Culture can be defined in many ways but generally refers to the shared beliefs, values, customs, and artifacts of a group of people. Culture is learned and transmitted between generations through enculturation and influences how people think and behave. There are material and non-material aspects of culture, including tangible objects as well as intangible elements like values, beliefs, norms, language, and symbols. Culture is dynamic and evolves over time through cultural transmission and education, as well as contact between cultures through processes like acculturation and assimilation. Overall, culture plays an essential role in human societies by shaping our perceptions and providing structure, meaning, and a sense of identity.

1. CULTURE AND
CULTURAL CHANGES
Asuncion, Regina Carla
Cerrero, Bea Vianca
Manalo, Mark Nino
Malang, Roseann
Manuel, Allena Franxcine
Moraleda, Mariella

2. Defining Culture
-Culture is a complex system of meaning that has
been defined in many ways by different
authorities.

3. Culture is a totality of learned, socially transmitted customs,
knowledge, materials object and behavior for example: DVD’s,
comic books, and birth control device of group of people (Shaefer,
2013).
For Brinkerhoff (2008), it is the total way of life shared by
members of a community it includes not only language, values and
symbolic meaning but also technology and materials object.
Lustig (2013) defined it as a learned set of shared interpretations
about beliefs, values, norms and social practices which affect the
behaviors of a relatively large group of people.

4. Wen Shu Lee (cited in Martin, 2010) identifies different
common uses of the term culture and then describes how
each definition serves particular interests.
1.Culture- unique human efforts
2.Culture- refinement, mannerism
3.Culture-civilization
4. Culture-shared language, beliefs, values
5.Culture-dominant or hegemonic culture
6.Culture-the shifting tensions between the shared and
unshared

5. Characteristic of
Culture

6. 1.)Culture is Learned
• Culture is learned from various people
you encountered and interacted with
through forms of socialization with
parents and family members ,friends
or even with people you have met for
the first time.

7. 2.)Culture is Shared
• This is collectively
experienced and agreed upon
,this is what makes human
society possible.

8. 3.)Culture Involves Large
Group of People
• Interaction with a larger group of
people makes it more associated with
culture. This also brings culture into
broad based ,larger ,and societal level
organization.

9. 4.)Culture is Dynamic and
Heterogeneous
• Culture is dynamic and not static. It
changes as a person grows older or
when the person would be living in
another community or environment
different from the previous one.

10. 5.)Culture Affects Behavior
• The culture in which a person
grown will dictate how a
person would think and behave.

11. 6.) Culture Involves Feelings
• Culture is not solely all about ideas
,perceptions, values ,beliefs, norms
,and the like. It also deals with how a
person feels or what he or she senses
in a certain situation or scenario.

12. 7.)Culture Involves Beliefs ,Values
,Norms ,& Social Practices
• In a community ,there are social
behaviors that the people follow and
some may change according to how
they accept a certain norm.

13. 8.)Culture is Cumulative
• Knowledge is stored and passed on
from one generation to the next ,and
new knowledge is being added to
what is existing.

14. 9.)Cultures Change
• All cultural knowledge does not
perpetually accumulate. At the same
time that new cultural traits are
added, some old ones are lost because
they are no longer useful.

15. 10.) Culture is ideational
• Culture is an ideal pattern of
behavior which the members are
expected to follow. Man assigns the
meanings to his environment and
experience by symbolizing them.

16. 11.)Culture is Diverse
• The sum total of human culture
consists of a great many separate
cultures ,each of them different.
Culture as a whole ,is a system with
many mutually interdependent.

17. Material and
Non-material
Culture

18. Material Culture
* Material culture consists of all physical,
tangible and human-created objects which
people make use of them and share. This
includes tools, buildings, clothing, toys, work
of arts, cars, and broadcast media. This can
constitute culture as they can be collected in
museums and can determine what they
represent.

19. Non-material Culture
• Non-material culture is intangible, abstract
or ideas about culture. Non-materials
culture can be found in everyday patterns
of life such as norms, symbols, Customs
and beliefs of people. These creations are
things that cannot be touched in contract
with the material culture.

20. Elements of Culture

21. The discussion of the elements of the culture is based
from the three categories (Croteau and Hoynes,
2015):
 the culture on our heads (values, beliefs,
knowledge and norms)
 communicating culture (symbols and language)
 reproducing culture (behavior, objects)

22. Culture on our Heads
- These element shape the people’s
orientation on how people think, behave
and view the world.

23. ELEMENT DEFINITION FUNCTIONS EXAMPLE
 Values  Deeply held
principle or
standard that
people use to
make judgments
about the world,
especially in
deciding what is
desirable or
worthwhile.
These are
collective ideas
about what is
right or wrong,
good or bad, and
desirable or
undesirable.
 These provide
criteria by which
people evaluate
other people,
objects, and
events. These
define what is
desirable and
morally correct,
and influence
people’s
behavior and
serve as criteria
for evaluating the
actions of others.
 Family
orientation (close
ties family and
centeredness)
 Core values of
Filipino

24. ELEMENT DEFINITION FUNCTIONS EXAMPLE
 Beliefs  Shared ideas
held collectively
by people within
a given culture
about what is
true. These are
convictions or
opinions that
people accept as
true.
 Serve as basis
for many norms
and values in a
given culture.
Beliefs provide a
meaning system
around which
culture is
organized.
 Encourage
people to
understand
fundamental
issues in the
world.
 Belief in the
existence of God
 Each individual is
unique and
special
 Goodness of
everybody

25. ELEMENT DEFINITION FUNCTIONS EXAMPLE
 Knowledge  The range of
information,
awareness, and
understanding
that helps us
navigate our
world.
 This allows every
individual to
grasp and learn
from the
intercultural
experiences and
how these
experiences be
integrated into
daily life.
 Basic learning of
computer system
 Psychological
insights

26. ELEMENT DEFINITION FUNCTIONS EXAMPLE
 Norms
 Types of folkways
 Mores
 Set of established
rules of behavior or
conduct, a culture’s
expectations for
appropriate behavior.
 General standards of
behavior adhered to
by a group; informal
norms or everyday
customs that may be
violated without
serious
consequences within
a particular culture.
 Strict norms that
control moral and
ethical behavior
 Give specific
behavior acceptable
expectation of people
in a given situation.
 Provide rules for
conduct but are not
considered to be very
important to survival
of the society
 Consider to be highly
essential to the
stability of the society
 Sharing a seat with
an elderly or
pregnant women
 Behaving in a
crowded MRT
 Wearing appropriate
clothes in an
occasion
 Securing health
permit before working
in a fast food chain

27. Communicating Culture
This elements communicate the
concepts and ideas of culture to another
person.

28. ELEMENT DEFINITION FUNCTIONS EXAMPLE
 Language  The ability to
communicate in
symbols, in an
abstract system of
word meaning and
symbols for all
aspect of culture,
which include
speech, written
characters,
numeral, symbols,
and non verbal
gestures and
expression.
 Primary vehicle of
cultural
transmission that
embodies culture
and creates a
framework of
culture.
 Communicate with
intercultural
groups

29. ELEMENT DEFINITION FUNCTIONS EXAMPLE
 Symbols  Gestures, words,
sounds, objects,
images that form
the basis of
human behavior
 Reinforced the
elements of
culture to one
another and pass
from one
generation to
another.
 Assign name and
meaning for every
symbol
 University logo
 Thumbs ups
emoticons (smiley,
sad, angry faces)

30. Reproducing Culture
These elements manifest the product
of culture and how it is being transmitted,
utilized and shown from one generation
to another generation.

31. ELEMENT DEFINITION FUNCTIONS EXAMPLE
 Behavior  Actions associated
with group that
help reproduce a
distinct way of life.
 Distinguishes the
unique culture or
particular set of
behavior of a
group to another.
 Respect for elders
by saying"po" at
"opo"
 Cultural Objects  As a basic
element of
material culture,
these are physical
items (artifacts)
that are created by
and associated
with people who
share a culture
 Provide tangible
evidences on how
culture is shared
and transferred
through products
of technology
 Electronic devices
work of arts, relics
and artifacts found
in the national
museum

32. ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS
OF CULTURE
The following are the functions of
culture as discussed by Kumar

33. 1. Culture Defines Situations
– Culture somehow dictates
what should be done and thought by
an individual. The clothing style er
fashion of a person is also determined
according to what is acceptable and
practiced in a community.

34. 2. Culture Defines Attitudes,
Values, and Goods
– Culture serves as the basis of a
person's thinking, behaving, and even
the view many aspects of life, which,
also includes the religious beliefs and
other philosophical ideas of an
individual.

35. 3. Culture is the Treasury of
Knowledge
– Man's physical and intellectual
existence relies in knowledge of which
culture plays a vital role. Unlike
animals that behave or respond to
their environment based on instincts,
man possesses greater intelligence.

36. 4. Culture Decides Our Career
– Culture somehow sets the mind
of a person on whit he or she may
become and what he or she wanted to
be.

37. 5. Culture Provides Behavior Pattern
– A person is trapped in his or
her culture when he or she allows it to
contain himself or herself within the
limitation or boundary of suggested
outcomes or situations presented by
the culture itself.

38. 6. Culture Provides Personality
– According to Ruth Benedict,
personality type is provided by the
culture that influence and individual.
Culture designs the life of the person
towards achieving his or her growth in
life, which includes personality
development and growth.

39. 7. Culture Makes Man a Human
Being
– To become a civilized
individual is considered to be part of
being a human being. To be civilized,
culture is essential.

40. 8. Culture Provides Solution for
Complicated Situation
– Culture sets the mind of an
individual on how he or she will be
dealing with anything he or she will
face in his or her life.

41. 9. Culture Provides Traditional
Interpretations to Certain Situation
– Culture becomes the basis of how
a person interprets a certain situation
and how a person deals with it as well.
There are some scenarios wherein other
people may have an allegorial
perception.

42. 10. Culture Keeps Social
Relationship Intact
– Having different culture in this
world has allowed the chance for
grouping people according to their
beliefs, ideals, values, and such.

43. 11. Culture Broadens the Outlooks of
the Individual
– Culture gives the chance for an
individual to consider himself or herself
as part of a bigger whole, other than
small groupings where he or she
belongs to like the family.

44. 12. Culture Creates New Needs
– Culture gives a chance for a person to
learn new things and be driven to feel
and have a glimpse of other experiences
around him or her, which may either
satistfy or improve one's personality and
being.

45. Cultural Transmission and Education
• Cultural transmission may be
defined simply as the process of
passing on from one generation
to another the knowledge
necessary to maintain cultural
identity.

46. What is Enculturation
• It is considered as the process
of teaching another person or
group of persons about certain
beliefs, values, ideas, and the
likes of a person from different
culture.

47. • Through enculturation new
cultural practices are
introduced and sometimes
even adapted by another
group having a different
culture

48. Acculturation
• Herskovits (1936) Acculturation
Comprehands those phenomena
which take place when group of
individual having different culture
come into continous first hand
contact, with subsequent changes in
the original culture pattern of either
of both groups.

49. • Acculturation deals with
being able to learn or adopt
the behavior of another
culture in order to fit and be
in harmony with another
culture.

50. • According to Kim and Abreu
(2001) enculturation and
acculturation construct and
encompasses for dimensions;
behavior, values, knowledge
and identity.

51. • Behavior Dimension- refers
to friendship choice, preference
for television program and
reading, participation im cultural
activities, contact with
indigenous culture.

52. • Value dimension- refers to
attotude and beliefs about
social relations,custoral
customs, and cultural
traditions, in addition to
gender roles and attitude,
ideas about health and illness.

53. • Knowledge dimension- refers
to culturally specific information
such as names of historical
leaders in the culture of origin and
the dominant culture and
significance of culturwlly specific
activities.

54. • Identity dimension- refers to
attitude toward one cultural
identification, attitudes toward
indigenous and dominant groups
and level of comfort toward the
people of indigenous and
dominant group.

55. Education plays a vital role in passing
cultural beliefs and knowledge from one
generation to another. A culture
survives or is preserved through the
passing of knowledge about their own
culture from generation to next. Thus,
education or schooling is really
essential in a culture pattern or system.

57. A. Communication Component
• Language- Perhaps more than anything else,
language defines what it means to be human.
When people share a language; they share a
meaning.
• Symbols- Symbols serve as the basis for
everyday reality. Symbols vary within cultures,
cross-culturally, and change over time.

58. B. Cognitive Component (how we think)
• Ideas/Knowledge/Beliefs- Ideas are mental
representations (concepts, categories, metaphors)
used to organize stimulus.
Knowledge systematically summarizes and
elaborates how we think the world looks and acts.
Beliefs accept a proposition, statement, description
of fact etc. as true.

59. • Values- defined as culturally defined standards of desirability,
goodness and beauty, which serve as broad guidelines for
social living. The values people hold vary to some degree by
age, sex, race, ethnicity, religion and social class.
• Accounts- are how people use that common language to
explain, justify, rationalize, excuse, or legitimize our behavior
to themselves and others.

66. The Organization of Culture

67. While the culture of a group is an
integrated network of folkways, mores,
systems of beliefs, and institutional
patterns , it can be broken into simple
units or elements or elements called
cultural traits.

68. How Is Culture Transmitted
Culture is transmitted through:
1.ENCULTURATION
– It is the process of learning
culture of one's own group.
Ex. Learning the folkways, mores, social
traditions, values and beliefs of one's
own group.

69. 2. ACCULTURATION
– It is the process of learning some
new traits from another culture.
For example, when students from the rural
areas migrate to the urban areas or city and
gradually learn some urban customs, they
become acculturated.

70. 3. ASSIMILATION
– It is the term used for a process
in which an individual entirely loses any
awareness of his/ her previous group
identity and takes on the culture and
attitudes of another group.

71. Importance and Functions of Culture

72. Culture is a powerful force in the lives of all people and
shapes and guides people’s perceptions of reality.
1. Culture helps the individual fulfill his potential as a
human being.
2. Through the development of culture man can
overcome his physical disadvantages and allows us to
provide ourselves with fire, clothing, food and shelter.
3. Culture provides rules of proper conduct for living in a
society.
4. Culture also provides the individual his concepts of
family, nation and class.