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“COMMUNICATION”
  ―There are broadly two types of definition
  of communication. The first sees it as a
  process by which A sends a message to B
  upon whom it has an effect. The second
  sees it as a negotiation and exchange of
  meaning, in which messages, people-in-
  cultures, and ‗reality‘ interact so as to
  enable meaning to be produced.‖
          --John Fiske, Key Concepts in
          Communication and Cultural
          Studies
COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE
Carey--- “two models of communication”
COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE
Carey--- “two models of communication”
transmission view
COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE
Carey--- “two models of communication”
transmission view
  process of transmitting messages for
   purpose of control or persuasion or effect
SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE
Carey--- “two models of communication”
transmission view
  process of transmitting messages for
   purpose of control or persuasion or effect
ritual view
  process through which a shared meaning
   is created, modified, or transformed
COMPARE
              Transmission             Ritual
Metaphor      Transportation           Production
Messages      Meaning as "thing" pre- Meaning as constructed
              existing
Alters        Behavior                Meaning
Focus         Effects on individuals   Influences on society
Purpose       Control/persuasion/      Draw people together for
              influence                fellowship & commonality/
                                       shared understanding
Main concern Accuracy or fidelity      process


Types of      Quantitative/experimen Qualitative/historical/
studies       tal/ survey            interpretive/ethnographic

Foundations Social Science;            Anthropology; history;
            psychology                 literary & interpretive
                                       studies
―This projection of community ideals and their
embodiment in material form—dance, plays,
architecture, news stories, strings of speech–
creates…a symbolic order which operates not
to provide information but confirmation, not to
alter attitudes or change minds but to represent
an underlying order of things, not to perform
functions but to manifest an ongoing and fragile
social process.‖
                       ---James Carey, p. 6
―... "most of popular culture constantly
reaffirms and reproduces the already taken-
for-granted meanings and values in
American Society…‖

--Lawrence Grossberg, p. 15
―Communication is a symbolic process
whereby reality is
produced, maintained, repaired and
transformed.‖

     --James Carey, p. 10
―Reality is brought into existence, is
produced, by communication; that is, by the
construction, apprehension, and utilization of
symbolic forms.‖

                 --James Carey, p. 11
―... "most of popular culture constantly
reaffirms and reproduces the already taken-
for-granted meanings and values in
American Society…‖

--Lawrence Grossberg, p. 15
"I take culture…and the analysis of it to be
therefore not an experimental science in
search of law but an interpretive one in
search of meaning."

--Clifford Geertz, cultural anthropologist

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Cultural approach to communication

  • 1.
  • 2. “COMMUNICATION” ―There are broadly two types of definition of communication. The first sees it as a process by which A sends a message to B upon whom it has an effect. The second sees it as a negotiation and exchange of meaning, in which messages, people-in- cultures, and ‗reality‘ interact so as to enable meaning to be produced.‖ --John Fiske, Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies
  • 3. COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE Carey--- “two models of communication”
  • 4. COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE Carey--- “two models of communication” transmission view
  • 5. COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE Carey--- “two models of communication” transmission view process of transmitting messages for purpose of control or persuasion or effect
  • 7. COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE Carey--- “two models of communication” transmission view process of transmitting messages for purpose of control or persuasion or effect ritual view process through which a shared meaning is created, modified, or transformed
  • 8. COMPARE Transmission Ritual Metaphor Transportation Production Messages Meaning as "thing" pre- Meaning as constructed existing Alters Behavior Meaning Focus Effects on individuals Influences on society Purpose Control/persuasion/ Draw people together for influence fellowship & commonality/ shared understanding Main concern Accuracy or fidelity process Types of Quantitative/experimen Qualitative/historical/ studies tal/ survey interpretive/ethnographic Foundations Social Science; Anthropology; history; psychology literary & interpretive studies
  • 9. ―This projection of community ideals and their embodiment in material form—dance, plays, architecture, news stories, strings of speech– creates…a symbolic order which operates not to provide information but confirmation, not to alter attitudes or change minds but to represent an underlying order of things, not to perform functions but to manifest an ongoing and fragile social process.‖ ---James Carey, p. 6
  • 10. ―... "most of popular culture constantly reaffirms and reproduces the already taken- for-granted meanings and values in American Society…‖ --Lawrence Grossberg, p. 15
  • 11. ―Communication is a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired and transformed.‖ --James Carey, p. 10
  • 12. ―Reality is brought into existence, is produced, by communication; that is, by the construction, apprehension, and utilization of symbolic forms.‖ --James Carey, p. 11
  • 13. ―... "most of popular culture constantly reaffirms and reproduces the already taken- for-granted meanings and values in American Society…‖ --Lawrence Grossberg, p. 15
  • 14. "I take culture…and the analysis of it to be therefore not an experimental science in search of law but an interpretive one in search of meaning." --Clifford Geertz, cultural anthropologist