change to way mentally ill individuals are viewed and treated. Through my philosophy, I will be able to advocate for holistic and empathic care for individuals with mental health conditions.
Self – Assessment
I have decided to transition from registered nurse (RN) to psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) to better serve my community. So, I have always said and believe that the more someone has the he/she can give. When I decided to go back to school to pursue my goal, I said to myself “I have to choose one of the best schools”. Finally, I have chosen Walden University that I believe meet my expectations. For my Practicum, I have chosen the Compass Health System which has been established in the South Florida since 1990, and it is well respected in the community. They offer their services through their offices and most of the hospital with mental health crisis. They are one the major teaching facilities in mental health in the South Florida.
I have selected preceptors who have been working with Compass Health System for several years. So, they acquired a very solid experience in the field. I have taken great advantage of their experience to strengthen my assessment s.
Cover
Executive Summary (mention organization, key ‘out-takes’ from main sections in the Proposal)
TableofContents
1. Introduction
2. The Research Issue & The Context
3. Justification for Conducting Research (why the research is important, what benefits does it bring about for the organization)
4. Description of the Research Problem/Opportunity (define why there is an ‘information gap’, put the Research Problem/Opportunity in a 1-2 line statement)
5. Research Questions Emerging from the Problem/Opportunity (if there are sub-dimensions to the Research Problem/Opportunity statement, design Research Questions (basically broad research themes/topic areas around them. Suggest 2-3 Research Questions. Max of 4
6. Information Needs under Each Research Question (for each Research Question, make a listing of the types of information likely to be needed. Suggest 4-5 for each of the Research Questions
7. Appropriate Research Approach (exploratory, descriptive, correlation, causal) then decide primary or secondary research, then decide (if primary) whether qualitative or quantitative
8. Data Collection Design Overview (if qualitative – focus groups or in-depth interviews, if quantitative – surveys, or experiments, then consider if any role for observation)
9. Proposed Data Collection Methodology (if focus groups, in-depth interviews, surveys, experiments, observations, detail the approach to be taken e.g. for focus groups or in-depth interviews – central location or elsewhere, unstructured or semi-structured, for surveys – interviewer or self-completion, where, any technology used, for experiments – in labs or ‘in the field’, for observations – disguised or undisguised)
10. Proposed Sampling Design (if probability or non-probability, if probability which particular sub-type e.g. simple random probability, if non-probability which particular sub-type e.g. convenience, then consider sample size, and justify reason for chosen size)
11. Proposed Data Analysis Methodology (if focus groups, or in-depth interviews – human content or software based analysis, if surveys or experiments – univariate, bivariate or multivariate analysis, reasons for choice of analysis method
12. Ethical Issues (identify any ethical issues associated, with information collection, sample design, data analysis - think anonymity, confidentiality, privacy, embarrassing questions etc., solutions to overcome them)
Reference List (does not need to be an extensive list, major use of the textbook chapter(s) can be made, possibly information from the ‘client’ organization)
Appendices (only if needed)
Cover
Executiv
e Summary (mention organization, key ‘out
-
takes’ from main sections in the Proposal)
Table
of
Contents
1.
Introductio
n
2.
The Research Issue & The Contex
t
3.
Justification for Conducting Research (why the research is important, what benefits does it
bring about for the organization
)
4.
Description of the Research Problem/Opportunity (define why there is an .
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Requirements: 250 words minimum APA Style
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Court Operations and Sentencing Guidelines
Periodically, sentencing guidelines will be changed at both the federal and state court levels. When this occurs impacted courts must realign their operations to accommodate the changes that have occurred. Sentencing guidelines alterations can alter court operations along a wide range from simply updating sentencing documents all the way to complex changes in overall court operations (e.g., method for handling sentencing hearings).
In your initial response,
A) Evaluate how sentencing guideline changes can impact the administration of court operations.
B) As part of your response discuss steps that court personnel must take to realign court operations to accommodate new sentencing guidelines when the changes have a major impact on the way offenders are sentenced.
Assignment Instructions:
1) Based on research, and
2) Using professional, scholarly sources, and
3) Submitted in APA 6th ed style, and
4) A minimum of 450 words, excluding the references list.
.
Course Competencies/ Learning Objectives
Course Learning Objectives
Assessment Method
Recognize the activities involved in securing the operations of an enterprise and identify the technologies used to maintain network and resource availability.
Labs, case project, and exams
Identify the effects of various hardware and software violations on the system, and recognize how different types of operational and life-cycle assurance are used to secure operations.
Labs, case project, and exams
Determine the effects of different attacks on the network and identify the consequences of those effects.
Labs, case project, and exams
Recognize how different auditing and monitoring techniques are used to identify and protect against system and network attacks.
Labs, case project, and exams
Recognize the need for resource protection, distinguish between e- mail protocols, and identify different types of e-mail vulnerability.
Labs, case project, and exams
Identify basic mechanisms and security issues associated with the Web, and recognize different technologies for transferring and sharing files over the Internet.
Labs, case project, and exams
Recognize key reconnaissance attack methods and identify different types of administrative management and media storage control.
Labs, case project, and exams
Identify the appropriate security measures and controls for creating a more secure workspace.
Labs, case project, and exams
.
Coursework 2 – Presentation Report The aim of this 1000-word r.docxmarilucorr
Coursework 2 – Presentation Report:
The aim of this 1000-word report is to develop ideas discussed and questions asked during the delivery of the presentation. This will allow the development of analytical and critical investigative skills, along with skills of communication and presentation. This can be written in the style of a mini essay, in which you can further elaborate on concepts raised in the presentation, and also offer references to the relevant resources used.
they idea is not to repeat what I wrote but more on to think more about questions raised and explore them and other questions.
Harvard referencing and bibliography.
I have uploaded the presentation and the rubric below as well as the reading list for this topic from my course(more readings in the power point presentation reference list).
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COURSE: InfoTech in a Global Economy
Do you feel that countries and companies need explicit strategies for technology development, given the tremendous amount of largely spontaneous creativity that occurs today, often in areas where new technologies are not expected to exert a great influence. Why or why not?
please cite properly in APA
At least one scholarly source should be used in the initial discussion thread.
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Course Themes Guide The English 112 course will focus o.docxmarilucorr
Course Themes Guide
The English 112 course will focus on a central theme that runs throughout the course. Students
will choose a theme, and then use this theme when completing assignments under modules 2-4.
Course Themes:
o Addiction
o Aging, death, and dying
o Body image/eating disorders
o Coming of Age
o Heterosexual gender roles: equality and civil rights
o Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender roles: equality and civil rights
o Mental illness: schizophrenia, OCD, bipolar disorder
o Physical disability, impairment, and disfigurement
o Psychosis and violence
o War and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Module Two: Course Theme Literary Analysis
In Module Two, students will work on a literary analysis. To complete the analysis, course theme
will have to be paired with a fictional work (such as a fictional short story, poem, play, or film).
Below are some suggested fictional works listed under their corresponding course themes.
Author names are provided parenthetically. Most of the suggested stories/poems/plays can be
found through a quick web search. If a story is unavailable, inform the instructor so he or she
may assist you.
Addiction:
“Babylon Revisited” (F. Scott Fitzgerald)
“Sonny’s Blues” (James Baldwin)
Aging, death, and dying
“Thanatopsis” (William Cullen Bryant)
“Midterm Break” (Seamus Heaney);
“Death Be Not Proud” (John Donne)
Time Flies (David Ives)
Body image/eating disorders
“Barbie Doll” (Marge Piercy)
Wasted (Marya Hornbacher)
Coming of Age
“A&P” (John Updike)
“How Far She Went” (Mary Hood)
“Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?” (Joyce Carol Oates)
Heterosexual gender roles: equality and civil rights
“A Work of Artifice” (Marge Piercy)
“The Curse” (Andre Dubus)
“Yellow Wallpaper” (Charlotte Perkins Gilman)
Trifles (Susan Glaspell)
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender roles: equality and civil rights
“Life After High School” (Joyce Carol Oates)
“Paul’s Case” (Willa Cather)
A Streetcar Named Desire (Tennessee Williams)
Mental illness: schizophrenia, OCD, bipolar disorder
“A Rose for Emily” (William Faulkner)
“The Tale-Tell Heart” (Edgar Allan Poe)
“Bartleby” (Herman Melville)
Physical disability, impairment, and disfigurement
“Everyday Use” (Alice Walker)
“Good Country People” (Flannery O’Connor)
“The Birthmark” (Nathaniel Hawthorne)
Psychosis and violence
“A Good Man Is Hard to Find” (Flannery O’Connor)
“The Curse” (Andre Dubus)
“The Cask of Amontillado” (Edgar Allan Poe)
“Hunters in the Snow” (Tobias Wolff)
War and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
The Red Badge of Courage (Stephen Crane)
“Soldiers Home” (Ernest Hemingway)
“The Things They Carried” (Tim O’Brien)
“The Thing in the Forest” (A.S. Byatt)
Modules Three and Four: Course Theme Research
In Modules Three and Four, you will research your course themes in the social and natural
sciences. Keywords will.
Course SyllabusPrerequisitesThere are no prerequisites for PHI20.docxmarilucorr
Course Syllabus
Prerequisites
There are no prerequisites for PHI208.
Course Description
This course explores key philosophical concepts from an ethical perspective. Students will analyze selected assertions of knowledge and the methods of reasoning humans use to justify these claims. Through research into theories of science and religion, as well as the theoretical and empirical challenges these institutions of thought face, students will also investigate how the mind constructs and understands reality. This will provide a foundation for an exploration into questions of morality, in which students will look at traditional and contemporary ethical theories, and apply these theories to contemporary moral issues.
Course Design
In this course, students will be introduced to various ethical theories and practical ethical issues. 1) Students will examine and engage dominant theories of ethics, as well as relativism, and how the relativist position argues against universal ethical principles. Students will utilize what they learn about those ethical theories to examine a contemporary ethical issue and reflect on their own ideas about relativism. 2) Students will examine consequentialist ethical theory and responses to the consequentialist position. 3) Students will examine deontological ethical theory. 4) Students will examine virtue ethics. 5) Students will examine feminist ethics and how feminist ethics relate and attempt to break free from the previous ethical positions. While students are learning about the various ethical theories they will also examine articles that utilize the theories to make arguments in relation to contemporary moral problems. Students will ultimately be asked to choose a contemporary moral problem and apply the ethical theories to the moral problem, while also explaining which theory they find to provide the strongest position.
Course Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
Define the nature and scope of morality and ethics.
Differentiate among traditional ethical theories.
Interpret philosophical thought through critical thinking.
Apply the concepts of ethical and moral reasoning to contemporary issues.
Determine one’s own ethical perspectives through personal reflection.
Course Map
The course map illustrates the careful design of the course through which each learning objective is supported by one or more specific learning activities in order to create integrity and pedagogical depth in the learning experience.
LEARNING OUTCOME
WEEK
ASSIGNMENT
Define the nature and scope of morality and ethics.
1
1
1
2
2
3
4
4
5
5
Week One Discussion
Week One Readings Quiz
Week One Media Quiz
Week Two Readings Quiz
Week Two Media Quiz
Week Three Readings Quiz
Week Four Readings Quiz
Week Four Media Quiz
Week Five Readings Quiz
Final Exam
Differentiate among traditional ethical theories.
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
Week One Readings Quiz
Week Two Readings Quiz
Week Two Media Quiz
Week Three .
COURSE SYLLABUSData Analysis and Reporting Spring 2019.docxmarilucorr
COURSE SYLLABUS
Data Analysis and Reporting
Spring 2019
I. Class
· Course Description: Students will gain practical experience in using advanceddatabase techniques and data visualization, data warehousing, reporting and other Business Intelligence (BI) tools. Contemporary BI tools and technologies will be used to create intelligent solutions to realistic problems.
· Course Objectives:
1. Effectively understand the evolution of business analytics needs and to develop an appreciation for issues in managing data/information/knowledge.
2. Apply in advanced database techniques in designing and executing complex queries in enterprise level database management information systems (Oracle,
SQL server, DB2 …).
3. Understand data warehousing administration and security issues.
4. Apply data extraction, transformation, and load (ETL) processes.
5. Administer and build reports
BI. Required Course Materials
· Free eBooks and other software resources will be posted on Blackboard.
· We use the Microsoft SQL Server 2017 in this class through a virtual machine that you can access from home or from campus.
· The on-campus computer lab in the business building located off the Atrium is available for student use and has the necessary computers and software. Computer lab hours can be found at: http://ualr.edu/cob/student-services/advising/advising-faq/
· Some of the assignments will require Microsoft Office software (e.g., MS Word, Excel, etc.). One way to get access to the MS Office software is get a free subscription to MS Office 365 ProPlus. Get the MS Office software here for free..
2
IV.
Course Grading
Course grading will be the combination of exams, term project, assignments, and quizzes. Grades are based on: A: 90~ 100%, B: 80~ 89%, C: 70~ 79%, D: 60~ 69%, F: 59 as described below. Graduate students will be evaluated using the same criteria as the undergraduate students. However, they will have to submit an additional assignments and/or extra project.
Grade Element
%
A.
Participation
10%
B.
Reading Quizzes
20%
C.
Assignments
30%
D.
Assignment Quizzes
10%
E.
Exams (three)
30%
Total
100%
A. Participation
You will be responsible for various in-class activities that will allow you to exercise your skills and knowledge, stimulate your critical thinking, and perform your assignments. You are expected to attend all the sessions, come to the class before it starts, stay in class for lectures and assignments, and participate with all class activities. Failure in any of these four areas will impact your participation grade.
Class attendance, measured as a percentage of classes attended where role is called, sets the baseline for the participation grade (e.g., 80% means you attended 8 out of 10 classes and did not leave those classes early). Additional points may be removed for non-participation in classroom activities or discussions.
· Class attendances will be verified at the beginning of each class. Students will be count.
COURSE SYLLABUS ADDENDUM INTEGRATED CASE ANALYSIS CRITERIA.docxmarilucorr
COURSE SYLLABUS ADDENDUM
INTEGRATED CASE ANALYSIS CRITERIA
Management 350: Administrative Communications
Instructor: Anna Phillips
An individual integrative case analysis, which applies pertinent course concepts and theories to illustrate actual organizational issues, will be due on date of presentation.
One (1) page, typed, double-spaced DRAFT of Integrative Case Analysis
Identify the organization (manufacturing, service, government, import/export, etc)
Identify human relations theory, communication issues, intercultural relationships, and ethics as they relate to your organization.
Explain your role in the organization, if any.
The research report will determine 40 points towards the final grade for the course.
The written integrative case analysis should be:
typed, double-spaced, a minimum of ten (10) pages and a maximum of fifteen (15) pages.
use MLA format.
Do Not use Wikipedia as a resource.
Presentation paper will be accompanied by a 10- minute oral presentation on a business topic to be agreed upon with instructor.
1 page, typed, double-spaced DRAFT of Integrative Case Analysis (see schedule)
Remember to use the RULE of 3. Three (3) theories or concepts and three (3) examples of each theory or concept in the analysis of the case. Clearly you cannot address all of the theories or concepts identified in the text – suggest selecting 3 theories or concepts which relate to your case and then provide 3 examples of how the theory or concept applies to the case
Individual 10 minute oral PowerPoint presentation.
Written and oral report will determine 40% of a student’s final grade for the course. (see individual presentation rating sheet)
Overview of paper
Cover Page
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
Human Relations Theory
Communication issues
Intercultural
Ethics
Conclusion
Works Cited
Written Analysis will include all of the information on the Rating sheet. The structure of the written assignment is as follows:
Cover Page … with the name of your topic, a list of the students presenting the topic, the date and the course name
The Table of Contents which is a listing of the topics the written paper will cover
The Executive Summary outlines the observations of the organization. The Executive Summary is the first section of the paper however it is the last section to be written.
The reason for writing this section last is that you need to have written the entire document so that you are able to identify the key ideas the reader expects in the paper.
REMEMBER the Executive Summary is for the EXECUTIVE. This means it needs to attract the Executive to either read the rest of the document or, more likely, refer the document to the appropriate staff person to read e.g. marketing, production, legal, etc.
This section can be as long as 1 pages and is clearly longer than a paragraph.
The Body of the written analysis will feature those theories or concepts attached to the case (see the.
Course SuccessHabits Matter1. Professors are influenced by you.docxmarilucorr
Course Success
Habits Matter
1. Professors are influenced by your behaviors (texting, excessively late/absent, etc.) which could impact your grade.
2. Do your best with every assignment by asking questions and making corrections because details matter!
3. Do work early, procrastination will usually result in poor work quality or failure to submit assignments.
4. Participation helps collective classroom learning and increases the chance of receiving a favorable letter of recommendations.
Communicating Via Email
1. Start off by indicating your course name/section, day and time.
2. Subject: Intro. Criminal Justice 111-02 (Tues. 6pm.) Class Absence
3. Always type in your “main reason” for the email.
4. It should be an “attention getter” such as a newspaper heading.
5. Proof read your e-mail! Download and use Ginger application on phone
6. Always end email with your full name and student ID #
Writing Format
1. Use Times New Roman 12 point Font.
2. Keep margins at 1 inch
3. Click “No Spacing” at the top of your Microsoft Word document
4. “Single space” discussion boards and “double space” reports, midterm and final papers.
5. Subtitles should be bold and flush left/upper and lower case(center for research papers and don’t bold).
6. Indent (TAB .5) at the beginning of every paragraph.
7. Write short, clear and concise sentences (Do not type I think, I belive, I feel, etc. just state your point).
8. A paragraph is a minimum of 5 sentences. You must have additional paragraphs for sections having more than 12 sentences.
Subtitles
Use subtitles in every essay! This ensures that both you and the reader will remain focused on the topic in each section (see your college textbook). When a professor is reading an average of one hundred papers, one right after another, it can become confusing attempting to figure out what your specific paper is about.
Your subtitles should be like newspaper headings, short and grabs the readers attention. You should consider using subtitles for sections having more thanfour paragraphs. The ‘References’ subtitle (which is always last) should be centered. Look at the effectiveness of subtitles from Dr. King’s Autobiography.
Early Years
Born as Michael King Jr. on January 15, 1929, Martin Luther King Jr. was the middle child of Michael King Sr. and Alberta Williams King. The King and Williams families were rooted in rural Georgia. Martin Jr.'s grandfather, A.D. Williams, was a rural minister for years and then moved to Atlanta in 1893. He took over the small, struggling Ebenezer Baptist church with around 13 members and made it into a forceful congregation. He married Jennie Celeste Parks and they had one child that survived, Alberta. Michael King Sr. came from a sharecropper family in a poor farming community. He married Alberta in 1926 after an eight-year courtship. The newlyweds moved to A.D. Williams home in Atlanta.
Michael King Sr. stepped in as pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church upon the death of h.
Course ScenarioYou have been hired as the Human Resources Di.docxmarilucorr
Course Scenario
You have been hired as the Human Resources Director for a global organization that is headquartered in the United States. Your job is to evaluate and make recommendations in the area of diversity for your company. Each section will contain specific areas within diversity for you to focus on. You will be tasked with choosing from one of the diversity areas that are provided to you. Be sure to conduct research using the university library and other relevant sources.
Diversity Areas
(Select one, and continue to use for all modules)
· Race
· Gender
· Sexual orientation
· Religion
· Ethnicity
Instructions
In your first days of your new role, you have noticed a lack of diversity initiatives. Your CEO has come to you and asked for a brief executive summary outlining the importance of your selected diversity group in the workplace.
For your report you have been asked to reflect and address the following sets of questions:
· Introduce the diversity area you have selected through an executive summary.
· What are two benefits of having your selected diversity group represented in the workplace?
· How does the diversity group contribute to a collaborative and innovative environment?
· Conclude your report; why it is important to address this diverse group in the workplace?
1-2 Pages
.
Course ScenarioPresently, your multinational organization us.docxmarilucorr
Course Scenario
Presently, your multinational organization uses steel at locations across the U.S. and globally with operations in Mexico, Russia, India, and China. Your boss is tasked with developing a global Request for Proposal (RFP) for gathering and comparing steel suppliers. In preparation for the RFP, he
has tasked you with building an internal data collection tool to identify key questions to include within the RFP
. The purpose of your survey is to identify all key information that is needed for the RFP, and the data collection tool will be sent to managers across the U.S. and globe. The data collection tool is a survey administered through email. Furthermore, the tool must contain a maximum of 10 questions and include the following:
Cost
Volume
Locations
Safety
You will also need to create templates supporting the project plan, including an action list, meeting minutes, and a risk management tool with strong supporting evidence. The time allotment from start to finish for this project by your boss is three months.
.
COURSE RTM 300 (Recreation and Community Development (V. Ward)).docxmarilucorr
COURSE: RTM 300 (Recreation and Community Development (V. Ward))
Paper Content Checklist
This is provided to assist you with your paper organization, thought process and making connections of material you find. For example, after collecting all of your social media entries into the chart provided below, you could also make your own summary chart sorted by the type of media and the key findings from each that could be incorporated into the paper itself.
Type of Evidence Informing and Supporting Your Paper
Key Concepts or Ideas from Evidence/ Source
Programs and
Solution
s for Tourism, Parks, Hospitality, Recreation and Entertainment Industry Professionals
Citation in APA Format
Peer-reviewed, Published Journal Articles
Proposal for building housing for homeless individuals in Chatsworth. The idea is to bring dozens of units of homeless housing to Chatsworth. The Homelessness and Poverty Committee passed its concept.
The programs proposed is building units of houses to reduce the homelessness. The building will create a new image in the region, thus attract development of recreational facilities such as swimming pool and slides for kids. Other facilities such as entertainment and hospitality will develop
Reyes, E. A. (2019). Hotly contested plan for homeless housing in Valley district moves forward. Los Angeles Times, Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-09-18/homeless-housing-vote-chatsworth
Community-focused publications by professional organizations or non-profits, NGOs
It ensures optimal services for children and families by providing the required tools and information to program evaluations and strategic planning.
The Research Department offers a professional community assessment for any project. It focuses on solutions to the wellbeing of child care to diminish homelessness. Improve the SMEs and hospitality industries.
Ccrclacl. (n.d.). Child Care Resource Center. Retrieved from https://www.ccrcca.org/resources/research-evaluation
Media: Television broadcasts, public television specials, radio, social media tracking of the topic (homelessness), e.g., KABC Facebook site on Homelessness and blog posts
Approval of HHH Funding to build houses in Chatsworth. It defines ideas that were met by the Homelessness Committee to approve the building of proposed Topanga Apartments development
The approval of the project will see Chatsworth develop into a business area. This new attraction will push solution for tourism Parks and hospitality industries. They will be prepared to meet the basic entertainments and recreations needs of the residents.
Linton, J., & Newton, D. (2019, September 19). Committee Narrowly Approves HHH Funding for Chatsworth Housing, Over Opposition From Councilmember Lee. Retrieved from https://la.streetsblog.org/2019/09/19/committee-narrowly-approves-hhh-funding-for-chatsworth-housing-over-opposition-from-councilmember-lee/
REMEMBER: Cite the source (including web addresses) of any tables or .
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Understanding the ConsumerCulture and Cultural Change1.docx
1. Understanding the Consumer
Culture and Cultural Change
1
Understanding Culture
Culture is the lens through which consumers view products and
2. try to make sense of their own and other people’s behaviour..
Culture dictates the manner of how people consume, the priority
of needs and wants they attempt to satisfy.
Consumption choices cannot be understood without considering
the cultural context in which they are made.
Therefore:
Culture determines
the overall priorities that a consumer attaches to different
activities and products
the success or failure of specific products and services.
What is Culture?
3. Culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge,
belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and
habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
(Edward B. Tylor, 1871)
What is the difference between the two?
Culture is "the collective programming of the mind which
distinguishes the members of one group or category of people
from another."
(Hofstede, 1991, p.5)
4. 3
Definitions of Culture
“Culture may be defined as a set of values, ideas, artefacts, and
other meaningful symbols that help individuals to communicate,
interpret, and evaluate as members of society.“ (Engel,
Blackwell & Miniard, 1990, p. 3).
‘Culture is a society’s personality and describes what people
have in common. It is the total sum of learned beliefs, values,
and customs that direct the consumer behaviour of members of a
particular society’ (Schiffman et al., pp. 282)
4
5. (adapted from Douglas & Craig, 2011)
Consumer
CULTURE
Cognition
Attitude
Values
Patterns of
Consumption
Choices
Information seeking
Disposal?
Macro
Micro
Meso
Situational Factors
6. Macro: The types of macroenvironmental variables, which
condition consumer behavior, include economic variables such
as GNI per capita, income distribution,
GNP, income distribution, government exp, population-
purchasing power and variety of options available
The demographic factors such as population size and rate of
growth, levels of education, socio-cultural factors such as
cultural values, religion and geographic factors such as climate
or topography. While each of these different factors can be
clearly identified, it is important to remember that they interact
with each other, as well as conditioning variables at other levels
of context.
Meso: within country differences in ethics groups, language,
lifestyle, culture, topography
In China, for example, there are marked differences in the
economic infrastructure, consumer purchasing power and
distribution channels between different regions (Batra, 1997;
Cui and Liu, 2000).
Micro: Local level info on market, economy
This is defined here as consisting of the basic physical
7. infrastructure in a village, town or city, including roads, water,
electricity, the market infrastructure, i.e. the number and type
of stores available, the social and housing/living context, i.e.
the nature of housing and family living arrangements, and the
media context. All these form the immediate context in which
consumers make consumption and purchase decisions and hence
influence the nature of those decisions, which are in turn
influenced by the economic, societal and ethnic patterns
characterizing the environment.
Sit: gift vs personal, work vs leisure, at home out of home
5
What is Culture?
Culture is a society’s (group’s) system of shared, learned
values and norms; these are the society’s (group’s) design for
living
Values: abstract ideas about the good, the right, the desirable
Norms: social rules and guidelines; guide appropriate behavior
for specific situations
Folkways: norms of little moral significance dress code; table
manners; timeliness
Mores: norms central to functioning of social life bring serious
retribution: thievery, adultery, alcohol
8. 6
Culture is not static; it is continuously evolving, synthesizing
old ideas with new ones.
Cultures are learned, shared, and composed of inter-related
parts.
A value system is the organisation of beliefs concerning
preferable modes of conduct or end-states of existence along a
continuum of relative importance.
Value systems order values and in turn aid understanding how
people consume.
More on…Culture
9. Subcultures
“An ethnic, regional, economic, or social group exhibiting
characteristic patterns of behavior sufficient to distinguish it
from others within an embracing culture or society”.
(merriam-webster)
a distinct and identifiable cultural group that has common
values with the whole society but also has characteristics that
are unique to itself.
(Ghauri & Cateora, 2010)
Examples?
12. 10
Material Culture: Technology and economic activity;
infrastructures
Language: High and Low context culture
Social institutions: business, political family, reference groups
Education: dissemination of knowledge-existing
cultures/traditions; product adaptations.
Aesthetics: art, music, folklore and drama; Product/brand
saliences
Belief system: religion and influence on consumption, work
ethics, gender roles
13. Material culture:
Material culture affects the level of demand, the quality and
type of products demanded & their functional features as well
as the means of production of these goods and their distribution.
Ex. Electric can openers.
Language:
Consumer and business attitudes towards time-related
behaviour. Ex. “by today”
14. 12
Social Institutions are built on the process of how people relate
to one another, organise, act, live in harmony, govern etc.
Malinowski (1948) categorises the relationships that build
social institutions: reproduction, territoriality, physiology,
occupation, etc.
Influence of the concept of self vis-à-vis others
Education
How is knowledge disseminated?
Literacy rate
15. Aesthetics
Concept of beauty, colour, shape, etc.
Could be strongly associated with symbolic beliefs
Belief system
Religion,
Superstitions
Power structures
Influences habits, values, food, clothing
For more on culture:
http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSContents.jsp
http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/about/index.html
16. Understanding Culture
Products can reflect underlying cultural processes of a
particular period:
Iphone?
Facebook?
Recycled products?
Organic products?
Microwaveable foods?
What do these products say about today’s culture?
17. 15
Hall’s Cultural dimensions of language
High context cultures
Loaded messages
Tight ties within groups
Knowledge is situational
Decisions and activities are based on face-to-face relationships
Strong authority
Is there a subtext? Is your words supported by facial gestures?
Example cultures: China, India, France, Turkey
16
18. Low context cultures
Objective messages
More knowledge is codified, public, external, and accessible
Transferable meaning
Decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done,
division of responsibilities
How simple and general is your message?
Example cultures: US, Germany
Traffic and road signs are usually good examples of low
context.
17
Hall’s Cultural dimensions of language
19. Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture
Power
Distance
Uncertainty
Avoidance
Masculine
versus
Feminine
Individualism
versus
Collectivism
Way members perceive differences in power when they form
20. interpersonal relationships
Degree to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations
Degree to which sex roles are clearly delineated
Extent to which culture values the welfare of the individual
versus that of the group
Hostede's website on dimensions
19
21. 20Dimension HighLowIndividualism Consumption is influenced
by personalised cognitive factors.
Internal motivation leading to purchase.
New ideas gained by individual search. Consumption is
influenced by the group.
External motivation leading to purchase.
New ideas come from group.
Power DistanceDifferent consumption patterns among unequal.
Purchase behaviour to reflect and enhance the inequality.
New ideas are accepted if enhancing power.No distinct
difference among consumption patterns. Goods and services are
available to all.
Purchase behaviour to reflect elimination of the inequality.
22. New ideas are accepted if eliminating the inequality.
Uncertainty AvoidanceReluctance to new products and ideas.
Focuses on risk evasion. Seeking all the information prior to the
action.More eager to try new products and to accept new ideas.
Self-reliant, less need for information prior to purchase.Gender
Identification
May favour either gender and products to appeal to these
genders may be more popular.
Consumption reflects and enunciates gender roles. Outlets
catering for either gender.
New ideas are acceptable if enhancing gender roles.
Products without gender orientation appeals could be more
favoured.
Consumption is unisex. Outlets catering for either gender.
New ideas, products, etc. more acceptable if they further
eliminate gender roles.
23. Social Class
Associated with educational
opportunities, occupations etc.
Generation
Separates grandparents, parents
and children
Gender
Born boy or girl
Regional/Ethnic/Religious/Linguistic
Affiliation determining basic
cultural beliefs
Layers of Culture
National
Consumer’s country determines
basic cultural assumptions
24. Advertising
In France is predominantly emotional, dramatic and symbolic
In England Value laughter above all else - self-deprecating
British commercial amuses by mocking both advertiser and
consumer
In Germany Want factual and rational advertising -Typical
German ad features standard family of 2 parents, two children,
and grandmother
In USA is a direct approach
Westerners are superstitious about the number 13, and Japanese
feel the same way about the number 4
Airlines don’t have row number 13 (Air France, Lufthansa)
however, Emirates do
Shi, the Japanese word for four, sounds like the word for death.
(Marieke de Mooij 2005)
25. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWd6L37EmUc
Culture is often described in terms of high (elite) and popular
(low) forms.
The distinction between high and popular culture are blurring.
High culture has tended to be class-biased.
Popular culture reflects the world around us
Products of popular culture tend to follow a cultural formula
and contain predictable elements.
High and popular culture
27. Recommended Reading
Soloman, Bamossy & Askegaard (2006) Consumer Behaviour: A
European Perspective, Prentice Hall, Chapters 14, 15 and 16
Hofstede, G. (1980) Culture’s Consequences: International
Differences in work-related Values, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
Davies, A. & Fitchett, J.A. (2004) Crossing Culture: A Multi-
Method Enquiry into Consumer Behaviour and the Experience
of cultural transition, Journal of Consumer Behaviour, Vol 3,
Issue 4, p315
29. Income and Social Class
Every culture has social hierarchies some more rigid than others
Social Class is an important indicator of how money is spent.
Affects access to resources. Affects taste and lifestyles
“People who occupy different positions in society consume in
different ways” (Solomon et al, 2006:428)
30. Relative value of social class versus income in predicting
consumer behaviour:
Social class appears to be a better predictor of purchases that
have symbolic aspects (logos)
Income is a better predictor of major expenditures that do not
have status or symbolic aspects.
Social class and income data together are better predictors of
purchases of expensive, symbolic products.
Income and Social Class
31. A consumer’s social class refers to his/her standing in society.
Virtually all groups make distinctions among members in terms
of relative superiority, power, and access to valued resources.
Every individual senses that he/she is more at home with and
more acceptable to some groups than to others
Consumers often use external symbols of status to indicate their
position in society; e.g. clothing, store patronage, furniture.
Social Class
32. Social Class
How do we measure social class?
Income
Family Background
Education
Occupation
Taste - Culture
“[Ones] place in the social structure is not just a determinant of
how much money is spent , it also influences how it is spent”
(Solomon et al, 2006:433).
33. Social Class Trends
Social Mobility
Upward/ Downward/ Horizontal
General upward mobility over time
Reasons for upward mobility trend
Small and successful companies
Internationalisation of trade made goods more available and
affordable
Global communications/media has increased exposure to and
knowledge of goods
Increase in dual income families
Higher educational attainment
Upper/middle classes not reproducing as much as working
classes
34. A basic assumption of economic psychology is that consumer
demand for goods and services depends on their ability and
willingness to buy.
Discretionary spending only occurs when people are able and
willing to spend money on items above and beyond their basic
needs.
Consumer confidence or the state of mind, consumers have
about their own personal situation, as well as their feelings
about their overall economic prospects helps to determine
whether they will purchase goods, take on debt or save their
money.
Factors Influencing Consumer Spending
35. Socio-Economic GroupingsAUpper Middle ClassHigh
managerial/ professional
e.g.company director, doctor, solicitorBMiddle
ClassIntermediate managerial/admin/professionalC1Lower
Middle ClassSupervisory/clerical/junior managerialC2Skilled
Working ClassSkilled manual workersDWorking ClassSemi-
skilled or unskilled workersEPensioners, casual
workersPensioners, unemployed, homeless
37. 9
Social Class & Consumption
Conspicuous Consumption
The acquisition and visible display of luxury goods and
services to demonstrate one’s ability to afford them.
“Keeping up with the Joneses”
Status Symbols
Products and services that indicate where they are in the social
hierarchy e.g. Rolex watches, Mercedes cars, nice houses
The Trophy Wife
The Leisure Class
“As long as there are people who can afford perfection, BMW
will continue to build it”
38. Social Class & Consumption
Compensatory Consumption
Acquisition to restore lost of self-esteem
or other difficulties in life.
Taste Culture
Differentiates people in terms of their aesthetic /
intellectual preferences
Parody Display
The mocking of status symbols by deliberate avoidance to
demonstrate “true” status e.g. Jeeps amongst Upper Classes.
(Brooks, Showing off America, 1981)
39. The Upper Classes
Old Money
Focus on where money comes from,
how it is spent, family history.
More likely to save and invest
Nouveau Riche
Acquired money more recently and tend towards more
conspicuous consumption. Doing the right thing! (Consumption
is a skill!)
The Get Set
Reasonably well-off but not rich, desire the best quality
products and sacrifice other things to have them.
40. More likely to view themselves as:
Possessing more developed social/cultural skills.
Having a wider social network (Fisher, 1987)
Intellectual, liberal, political and socially conscious
In control of their lives (Elliot & Leonard, 2002).
More likely to buy:
Theatre, art, books, travel (especially unusual foreign)
donations to good causes, prestige schooling, membership of
private clubs, high quality prestige brands.
More likely to engage in careful information search.
Less likely to use price as an indicator of quality but rely on
actual product characteristics
More concerned about long term purchases
The Middle Classes
Those in the middle classes work with their minds.
Often provide professional service to others e.g. healthcare,
education.
Secure jobs, long hours
41. Well educated/ educated parents.
Becoming more diverse: more multi-cultural (immigration)
Focus on doing the “right thing”, “buying what’s popular” “do
what’s good for the children”; “being fashionable”
A nicer home in a nicer area on the better side of town with
good schools.
Aiming children towards a college education.
Constant concern over appearance of public areas in one’s
home.
More into activities-pleasure than possessions-pride.
42. More likely to spend on:
Housing (location important), education, quality branded
clothes, home furnishings, wine, eating out, golf, tennis,
squash, skiing, buy on credit
Spend on comfort, pleasure, youth, time-savers.
Spend for value rather than conspicuous consumption; they
value substance over style and quality over show.
Look to Upper Classes (Cultural trickle-down) - For guidance
on dining etiquette, apparel (cloths) selection
The Working Classes
People who work with their hands.
Routine, mechanised jobs with little job security.
Becoming younger, more ethnic, more female, more educated.
Due to downsizing, wages have gone down in real sense.
More unemployment, illness and shorter lives.
Family oriented, live close together, dependent socially and
psychologically.
43. Maintaining the home is paramount
Resistant to change, traditional gender roles exist
Women in home, men the breadwinners, men go hunting,
fishing, to the pub, mend the car.
More limited horizons: socially, psychologically and
geographically.
More likely to:
Eat at home, spend rather than save, judge quality by price,
shop in mass retail/discount stores, buy domestic vehicles over
foreign
Tend to be more brand loyal – look for popular brands, often
spend more than they need to.
More concerned with short term needs
Believe in external control of their lives.
More likely to smoke.
Lively ads and promos work well as they break the monotony of
their mundane lives.
Children aspire to fashion brands as a means of symbolic self-
completion.
44. Marketing Implications of
Social Class
A method of segmenting the market
Product/service development
UC willing to pay high prices for prestige, status symbols
WC want good quality at a fair price
Many product lines developed for various classes
Develop products to appeal to consumers aspirations E.g. Wine
appreciation books, classical music compilations
45. Restricted vs Elaborated codesRestricted (WC)Elaborated
(UC)LanguageFew adjectives, adverbs
Use concrete, descriptive and tangible symbolismLanguage rich
in personal, individual qualifiers
Large vocabulary, complex conceptual hierarchySocial
RelationshipsStress attributes of individuals over formal
rolesStress formal role structure, instrumental
relationshipsTimeFocus on present, only general notion of
futurePresent activities and future rewardsPhysical spaceCorner
shop, places in context of others ie front roomRooms and spaces
in context of the activity – dining room, financial
districtImplications for marketersInherent quality, contents
Use simple adjectives, descriptorsDifferences, uniqueness from
other products
Use complex adjectives, descriptors
16
47. Advertising messages
UC “show long term benefits”
WC “focus on the home, friends, sports”
MC “doing the right thing”, “being fashionable”, “good for the
children”
Media exposure
Different media to different classes
Outlet exposure
Different outlets appeal to different classes e.g. Harrods, House
of Fraser, BHS
48. Marketing Implications of
Social Class
Income
“ Distribution of wealth is of great interest to marketers since
it determines which groups have the greatest buying power and
market potential” (Solomon et al, 2006:438).
Individual income shifts are often a result of:
a shift in women’s roles – an increasing number of women are
joining the labour force
49. increases in educational attainment
the state of the economy
Relationship between Income & Social Class
Income is NOT strongly related to social class because:
Income levels overlap between social classes
Incomes increase with age but older people are not of a higher
social class
Dual career families generate higher incomes but not
necessarily higher status
Income cannot explain social class but social class can explain
how income is used
50. Status is more closely related to occupation than income.
Classes are mostly to do with social networks and peer
judgements of “people quality”
(Coleman, 1983)
22
The Bling Dynasty
51. Recommended Reading
Bourdieu, P (1986) Distinction; a social critique of the
judgement of taste. London: Routledge.
Solomon et al (2013) Consumer Behaviour A European
Perspective, Fifth edition. London: Prentice Hall.
Ostergaard, P., Jantzen, C. (2000), Shifting perspectives in
consumer research: from buyer behaviour to consumption
studies, in Beckmann, S., Elliott, R.H (Eds),Interpretive
Consumer Research : Paradigms, Methodologies &
Applications, CBS Press, Copenhagen, pp.9-23.
www.future.sri.com/vals
52. Recommended Reading
Sobel, M.E., De Graaf, N.D, Heath, A. & Zou, Y (2003) Men
matter more: the social class identity of married British women
1985-1991, Journal of Royal Statistical Society, pp37-52
Coleman, R.P. (1983) The continuing significance of Social
Class to Marketing, Journal of Consumer Research, 10, pp265-
280