This topic has been introduced in the new edition of Bailey & Love - 26th. This topic covers the types, uses & special uses as well as complications of Diathermy.
This topic has been introduced in the new edition of Bailey & Love - 26th. This topic covers the types, uses & special uses as well as complications of Diathermy.
Presentation describing the modes of diathermy used in modern day surgery, its working principles, complications associated with diathermy use, precautions to be taken while using diathermy. Valuable for undergraduate students and post graduate residents of general surgery.
A flap is a unit of tissue that is transferred from one site (donor site) to another (recipient site) while maintaining its own blood supply or from a anastomised vessel.
Flaps come in many different shapes and forms. They range from simple advancements of skin to composites of many different types of tissue
Suture Materials and Suturing Techniques - Presented by Dr. Prasanjit Das and group as a part of Dhaka Dental College, OMS Department weekly presentation program.
HARMONIC SYNERGY® Blades use high-frequency mechanical vibration to simultaneously cut and coagulate at the same time, sealing vessels at lower temperatures than electrosurgery:
Precise: Minimal lateral thermal tissue damage for safer dissection near vital structures
Reliable: Seals and divides vessels <= 2mm, as well as lymphatics
Versatile: Cuts, coagulates and dissects, reducing instrument exchanges
Different type of Energy Sources used in Surgery are described In this presentation...
like Radio frequency Electro-surgery
Ultrasound Energy
Laser
Argon beam Coagulation
Presentation describing the modes of diathermy used in modern day surgery, its working principles, complications associated with diathermy use, precautions to be taken while using diathermy. Valuable for undergraduate students and post graduate residents of general surgery.
A flap is a unit of tissue that is transferred from one site (donor site) to another (recipient site) while maintaining its own blood supply or from a anastomised vessel.
Flaps come in many different shapes and forms. They range from simple advancements of skin to composites of many different types of tissue
Suture Materials and Suturing Techniques - Presented by Dr. Prasanjit Das and group as a part of Dhaka Dental College, OMS Department weekly presentation program.
HARMONIC SYNERGY® Blades use high-frequency mechanical vibration to simultaneously cut and coagulate at the same time, sealing vessels at lower temperatures than electrosurgery:
Precise: Minimal lateral thermal tissue damage for safer dissection near vital structures
Reliable: Seals and divides vessels <= 2mm, as well as lymphatics
Versatile: Cuts, coagulates and dissects, reducing instrument exchanges
Different type of Energy Sources used in Surgery are described In this presentation...
like Radio frequency Electro-surgery
Ultrasound Energy
Laser
Argon beam Coagulation
Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery, NOTES.
"scarless" abdominal surgery with an endoscope passed through a natural orifice (MOUTH, URETHRA, ANUS, VAGINA) then through an internal incision in the stomach, vagina, bladder or colon, thus avoiding any external incisions or scars.
This is to explian the basic Principle of Electrosurgical unit
It includes Principle
Block diagram,types various techniques,front and back panel of the machine,hazards,advantages etc.
PRINCIPLES OF CRYOSURGERY
Cryosurgery (cryotherapy) is the application of extreme cold to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue.
The term comes from the Greek words cryo ("icy cold") and surgery meaning "hand work" or "handiwork".
Cryosurgery has been historically used to treat several diseases and disorders, especially variety of benign and malignant skin conditions.
Mechanism of cryosurgery
o The destructive effect of freezing tissue has been categorized into two major mechanisms-
Immediate cell destruction.
Delayed cell destruction.
Application techniques
Probe freezing: It is done by direct application of a probe tip to the lesion. The cryogen circulates through the probe tip and super cools it, when allowed to contact the target tissue. Probe freezing can be accomplished by one of the two mechanisms: contact freezing and penetration freezing.
In contact freezing, firm contact is made between the cryoprobe and the target tissue.
While in penetration freezing probe penetrates the target tissue, providing a large area of direct contact.
Spray freezing: It is done by direct application of the liquid nitrogen to the tissue and is the most destructive method. Liquid nitrogen is delivered to the target tissue at such a volume and velocity that it evaporates at the edge of the lesion. The spray orifice allows deeper and faster tissue penetration than the probe tip but the probe method is safer and more precise.
Benefits of Cryosurgery in Veterinary Medicine
Painless.
No Preparation.
No post op care.
No open wounds – No Bleeding.
No suturing.
No general anaesthesia – safe for older animals.
Rapid treatment time – only seconds.
Cost Effective.
Pressure to treat lesion.
Pinpoint Accuracy.
CryoProbe’s different micro applicators tips allow pinpoint accuracy to treat skin lesions from 1mm to 8mm in size.
Blue dot applicator Applications 1-3 mm.
White dot applicator Applications 2-4 mm.
Green dot applicator Applications 3-6 mm.
Yellow dot applicator Applications 4-10 mm.
Lesions
With the CryoProbe you will be able to treat (but not limited) to the following lesions successfully:
Perianal Adenomas.
Epuli.
Papilloma.
Lick Granulomas.
Warts.
Small Sarcoids.
Eye Lid Tumors.
You will be able to quickly and easily treat skin lesions that you could not treat before without undesired side effects.
Disadvantages of Cryosurgery
As with the advantages of cryosurgery, the disadvantages can also be categorized into those for the clinician and those for the patient.
Disadvantages for the clinician include the following:
Liquid nitrogen needs to be delivered and stored. A liquid nitrogen generator may be purchased. If that is not done, nitrous oxide tanks or other supplies will need to be replenished as needed.
Cryotherapy, sometimes known as cold therapy, is the local or general use of low temperatures in medical therapy. Cryotherapy may be used to treat a variety of tissue lesions. The most prominent use of the term refers to the surgical treatment, specifically known as cryosurgery or cryoablation.
CRYOTHERAPY BY DR. ANERI PATWARI.. .pptxAneriPatwari
This presentation will throw light on cryotherapy.
This will inform you about the types of cryotherapy.
This will increase your knowledge on principle of cryotherapy.
This will brings the information on physiological and therapeutic effect on cryotherapy.
This will lighten the the knowledge of indication and contraindications of cryotherapy.
It will inform about the cooling magnitude and the reasons of the effects.
cryotherapy means ice therapy is made up of ice and used in the treatment of an acute injury and gives instant relief to the patient with the condition going in the depth then everyone knows cryotherapy
Cryotherapy is a controlled and targeted destruction of diseased tissue by the application of cold temperature substance.
Used for treatment of diverse benign lesions and well corcumscribed pre malignant and malignant tumours
Cryonics In Nanotechnology Raising From Deathmanyamkusuma
The most important application of nanotechnology is cryonics.
Cryonics – derived from the Greek language, kryos meaning icy cold. Cryonics is the low-temperature preservation of living things who/which can no longer be sustained by contemporary medicine, with the hope that healing and resuscitation may be possible in the future. Preserving to the point where molecular physical decay completely stops this state is known as cryonics suspension. The idea of cryonics was proposed by Robert Ettinger a Physics teacher after he read a book The Jameson Satellite by Neil R Jones in the year 1931. Later he published the books so called, The penultimate Triumph and The Prospects of Immortality in the years 1948 and 1962 respectively, which is a modern era of cryonics.
Robert Ettinger - ‘ originator and pioneer of cryonics’.
The word cryonics was proposed by Kerl Werner in 1965.
Later it was developed by CSM, CSC(not in use know),
CI, Alcor. In medicine, cryonics was once considered on the outer edge but is now moving closer to reality which means someone who died and was frozen last week may have a future again. Cryonics and nanotechnology form a useful pair.
Cryonics can transport a terminally ill patient to future medical technology.
Environmental emergencies include
COLD-INDUCED INJURIES
Heat-induced injuries
altitude pulmonary edema
For Nursing students i hope it would be usefull, wish you best of luck, dont forget to join me on twitter acount Suliman_alatwi
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
2. It is the process of rapidly freezing tissue by exposing
it to intensly low tempratures.
Cryosurgery works by taking advantage of the
destructive force of freezing temperatures on cells.
At low temperatures, ice crystals form inside the cells,
which can tear them apart.
More damage occurs when blood vessels supplying the
diseased tissue freeze
2
4. USES OF
ICE THERAPY
Reduces pain.
Reduces muscle spasm.
Reduces swelling.
Promote repair of the damaged tissues.
Provide excitatory stimulus to inhibited muscles.
4
5. Greek word“kryos” means frost
Local application of low temperature was first used by egyptians for
pain relief, then during franco-american war for amputated limbs
James Arnott, in 19th century, stated that a very low temperature will
arrest every inflammation which is near enough to the surface.
The first cryogens were liquid air and compressed carbon dioxide
snow. Liquid nitrogen became available in the 1940s and currently is
the most widely used cryogen.
In 1961, Cooper and Lee developed the first cryotherapy probe system,
involving the circulation of liquid nitrogen through a closed metal tube
placed in direct contact with the target tissue.
7. Liquid nitrogen
Common method, The super-cooled liquid may be sprayed
using cryogun on the diseased tissue, cryoprobe, or simply
dabbed on with a cotton or foam swab.
Carbon dioxide
Less frequently, doctors use “carbon dioxide snow" formed into
a cylinder or mixed with acetone to form a slush that is applied
directly to the tissue.
8. Argon
Recent advances in technology have allowed for the use of argon
gas to drive ice formation using a principle known as the Joule-
Thomson effect. This gives physicians excellent control of the
ice, and minimizing complications using ultra-thin 17 gauge
cryoneedles.
Dimethyl ether – propane
A mixture of dimethyl ether and propane is used in some
preparations such as Dr. Scholl's Freeze Away. The mixture is
stored in an aerosol spray type container at room temperature
and drops to −41 °C when dispensed. The mixture is often
dispensed into a straw with a cotton-tipped swab.
9. The apparatus consists of a container in which the pressurised
refrigerant media (gases) are stored as liquid gases.
It generates liquid nitrogen at temporature of -196*c
Other refrigerants are carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, & freon which
may reach temprature of -20* to –90*
A probe is connected to the content to the tube
This probe is applied on the region of the abnornal tissue
Time depends on temprature, size of lesion & type of tissue
Freezing & thawning are done alternatively as many times as
necessary for the lesion
This process destroyes the tissue
9
10. There are two systems and both require a
cryogen.
1. Open system: It involves direct application by
cotton pellets or as spray, the heat is released
by vaporization due to drop in temperature.
Used when no control over depth is required
2. Closed system: This is based on three
principle thermoelectric, evaporative and Joule
Thomson effect. Used when depth orientation is
required.
12. Probe freezing: It is done by direct application of a probe tip
to the lesion. The cryogen circulates through the probe tip
and super cools it, when allowed to contact the target tissue.
In contact freezing, firm contact is made between the cryoprobe and the target
tissue.
While in penetration freezing probe penetrates the target tissue, providing
a large area of direct contact.
Spray freezing: It is done by direct application of the liquid
nitrogen to the tissue and is the most destructive method.
Liquid nitrogen is delivered to the target tissue at such a
volume and velocity that it evaporates at the edge of the
lesion.
13. • The application of liquefied N₂0 sprayed directly
on the skin will bring temperature fully under
control (nitrous oxide always evaporates at (-
)127⁰
• Sophisticated micro-applicator technology enables
an unprecedented level of accuracy of treatment
from 1mm. The prevention of trauma to
surrounding tissue will assure patient’s comfort
• The pressure of the spray at 721 psi will give
maximum control over depth of freezing and will
guarantee the results of the treatment.
14.
15. • The penetration of the ice crystal into the lesion as a result of cryosurgery with the CryoProbe will go
faster and deeper with minimal surface trauma.
• The freezing rate of CryoProbe is 1mm
per 5 seconds
• Depth of treatment: the CryoProbe freezes up to a maximum 5 mm cell structure
16. Very cold gases are then passed through the needles, creating ice balls that destroy
the gland(tumor).
18. The destructive effect of freezing tissue has been categorized into
two major mechanisms
Immediate cell destruction
Delayed cell destruction
Direct effects
Indirect effects
19. 1. Ice crystal formation:
Rapid cooling causes formation of ice crystals from
intracellular and extracellular fluid resulting in physical
disruption of cell
2. Thermal shock:
Damage of cell membrane due to freezing occurs and this
alters cell permeability leading to cell death.
21
20. 3. Cellular dehydration and electrolyte disruption:
Initially during freezing the extracellular fluid alone forms ice which is
limited by intracellular fluid and there is increase concentration of
electrolyte in the extracellular fluid this causes movement of intracellular
fluid to extracellular spaces where they again form ice crystals.
This results in dehydration of cell, cell shrinkage, intracellular increase in
electrolyte which is toxic to the cell and all together causes’ cell death.
22
21. 4. Enzyme inhibition:
Each enzyme requires particular temperature for their
functioning which when altered prevents their function.
5. Effect on proteins:
During the phase after cooling when the cells return to normal
temperature imbibes more water as it has high concentration
of electrolyte which result in swelling and rupture
23
22.
23. 1. Vascular effect:
Ischemic necrosis results due to vascular thrombus and
micro-thrombus formation.
2. Immunological effect:
Massive release of pathological cell antigen occurs making
them susceptible for host surveillance mechanism.
25
25. o Temperature
o cooling rate
o Thawing rate
o Freeze duration
o Repetitive freeze- thaw cycle
26. Cooling rate
• In cryosurgery, rapid cooling rate i.e. more than
500C/min produces intracellular ice- crystals which is
more destructive
• Such higher rates of cooling can only be achieved close to
the cryoprobe
Temperature
• Mazur stated that the lethal temperature range is between
-50C to -500C.
• The treatment of tumor requires a tissue temperature at
which all the abnormal cells are certainly dead.
27. Thawing rate
• Thawing rate should be slow and continued for longer time
period; rapid thaw rates allow cell survival.
Repetitive freeze- thaw cycle
• Rapid freezing and slow thawing do not guarantee effective
cell destruction.
• Use of repeated freeze-thaw cycle is also beneficial in
treatment of cancerous tumor
28.
29. Benefits of Cyrosurgery in Veterinary Medicin
Minimal/Painless
No open wounds – No Bleeding
No suturing
No general anthesia – safe for older
Rapid treatment time – only seconds
Pinpoint Accuracy
Less discomfort ,no hospitalization/minimal post op care.
Predictable, low tissue damage.
Minimal or no scarring.
Can be an adjunctive therapy with surgery or radiation therapy in
malignancy.
Safe, easy to perform, inexpensive.
30. 1.Healing is slow
2. In lesions of the tongue the procedure can limit its function.
3. Volume of lesion can be beyond capacity
4. Extensive lesions are difficult to treat.
34
31. Disadvantages of Cryosurgery
As with the advantages of cryosurgery, the disadvantages can also be categorized into those for the clinician and
those for the patient.
Disadvantages for the clinician include the following:
Liquid nitrogen needs to be delivered and stored. A liquid nitrogen generator may be purchased. If that is not
done, nitrous oxide tanks or other supplies will need to be replenished as needed.
The clinician must be certain of the diagnosis because no tissue will be sent for pathology.
Cryosurgery is not as accurate as a scalpel or laser in cosmetic work.
Disadvantages for the patient include:
Erythema and swelling are the norm. Blistering is common.
May require multiple visits.
Hypopigmentation.
Damage to adjacent structures such as joints and bones may lead to lameness and fracture.
Risk of uncontrolled freezing - resulting in destruction of normal tissue.
32. Accurate Pinpoint Precision, Freezing Power
and Pressure with the touch of your Fingertip!
Manufacturers have devised various metal
attachments to serve as heat-conducting probes
for cryotherapy. Copper, because of its high
conductivity, is typically used
33. CryoProbe’s different micro
applicators tips allow pinpoint
accuracy to treat skin lesions from
1mm to 8mm in size!
Blue dot applicator
Applications 1-3 mm
White dot applicator
Applications 2-4 mm
Green dot applicator
Applications 3-6 mm
Yellow dot applicator
Applications 4-10 mm
34. Simple pencil type grip for easy use .
Very accurate application .
Freezes to -89ºC and to a depth of 3mm .
Interchangeable ‘contact’ heads for special applications
including GUM, Podiatry & Dermatology .
Avoids all of the storage and transport problems associated with
traditional cryotherapy
Once a cylinder has been attached CryoAlfa can be kept in a
drawer without degradation of the N20 contents for
approximately 3 months .
Can be easily transported for use in home visits .
The level of cold generated can be adjusted by the rate at which
the button is depressed.
38
35. With the CryoProbe you will be able to treat (but not limited) to the following lesions successfully:
• Adenomas
• Epuli
• Pappilomas
• Granulomas
• Warts
• Small Sarcoids
• Eye Lid Tumors
You will be able to quickly and easily treat skin lesions that you could not treat before without
undesired side effects!
43. 1. Cold urticarial patient develop redness and swelling in the skin
2. Cryoglobulinemia, abnormal blood protein results in gel formation
resulting in ischemia or gangrene
3. Raynaud’s phenomena
4. Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria,hemoglobin is released from
lysed red cells and is excreted in urine
5. Peripheral vascular disease
6. Patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy
47
45. Cryotherapy is an effective treatment method for a variety of lesions of the
head and neck region. It is advantageous over surgery and is well accepted
by patients.
Many a times it is used when the conventional therapy either fails or is
contraindicated. But unless the physician is confirmed of the diagnosis and
volume of lesion it is not advisable to use it.
49
46. 1. Cryosurgery – a practical manual – paola pasquali
2. Web
3. Cryotherapy- a novel treatment modality in oral lesions- international
journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. Issn- 0975-1491 vol 5,
suppl 4, 2013
4. Reade pc. Cryosurgery in clinical dental practise.Int dent j 1979;29:1-
11.
5. Leopard pj. Cryosurgery and its applications in oral surgery. Br j of oral
surg 1975;13:128-52.
6. Orpwood rd. Cryosurgical apparatus. In: bradley pf, ed , cryosurgery of
maxillofacial region. Vol.1.Boca raton, florida: crc press, 1986.
50