G1375 · Index Youth & Families, FamiliesIssued February 2016.docxpauline234567
G1375 · Index: Youth & Families, Families
Issued February 2016
Cultural Competence
An Important Skill Set for the 21st Century
Maria Rosario T. de Guzman, Extension Specialist in Adolescence
Tonia R. Durden, Extension Specialist in Early Childhood Education
Sarah A. Taylor, Graduate Research Assistant
Jackie M. Guzman, Extension Educator
Kathy L. Potthoff, Extension Educator
Displaying the cultural competency behaviors of active listening, empathy, and effective engagement can help us to create a welcoming environment and establish the appreciation of similarities and differences among cultures.
Cultural competence is the ability of a person to effectively interact, work, and develop meaningful relationships with people of various cultural backgrounds. Cultural background can include the beliefs, customs, and behaviors of people from various groups. Gaining cultural competence is a lifelong process of increasing self-awareness, developing social skills and behaviors around diversity, and gaining the ability to advocate for others. It goes beyond tolerance, which implies that one is simply willing to overlook differences. Instead, it includes recognizing and respecting diversity through our words and actions in all contexts.
Why Is Cultural Competence Important?
Demographic shifts and an increasingly diverse population
The United States has always had an ethnically diverse population, including African Americans, Native Americans, and Japanese Americans, to name a few. In recent years, our country has undergone dramatic shifts in its population, particularly as rapid migration has changed its landscape. For example, the Hispanic population in the U.S. rose from approximately 12.5 percent in 1990 to over 16 percent by 2009, and is anticipated to comprise 25 percent of the population by 2050. The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that by 2043, the U.S. will become a “majority minority” country. This means that although the non-Hispanic white population will still be the biggest group, a single group will no longer make up the majority. More than 50 percent of the population will identify as belonging to an ethnic minority group or any group other than non-Hispanic white.
In other words, although we have always lived in an ethnically diverse society, we are all operating in an increasingly culturally diverse environment where we need to be able to interact, communicate, build relationships, and work effectively with people from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds. Moreover, those of us working with youth need to prepare them to operate in a society that will be even more diverse in terms of religion, ethnic background, and sexual orientation.
Societies are increasingly becoming globalized
Today’s world is diverse and global. Technology has made interactions across cultures around the world a very common experience. Social networking sites, blogs, and chat rooms are letting people regularly interact across national borders. Many industries currentl.
9.1 UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCESCulture encompasses the va.docxsleeperharwell
9.1 UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
Culture encompasses the values and norms shared by members of a group and the economic, social, political, and religious institutions that shape and mold their activities. At a fundamental level, these cultural values frame and guide the interpretation of experience, the processing of information, and the ways people communicate. It is possible to describe culture as a shared set of basic assumptions and values, with resultant behavioral norms, attitudes, and beliefs that manifest themselves in systems and institutions as well as behavioral and nonbehavioral patterns. There are various levels to culture, ranging from the easily observable outer layers, such as behavioral convention, to the increasingly more difficult to grasp inner layers, such as assumptions and values. Culture is shared among members of a group or society and has an interpretative function for the members of that group. Culture is situated between human nature on the one hand and individual personality on the other. Culture is not inheritable or genetic, but rather is learned. Although all members of a group or society share their culture, expressions of culture-resultant behavior are modified by an individual’s personality.
People create their culture as a way to adapt to their physical environment. Customs, practices, beliefs, and traditions for development and survival are passed along from generation to generation. Your culture facilitates day-to-day living by making sense out of your surroundings. The following characteristics of cultures can influence the way an individual might negotiate:
· Self-identity: Cultures provide an individual with a sense of self, which can be manifested anywhere from extreme independence to extreme interdependence. In a negotiation, this cultural sense of self may dictate whether the parties see negotiations as a competition or an opportunity to collaborate.
· Relationships: Cultures also organize the relationships between individuals according to age, sex, status, or degree of kinship. Such relationships may influence a negotiation by dictating who the culture recognizes as its leaders, who makes the decisions, and who will be governed by those decisions.
· Communication: Verbal and nonverbal communication distinguishes one culture from another. A multitude of languages, dialects, and colloquialisms combine with body language and gestures to make communication unique within cultures and subcultures. Another aspect of communication relevant to negotiations is whether the culture exchanges information in a direct or indirect manner.
· Time and time consciousness: In some cultures time may be viewed as a cycle, constantly reoccurring so that it involves many simultaneous experiences and people. Or time can be viewed as a lineal, sequential event. In that case, time once lost is never regained. A culture that views time as lineal and finite will expect negotiations to begin on time and to finish as soon .
Culture is a group phenomenon.
Cultures evolve from the interaction of a person with others, and a person’s belief or behavior becomes part of the culture when it is externalized and objectified.
Unique Aspects of the Human Species
Nature of Culture
Unique Aspects of the Human Species
The Family as Human Universal
Culture and Conflict Culture is an essential part of conf.docxdorishigh
Culture and Conflict
Culture is an essential part of conflict and conflict resolution. Cultures are like
underground rivers that run through our lives and relationships, giving us messages that
shape our perceptions, attributions, judgments, and ideas of self and other. Though
cultures are powerful, they are often unconscious, influencing conflict and attempts to
resolve conflict in imperceptible ways.
Cultures are more than language, dress, and food customs. Cultural groups may share
race, ethnicity, or nationality, but they also arise from cleavages of generation,
socioeconomic class, sexual orientation, ability and disability, political and religious
affiliation, language, and gender -- to name only a few.
Two things are essential to remember about cultures: they are always changing, and
they relate to the symbolic dimension of life. The symbolic dimension is the place where
we are constantly making meaning and enacting our identities. Cultural messages from
the groups we belong to give us information about what is meaningful or important, and
who we are in the world and in relation to others -- our identities.
Cultural messages, simply, are what everyone in a group knows that outsiders do not
know. They are the water fish swim in, unaware of its effect on their vision. They are a
series of lenses that shape what we see and don't see, how we perceive and interpret,
and where we draw boundaries. In shaping our values, cultures contain starting points
and currencies[1]. Starting points are those places it is natural to begin, whether with
individual or group concerns, with the big picture or particularities. Currencies are those
things we care about that influence and shape our
interactions with others.
How Cultures Work
Though largely below the surface, cultures are a shifting,
dynamic set of starting points that orient us in particular
ways and away from other directions. Each of us belongs to multiple cultures that give
us messages about what is normal, appropriate, and expected. When others do not
meet our expectations, it is often a cue that our cultural expectations are different. We
may mistake differences between others and us for evidence of bad faith or lack of
common sense on the part of others, not realizing that common sense is also cultural.
What is common to one group may seem strange, counterintuitive, or wrong to another.
Cultural messages shape our understandings of relationships and of how to deal with
the conflict and harmony that are always present whenever two or more people come
together. Writing about or working across cultures is complicated, but not impossible.
Here are some complications in working with cultural dimensions of conflict, and the
implications that flow from them:
Culture is multi-layered -- what you see on the surface may mask differences below the
surface.
Therefore, cultural generalizations are not the whole story, and there is no substitute .
This slideshow was created to accompany the sixth chapter of Communicate! by Kathleen S. Verderber, Rudolph F. Verderber and Deanna D. Sellnow. Publisher: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. ISBN-13: 978-0-495-90171-6
G1375 · Index Youth & Families, FamiliesIssued February 2016.docxpauline234567
G1375 · Index: Youth & Families, Families
Issued February 2016
Cultural Competence
An Important Skill Set for the 21st Century
Maria Rosario T. de Guzman, Extension Specialist in Adolescence
Tonia R. Durden, Extension Specialist in Early Childhood Education
Sarah A. Taylor, Graduate Research Assistant
Jackie M. Guzman, Extension Educator
Kathy L. Potthoff, Extension Educator
Displaying the cultural competency behaviors of active listening, empathy, and effective engagement can help us to create a welcoming environment and establish the appreciation of similarities and differences among cultures.
Cultural competence is the ability of a person to effectively interact, work, and develop meaningful relationships with people of various cultural backgrounds. Cultural background can include the beliefs, customs, and behaviors of people from various groups. Gaining cultural competence is a lifelong process of increasing self-awareness, developing social skills and behaviors around diversity, and gaining the ability to advocate for others. It goes beyond tolerance, which implies that one is simply willing to overlook differences. Instead, it includes recognizing and respecting diversity through our words and actions in all contexts.
Why Is Cultural Competence Important?
Demographic shifts and an increasingly diverse population
The United States has always had an ethnically diverse population, including African Americans, Native Americans, and Japanese Americans, to name a few. In recent years, our country has undergone dramatic shifts in its population, particularly as rapid migration has changed its landscape. For example, the Hispanic population in the U.S. rose from approximately 12.5 percent in 1990 to over 16 percent by 2009, and is anticipated to comprise 25 percent of the population by 2050. The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that by 2043, the U.S. will become a “majority minority” country. This means that although the non-Hispanic white population will still be the biggest group, a single group will no longer make up the majority. More than 50 percent of the population will identify as belonging to an ethnic minority group or any group other than non-Hispanic white.
In other words, although we have always lived in an ethnically diverse society, we are all operating in an increasingly culturally diverse environment where we need to be able to interact, communicate, build relationships, and work effectively with people from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds. Moreover, those of us working with youth need to prepare them to operate in a society that will be even more diverse in terms of religion, ethnic background, and sexual orientation.
Societies are increasingly becoming globalized
Today’s world is diverse and global. Technology has made interactions across cultures around the world a very common experience. Social networking sites, blogs, and chat rooms are letting people regularly interact across national borders. Many industries currentl.
9.1 UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCESCulture encompasses the va.docxsleeperharwell
9.1 UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
Culture encompasses the values and norms shared by members of a group and the economic, social, political, and religious institutions that shape and mold their activities. At a fundamental level, these cultural values frame and guide the interpretation of experience, the processing of information, and the ways people communicate. It is possible to describe culture as a shared set of basic assumptions and values, with resultant behavioral norms, attitudes, and beliefs that manifest themselves in systems and institutions as well as behavioral and nonbehavioral patterns. There are various levels to culture, ranging from the easily observable outer layers, such as behavioral convention, to the increasingly more difficult to grasp inner layers, such as assumptions and values. Culture is shared among members of a group or society and has an interpretative function for the members of that group. Culture is situated between human nature on the one hand and individual personality on the other. Culture is not inheritable or genetic, but rather is learned. Although all members of a group or society share their culture, expressions of culture-resultant behavior are modified by an individual’s personality.
People create their culture as a way to adapt to their physical environment. Customs, practices, beliefs, and traditions for development and survival are passed along from generation to generation. Your culture facilitates day-to-day living by making sense out of your surroundings. The following characteristics of cultures can influence the way an individual might negotiate:
· Self-identity: Cultures provide an individual with a sense of self, which can be manifested anywhere from extreme independence to extreme interdependence. In a negotiation, this cultural sense of self may dictate whether the parties see negotiations as a competition or an opportunity to collaborate.
· Relationships: Cultures also organize the relationships between individuals according to age, sex, status, or degree of kinship. Such relationships may influence a negotiation by dictating who the culture recognizes as its leaders, who makes the decisions, and who will be governed by those decisions.
· Communication: Verbal and nonverbal communication distinguishes one culture from another. A multitude of languages, dialects, and colloquialisms combine with body language and gestures to make communication unique within cultures and subcultures. Another aspect of communication relevant to negotiations is whether the culture exchanges information in a direct or indirect manner.
· Time and time consciousness: In some cultures time may be viewed as a cycle, constantly reoccurring so that it involves many simultaneous experiences and people. Or time can be viewed as a lineal, sequential event. In that case, time once lost is never regained. A culture that views time as lineal and finite will expect negotiations to begin on time and to finish as soon .
Culture is a group phenomenon.
Cultures evolve from the interaction of a person with others, and a person’s belief or behavior becomes part of the culture when it is externalized and objectified.
Unique Aspects of the Human Species
Nature of Culture
Unique Aspects of the Human Species
The Family as Human Universal
Culture and Conflict Culture is an essential part of conf.docxdorishigh
Culture and Conflict
Culture is an essential part of conflict and conflict resolution. Cultures are like
underground rivers that run through our lives and relationships, giving us messages that
shape our perceptions, attributions, judgments, and ideas of self and other. Though
cultures are powerful, they are often unconscious, influencing conflict and attempts to
resolve conflict in imperceptible ways.
Cultures are more than language, dress, and food customs. Cultural groups may share
race, ethnicity, or nationality, but they also arise from cleavages of generation,
socioeconomic class, sexual orientation, ability and disability, political and religious
affiliation, language, and gender -- to name only a few.
Two things are essential to remember about cultures: they are always changing, and
they relate to the symbolic dimension of life. The symbolic dimension is the place where
we are constantly making meaning and enacting our identities. Cultural messages from
the groups we belong to give us information about what is meaningful or important, and
who we are in the world and in relation to others -- our identities.
Cultural messages, simply, are what everyone in a group knows that outsiders do not
know. They are the water fish swim in, unaware of its effect on their vision. They are a
series of lenses that shape what we see and don't see, how we perceive and interpret,
and where we draw boundaries. In shaping our values, cultures contain starting points
and currencies[1]. Starting points are those places it is natural to begin, whether with
individual or group concerns, with the big picture or particularities. Currencies are those
things we care about that influence and shape our
interactions with others.
How Cultures Work
Though largely below the surface, cultures are a shifting,
dynamic set of starting points that orient us in particular
ways and away from other directions. Each of us belongs to multiple cultures that give
us messages about what is normal, appropriate, and expected. When others do not
meet our expectations, it is often a cue that our cultural expectations are different. We
may mistake differences between others and us for evidence of bad faith or lack of
common sense on the part of others, not realizing that common sense is also cultural.
What is common to one group may seem strange, counterintuitive, or wrong to another.
Cultural messages shape our understandings of relationships and of how to deal with
the conflict and harmony that are always present whenever two or more people come
together. Writing about or working across cultures is complicated, but not impossible.
Here are some complications in working with cultural dimensions of conflict, and the
implications that flow from them:
Culture is multi-layered -- what you see on the surface may mask differences below the
surface.
Therefore, cultural generalizations are not the whole story, and there is no substitute .
This slideshow was created to accompany the sixth chapter of Communicate! by Kathleen S. Verderber, Rudolph F. Verderber and Deanna D. Sellnow. Publisher: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. ISBN-13: 978-0-495-90171-6
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
3. Cultural Difference?
Q.1
Guess the
Culture of
this
event.
Q.2
If you were
in place of
Madame
Dubois,
what would
you say?
Q.3
What is your
perception of
Madame Dubois’s
reaction? i.e.
positive/negative
9. Communicative Essentiality for Social
Adaptability
SITUATIONAL FRAMES:
A SITUATIONAL FRAME IS THE SMALLEST VIABLE UNIT OF A
CULTURE THAT CAN BE “ANALYZED, TAUGHT, TRANSMITTED, AND
HANDED DOWN” AS A COMPLETE ENTITY.
(GREETINGS, GIFT-GIVING, EYE-CONTACT, INTROS etc.)
CULTURE’S BUILDING BLOCKS CONTAINING SOCIAL, TEMPORAL, PROXEMICS, KINESICS,
LINGUISTIC, PERSONALITY, AND OTHER COMPONENTS.
11. Taxonomy of Obstacles
Culture Specific
Collectivism vs. Individualism
Face
Hierarchy
History and experience
Master Symbols
Power
Preconceptions
Role ( Class, Gender)
Rules
Social organization (Family,
Government)
Thought Patterns
Values
Worldview
Culturally Personal
Adaptability, Attitude,
Ethnocentrism, Uncertainty
Competency
Accent
Connotation
Context
Idiom
Polite Use
Silence
Style
Non-Verbal Processes
Chronemic ( Mono, poly)
Context
Immediacy
Kinesics ( Emblems, eye-
contact, Posture)
Proxemics (Fixed, Semi-fixed,
Informal Space)
Physical Characteristics
(Artifacts, Appearance)
Haptics (Touch)
Vocalics ( characterizers,
Qualifiers, Rate, Segregates)
12. Difference in Perception : A Common Barrier
INCORPORATION OF PERCEPTION IN SITUATIONAL
FRAMES:
PERCEPTION ?
Translation of sensory impressions into a coherent and
unified view of the world around. Usually perception is
equated with reality which in turn guides human
behaviour in general.
13. Culture organizes the psyche, how people look
at things, behave, make decisions, order
priorities, and even how they think.
Perception filters behavior and interaction—
which are essential components of
communication.
14. Difference in Perception : A Common Barrier
PERCEPTION ?
AN INTERNAL PROCESS BY WHICH WE SELECT,
EVALUATE AND ORGANIZE THE INTERNAL STIMULI OF THE
OUTSIDE WORLD. THIS PROCESS OF PERCEPTIONAL
LEARNING CONTINUES FROM BIRTH TO DEATH.
15. Categorization of Perceptions
Culturally Shaped
Preoccupations
Collectivism vs. Individualism
Face
Hierarchy
History and experience
Master Symbols
Power
Preconceptions
Role ( Class, Gender)
Rules
Social organization (Family,
Government)
Thought Patterns
Values
Worldview
Personal Perceptions
Adaptability
Attitude
Ethnocentrism,
Uncertainty
16. Preoccupations/Subliminal Expectations
Prejudices
A judgment or opinion
formed before the facts
are known.
Irrational suspicion or
hatred towards a
particular social group,
such as a race, gender,
class or the adherents of a
religion.
Men are better drivers
than Women.
Stereotypes
A widely held but fixed
and oversimplified
image or idea of a
particular type of
person or thing.
Stereotypes are
overgeneralizations; they
often involve assuming a
person has certain
characteristics based on
unfounded assumptions.
All Arabs and Muslims
are terrorists.
17. Causes of preconception
MEMBERS OF A CULTURAL GROUP SHARE COMMON EARLY EXPERIENCES.
SIMILARITY IN EXPERIENCES PRODUCES SIMILAR PERSONALITY
PROFILES.
ALL EARLY EXPERIENCES ARE CULTURE SPECIFIC.
PERSONALITY PROFILES IN A CULTURE DO NOT LIE AT EXTREMES OF
SIMILARITY BUT EXIST ON A CONTINUUM.
A STEREOTYPE IS “A CULTURAL CARICATURE”
18. Collectivism vs Individualism
Collectivism
Interdependence
Group Oriented Urge
Cooperative
My Identity “ My Social
Network”
Much Discrimination in & out
Groups
Less Tolerance to Cultural
Variation
Individualism
Distant Personal Interaction
Self Motivated
Competitive
My identity “Myself”
Less Discrimination between
in & out Groups
Openness to Cultural Variety
19. Face
“Standing or value a person has in the eyes
of others.”
A source of self-satisfaction and pride.
Face-sensitive cultures avoid in-group
disagreement, competition and
criticism in their communication.
21. Flat vs Steep Hierarchical Societies
Flat
Open & Mobile
Society
Egalitarianism
Participatory
communication
Fluid society
Quick & open Flow
Low Interpersonal
Power distance
Steep
Averse to Social
Advancement
Echelons
Highly Formal
Communication
Rigid Society
Concealed & distorted
Flow
High Interpersonal
Power distance
22. History & experience
Both History and Culture colour
the perception. Sometimes it
happens on daily basis e.g.
Kashmiries & Palestinians.
North Americans rarely look back because they
are certain that the best lies in the future.
23. Master Symbols “Allah is Great”
Master symbols represent core cultural values based
on strong political, religious, or other belief systems,
a violation of which may be an absolute barrier to
communication.
In a tightly master symbol oriented culture sharing of
perceptions cross culturally is difficult.
24. Power
Power influences our perceptions to decode realities.
The powerful credit themselves for their success
whereas the poor blame system for their failure.
The poor see the rich as see as selfish and
demanding whereas the rich look the poor as lazy
and procrastinate.
25. Power
The United States is seen occasionally as a savior
but more often as a necessary evil.
(Power & Ambivalent Perception)
The clout role as guardians of “High Culture” after
world war II by the Europeans.
(Power & Self assertion)
26. Perception & Role in Comm.
Culture also describes rather specifies different roles
for different members. Communication styles reflect
adherence to, or deviation from these culturally
imposed and perceptually assimilated roles.
27. Gender perception in Comm.
Cultures regard some behaviors as masculine or feminine.
Society allocates patterning of gendered temperaments.
Social systems control thought and feeling patterns.
This structures the psyches of both sexes to reproduce the
society’s desired ideal types.
Culturally inculcated emotional display is fit for male even in
Middle east but not in The U.S.A.
28. Social Class
We, consciously or unconsciously, sort others and ourselves into social
classes when we interact.
We use criteria such as income, occupation, education, beliefs, and
attitudes. We also sort people into classes by grammar, accent, houses,
cars, dress, and other factors.
Our perception of another’s social class affects how we communicate
and assign role to others.
In-group social class criteria may not work for out-group attribution,
hence miscommunication at cross-cultural level.
29. Rules
Customs, manners, courtesy, etiquette, and rituals are all
rules of culture.
Rules govern formality and ritual, and what types of
interaction take place when and where.
There is not much leeway to custom.
Learning of Etiquettes, social niceties and manners is
essential for successful cross- cultural communication
30. Social organization: government & Family
Formality or informality in social institutions affect cultural
organization.
Formalized government system ensures the fulfillment of
public needs more than that of informal one.
In an informal system the reliance on extended family system
precedes the government.
31. Thought Patterns & Reality
Reality Perception through faith or belief
The most Predictable concept.
Reality Perception through fact based on evidence
The most common concept.
32. Thought Patterns & Reality
Inductive Pattern of Perception.
From Facts to Theory ( North Americans)
(Persuasive Presentation style)
Inductive Pattern of Perception.
From Theory to Facts (The French, The Japanese)
33. Different Cognitive Styles
i. Open-Minded versus Closed-Minded Approaches: These approaches govern when one seeks
additional information.
ii. Associative versus Abstract Thinkers: Associative thinkers filter data through a screen of
experience; The latter can more easily imagine something new. Rote education tends to
produce associative thinkers; problem-solving education produces abstract, “scientific”
thinkers.
iii. Particularistic versus Universalistic Thinkers: Particularistic thinkers value personal
relationships more than rules; universalistic thinkers value abstract rules and laws.
34. Values
Values are the learned (through acculturation) organization of
rules for making choices and resolving conflicts, and
differences in values can be an obstacle to intercultural
communication.
36. Personal Perceptions
We cannot effectively use our subconscious programming in an unfamiliar behavioral
environment, and therefore cross-cultural communication is more tiring and stressful than
communication in our own culture.
A high degree of unfamiliarity and uncertainty produces high anxiety or stress on the part of the
communicators.
Two goals in uncertainty-reduction process:
i) Prediction of the other’s actions ii) causal explanations of observed behavior.
37. Attitude
Attitudes are psychological states that influence overt behavior and
distort perception; they cause interpretation of events in
predisposed ways.
one person’s perception of attitudinal similarity in another is a
stronger correlate of attraction than that of cultural similarity.
38. Ethnocentrism
We are all inclined to evaluate a foreign culture on the basis of what we are used
to at home and to conclude that our own country is infinitely better.
The quality of non-ethnocentrism probably relates to the complex psychosocial
development of a tolerant and strong personality. Such persons are comfortable
with uncertainty.
Ethnocentrism and empathy are opposites.
39. Adaptability
Adaptability is our capability to alter the structure and attributes of
our psychic system to meet the demands of the environment, and to
suspend or modify our cultural ways to creatively manage the
dynamics of cultural difference.
This ability can reorganize the self from closed to open, from rigid to
flexible, from intolerant to resilient, and from habitual to creative.
40. Persistence of Identity in Comm. : A Common Barrier
CULTURE GIVES HUMANS THEIR IDENTITY.
IT IS THE TOTAL COMMUNICATION FRAMEWORK FOR
WORDS, ACTIONS, BODY LANGUAGE, EMBLEMS
(GESTURES), INTONATION, FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, FOR THE
WAY ONE HANDLES TIME, SPACE, AND MATERIALS, AND
FOR THE WAY ONE WORKS, MAKES LOVE, PLAYS, AND SO
ON.
41. Normative Structures in Comm. : A Common Barrier
SITUATIONAL FRAMES REFLECT NORMATIVE
STRUCTURES.
NORMATIVE STRUCTURES?
A SET OF STRICT, UNIQUE NOT UNIVERSAL, REGULATIONS
THAT CONTROLS YOUR BEHAVIOUR.
A PUBLIC ORDER THAT GOVERNS SOCIAL TRAFFIC.
42. Normative Structures in Comm. : A Common Barrier
VIOLATION/DEVIATION FROM NORMATIVE STRUCTURES
CAUSES MISCOMMUNICATION.
INTERACTION AMONG CULTURES RAISES AWARENESS OF
THIS HIDDEN CONTROL SYSTEM AND CULTIVATES AN
OPENNESS i.e.
ANOTHER CULTURE CAN BE DIFFERENT, WITHOUT BEING
DEFECTIVE