This document discusses a proposed new surgical technique called nanocryosurgery, which combines cryosurgery and nanotechnology to more efficiently treat tumors. Simulations were performed to show how intentionally loading nanoparticles with high thermal conductivity into tissues can lower temperatures, increase freezing rates, and enlarge ice volumes compared to conventional cryosurgery. Nanoparticle-enhanced freezing could also make cryosurgery procedures more flexible. The concepts of nanocryosurgery may offer new opportunities for future tumor treatment by improving freezing efficiency.
The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system broadly employs genetic alterations for diagnostic criteria including isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) mutation or IDH2 mutation, and 1p/19q codeletion,[1] with the goal of creating more homogeneous disease categories with greater prognostic value.[2-5] Molecular diagnostics is becoming an increasingly important aspect of clinical oncologic neuropathology practice.
This document summarizes several clinical trials focusing on cancer drugs. It discusses MEDI4736 from AstraZeneca for non-small cell lung cancer, ABRAXANE from Celgene for squamous cell lung cancer, Pertuzumab from Roche for HER2-positive breast cancer, and Doxorubicin plus Olaratumab from Eli Lilly for soft tissue sarcoma. It provides details on the companies, drugs, mechanisms, studies and adverse events. The document also reviews combination therapies using these drugs and their targets including PD-L1, HER2, PDGFRα and mechanisms of action.
1) The document describes a study on the effects of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on human appendicular bone fracture healing.
2) A total of 40 patients with fractures were divided into a laser group (20 patients) who received LLLT, and a control group (20 patients) who did not.
3) Results showed the laser group had better clinical outcomes like less pain and earlier movement, and radiological outcomes like faster/greater callus formation and bone density increases.
4) The study concluded LLLT can accelerate bone union and enhance healing when used as an adjunct to standard fracture treatment.
This document discusses several microfluidic separation methods for isolating circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood. It describes how microfluidics can accurately manipulate flow conditions to efficiently separate CTCs from blood cells based on differences in their biophysical properties such as size and deformability. Using these microfluidic approaches, viable CTCs can be retrieved from cancer patient blood samples with high isolation efficiency and purity. Identification of CTCs aids in cancer detection, disease monitoring, and insights into metastasis. The document also discusses using magnetic nanoparticles coupled with doxorubicin chemotherapy drug and an external magnetic field to more effectively deliver the drug to breast cancer cells and increase mortality rates.
FRACTAL PARAMETERS OF TUMOUR MICROSCOPIC IMAGES AS PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS OF C...csandit
Research in the field of breast cancer outcome prognosis has been focused on molecular biomarkers, while neglecting the discovery of novel tumour histology structural clues. We thus
aimed to improve breast cancer prognosis by fractal analysis of tumour histomorphology. This study included 92 breast cancer patients without systemic treatment. Fractal parametersfractal dimension and lacunarity of the breast tumour microscopic histology possess prognostic value comparable to the major clinicopathological prognostic parameters. Fractal analysis was performed for the first time on routinely produced archived pan-tissue stained primary breast tumour sections, indicating its potential for clinical use as a simple and cost-effective prognostic indicator of distant metastasis risk to complement the molecular approaches for
cancer risk prognosis.
This document summarizes 5 studies that compared maggot debridement therapy (MDT) to conventional debridement therapy (CDT) for wound healing. Most studies found MDT to be as effective as or better than CDT at removing dead tissue from wounds. Specifically, 2 studies found MDT removed only dead tissue, allowing faster healing, while 1 study found no difference in healing rates between MDT and CDT. The studies examined wounds in patients with diabetes and chronic wounds. Overall, the studies suggest MDT is a viable alternative to CDT, especially for wounds that require fast debridement.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology hussain bookmantu verma
This document provides an introduction and overview to the book "Nanomaterial Impacts on Cell Biology and Medicine". The book contains 13 chapters written by experts in various fields related to nanomaterials, cell biology, and medicine. It aims to demonstrate the broad applications of nanomaterials in areas relevant to cell biology and medicine. The introduction summarizes that nanomaterials are increasingly being used in medicine for applications like cancer treatment and drug delivery and also influence cells at the subcellular level, but the cross-disciplinary nature of the field means some advances have been overlooked.
The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system broadly employs genetic alterations for diagnostic criteria including isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) mutation or IDH2 mutation, and 1p/19q codeletion,[1] with the goal of creating more homogeneous disease categories with greater prognostic value.[2-5] Molecular diagnostics is becoming an increasingly important aspect of clinical oncologic neuropathology practice.
This document summarizes several clinical trials focusing on cancer drugs. It discusses MEDI4736 from AstraZeneca for non-small cell lung cancer, ABRAXANE from Celgene for squamous cell lung cancer, Pertuzumab from Roche for HER2-positive breast cancer, and Doxorubicin plus Olaratumab from Eli Lilly for soft tissue sarcoma. It provides details on the companies, drugs, mechanisms, studies and adverse events. The document also reviews combination therapies using these drugs and their targets including PD-L1, HER2, PDGFRα and mechanisms of action.
1) The document describes a study on the effects of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on human appendicular bone fracture healing.
2) A total of 40 patients with fractures were divided into a laser group (20 patients) who received LLLT, and a control group (20 patients) who did not.
3) Results showed the laser group had better clinical outcomes like less pain and earlier movement, and radiological outcomes like faster/greater callus formation and bone density increases.
4) The study concluded LLLT can accelerate bone union and enhance healing when used as an adjunct to standard fracture treatment.
This document discusses several microfluidic separation methods for isolating circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood. It describes how microfluidics can accurately manipulate flow conditions to efficiently separate CTCs from blood cells based on differences in their biophysical properties such as size and deformability. Using these microfluidic approaches, viable CTCs can be retrieved from cancer patient blood samples with high isolation efficiency and purity. Identification of CTCs aids in cancer detection, disease monitoring, and insights into metastasis. The document also discusses using magnetic nanoparticles coupled with doxorubicin chemotherapy drug and an external magnetic field to more effectively deliver the drug to breast cancer cells and increase mortality rates.
FRACTAL PARAMETERS OF TUMOUR MICROSCOPIC IMAGES AS PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS OF C...csandit
Research in the field of breast cancer outcome prognosis has been focused on molecular biomarkers, while neglecting the discovery of novel tumour histology structural clues. We thus
aimed to improve breast cancer prognosis by fractal analysis of tumour histomorphology. This study included 92 breast cancer patients without systemic treatment. Fractal parametersfractal dimension and lacunarity of the breast tumour microscopic histology possess prognostic value comparable to the major clinicopathological prognostic parameters. Fractal analysis was performed for the first time on routinely produced archived pan-tissue stained primary breast tumour sections, indicating its potential for clinical use as a simple and cost-effective prognostic indicator of distant metastasis risk to complement the molecular approaches for
cancer risk prognosis.
This document summarizes 5 studies that compared maggot debridement therapy (MDT) to conventional debridement therapy (CDT) for wound healing. Most studies found MDT to be as effective as or better than CDT at removing dead tissue from wounds. Specifically, 2 studies found MDT removed only dead tissue, allowing faster healing, while 1 study found no difference in healing rates between MDT and CDT. The studies examined wounds in patients with diabetes and chronic wounds. Overall, the studies suggest MDT is a viable alternative to CDT, especially for wounds that require fast debridement.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology hussain bookmantu verma
This document provides an introduction and overview to the book "Nanomaterial Impacts on Cell Biology and Medicine". The book contains 13 chapters written by experts in various fields related to nanomaterials, cell biology, and medicine. It aims to demonstrate the broad applications of nanomaterials in areas relevant to cell biology and medicine. The introduction summarizes that nanomaterials are increasingly being used in medicine for applications like cancer treatment and drug delivery and also influence cells at the subcellular level, but the cross-disciplinary nature of the field means some advances have been overlooked.
The Evolution of In Situ Genetic Technologyasclepiuspdfs
In situ genetic technology was historically developed and mainly focused on detection purpose, allowing specific nucleic acid sequences to be visualized in morphologically preserved tissue sections. With the synergy of genetics and immunohistochemistry, in situ detection can correlate microscopic topological information with gene activity at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels in specific tissues. Furthermore, its resolution allows spatial distribution of nucleic acid products to be revealed in a heterogeneous cell population. The newest member to the franchise of in situ genetic technology is a direct-on-specimen enrichment methodology specifically for cell-free DNA liquid biopsy. Contrary to in situ detection, this in-well in situ innovation tackles the very first sample preparation step to reduce material loss, thereby improving overall sensitivity. Genomic nucleic acids purified from specimens have been proven to be time consuming and suffered from damages and losses; the evolution of in situ genetic technology offers a powerful tool for precision functional genomics, enabling cross-check between in vitro and in vivo findings. It further opens the door to ultimate genetic engineering in situ.
application of nanoparticles in the early diagnosis and treatment of tumors: ...LucyPi1
Abstract
Objective: Malignant tumors pose a serious threat to human life and health. Despite recent developments in
modern medical techniques, the early diagnosis and treatment of tumors remain difficult due to their asymptomatic
nature in the early stages of disease and the limitations in current clinical diagnostic methods. Advancements in
nanotechnology, particularly in the area of multi-functional diagnostic nanomaterials, can help effectively resolve
present inadequacies via concurrently achieving early diagnosis, image-guided intervention, and real-time
monitoring and treatment of tumors. The development of nanomaterials and nanotechnology may also aid in the
area of anti-cancer drug development by improving the safety and side-effect profile, as well as by enhancing the
targeted specificity of the drugs, which are two of the long-standing challenges in Western medicine. The progress
in the field of nanomaterials has also uncovered novel approaches for the clinical application of traditional Chinese
medicine because the combination of traditional Chinese medicine components with nanoparticles overcomes
various drawbacks, including poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and short half-life, of the former. Moreover,
nanoparticles also enhance the biological effectiveness and targeted specificity of these medicines. In this review,
we discuss the application of nanoparticles in the early diagnosis and treatment of tumors, through modern and
traditional medicine.
Certis Oncology | Pre-Clinical Research OfferingsArthurHolmes2
Certis Oncology Solutions provides pre-clinical oncology research services using Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft (PDOX) mouse models. They have expanded their facilities and tumor bank. PDOX models more accurately reflect human cancer compared to traditional PDX models by implanting tumors in their original sites. Certis has affiliations with physicians to obtain tumors and drug response data. They have established over 300 PDOX models representing various cancer types. Certis offers drug screening and individualized treatment data to support cancer research and drug development. They have published several studies demonstrating the clinical relevance and predictive power of their PDOX models.
Effectiveness of gefitinib as additional radiosensitizer to conventional chem...Alexander Decker
This randomized controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of adding the tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib to conventional chemoradiation for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. 104 patients were randomized to receive either gefitinib plus cisplatin-based chemoradiation (experimental arm) or cisplatin-based chemoradiation alone (control arm). The study found a statistically significant difference in overall response rates favoring the gefitinib arm, as well as improved disease-free survival. However, the gefitinib arm also resulted in higher rates of manageable toxicities like dermatitis, mucositis, and diarrhea.
11.effectiveness of gefitinib as additional radiosensitizer to conventional c...Alexander Decker
This randomized controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of adding the tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib to concurrent chemoradiation for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Between 2008-2011, 104 patients were randomized to receive either cisplatin-based chemoradiation plus daily gefitinib (experimental arm) or cisplatin-based chemoradiation alone (control arm). The overall response rate was significantly higher in the gefitinib arm compared to the control arm. Disease-free survival also favored the gefitinib arm. However, the gefitinib arm resulted in more grade 2-3 dermatitis, mucositis and diarrhea. Adding gefitinib to chem
11.[42 53]effectiveness of gefitinib as additional radiosensitizer to convent...Alexander Decker
This randomized controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of adding the tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib to concurrent chemoradiation for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Between 2008-2011, 104 patients were randomized to receive either cisplatin-based chemoradiation plus daily gefitinib (experimental arm) or cisplatin-based chemoradiation alone (control arm). The study found that the experimental arm had a statistically significant higher overall response rate compared to the control arm. Disease-free survival also favored the experimental arm. However, the experimental arm resulted in more grade 2-3 dermatitis, mucositis and diarrhea. Adding gefitinib to chemoradiation improved outcomes
This study compared fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) for determining HER2/neu gene amplification status in 188 breast cancer samples using tissue microarray technology. The results showed a high concordance rate of 94.1% between FISH and CISH. Both methods identified HER2/neu amplification in around 24% of samples. The study concluded that CISH is a feasible and cost-effective alternative to FISH for assessing HER2/neu amplification in breast cancer.
Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles can be used for cardiovascular disease diagnosis and treatment. They provide contrast for MRI and ultrasound imaging, and can target sites of thrombosis and angiogenesis. In animal models, fibrin-targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles accurately detected thrombi, while integrin-targeted nanoparticles identified neovascularization in atherosclerotic plaques. The nanoparticles allowed simultaneous 19F imaging and 1H MRI, providing anatomical and molecular pathology information. Anti-angiogenic drug-loaded nanoparticles reduced plaque growth in hyperlipidemic rabbits with a single dose, demonstrating the potential of targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for cardiovascular disease applications.
Certis Oncology Solutions provides pre-clinical oncology research using Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft (PDOX) mouse models. They establish PDOX models through microsurgery from patient tumor samples and test various drug therapies simultaneously in mice to provide treatment data to oncologists. Their PDOX models metastasize reliably and have a high tumor establishment success rate, providing more accurate pre-clinical data than traditional PDX models. Certis is expanding their tumor bank and testing facilities while publishing numerous studies showing PDOX models closely match patient tumor responses to therapies.
Certis Oncology Solutions provides pre-clinical oncology research using Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft (PDOX) mouse models. They establish PDOX models through microsurgery from patient tumor samples and test various drug therapies simultaneously in mice to provide treatment data to oncologists. Their PDOX models metastasize reliably and have a high tumor establishment success rate, providing more accurate pre-clinical data than traditional PDX models. Certis is expanding their tumor bank and testing facilities while publishing numerous studies showing PDOX models closely match patient tumor responses to therapies.
The ameliorating effect of dantrolene on the morphology of urinary bladderMardelene Gomes
The document discusses a study that investigated the effects of the drug dantrolene on urinary bladder injury following spinal cord injury in rats. The study found that rats treated with dantrolene after spinal cord injury had less bladder hemorrhage and inflammatory infiltrate compared to rats treated with a placebo. Dantrolene treatment also protected against urinary bladder lesions and helped the impaired bladder morphology recover. The results suggest that dantrolene may have protective effects on spinal cord injury-induced urinary bladder damage.
This study evaluated patient controlled sedation (PCS) using propofol and alfentanil for dressing changes in 11 burn patients with over 10% total burn surface area. PCS was compared to sedation provided by an anesthesiologist. Patients preferred PCS due to greater control and less discomfort during recovery. No adverse respiratory or cardiovascular events occurred with PCS. Procedural pain was higher with PCS but lower after the procedure. The study concluded that PCS is an effective and safe alternative to anesthesiologist-provided sedation for burn dressing changes, but noted the small sample size limited the strength of this conclusion and further studies are warranted.
1) The document discusses the case of a 38-year-old Hindu male patient from Visakhapatnam presenting with a 2x1cm ulcer on the right lateral border of his tongue.
2) It describes his medical history including a history of ill-fitting dentures and dying during an MRI evaluation due to an allergic reaction to contrast.
3) The oncologist discusses potential treatment options with the patient including radiation therapy to preserve his tongue and avoid surgery, as well as interviews with ENT specialists and a dentist.
Mitochondria in biology and medicine artKathe Sanchez
1. The document summarizes key findings from the second annual conference of the Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine held in India in November 2012.
2. Presentations highlighted the regulatory role of mitochondria in various cellular processes and their involvement in diseases like cancer, neurodegeneration, aging, and inflammation.
3. Evidence was presented linking environmental toxins like cadmium to mitochondrial dysfunction and diseases like diabetes through disrupted signaling pathways and reactive oxygen species production.
Nanomedicine uses nano-sized tools ranging from 1-1000 nm for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease. It involves three main areas: diagnosis and imaging agents using nanoparticles, drug delivery vehicles called bioships, and polymer therapeutics. Some key nanomaterials explored for applications in nanomedicine include carbon nanotubes and graphene, gold nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymers, dendrimers, and various forms of liposomes. While nanomedicine shows promise, challenges remain regarding reproducibility, targeting efficiency, toxicity, and scaling up for clinical use.
Biomaterials & Tissue engineering - London - AgendaTony Couch
Designed for experts in academia and industry working in this exciting field, this conference will examine cutting-edge
research in several key areas across four dedicated tracks. Talks will look to cover the development of scaffold
technology for both soft and hard tissues, and the novel biomaterials used in their construction, new platforms for
Biofabrication, tissue culture techniques, advances in hydrogels in regenerative medicine, and recent developments in
stem cell research. There will also be a track dedicated to the exciting developing field of organ fabrication, reviewing
recent advances and challenges to be overcome.
Nanotechnology for Cancer therapy: Recent developmentsroshan telrandhe
Nanotechnology shows promise for targeted cancer treatment. It can deliver drugs, genes, and proteins specifically to tumor tissues to treat cancer without harming healthy tissues. Nanoparticles can be engineered for both diagnosis and therapy of cancer. Nanotechnology approaches help address challenges with conventional cancer treatments like toxicity. Nanoparticles allow targeted drug delivery to tumors via leaky blood vessels and can be functionalized for long circulation times and tissue recognition to maximize exposure of drugs to cancer sites. However, more research is still needed to overcome challenges like an immune response and optimize nanotechnology cancer platforms.
Applying nanotechnology in_medicine group bdelight457
Nanotechnology can be applied in medicine to more precisely deliver drugs to target cells, reducing harmful side effects. Nanorobots may also be used to constantly monitor health and protect the body from pathogens. Specifically, drugs can be encapsulated using liposomes or polymers to target delivery and functional drug carriers with controlled nanostructures can attract specific cells. This could allow treatment without hospitals and help cure more diseases using nano machines and robots that become smaller over time.
Biology, genetics, nanotechnology, neuroscience, materials science, biotech, ...Brian Russell
Over the past two years I've done a lot of interesting research which I've decided to aggregate. My research pertains to the following: Biology, Genetics, Nanotechnology, Neuroscience, Materials Science, Biotechnology, Chemical Engineering, All Things 3-D, Super Computing, Quantum Physics, Energy, Design, & Sustainability.
This document discusses natural nanomaterials derived from biomass, including nanocelluloses and nanocomposites. It outlines processes for separating nanofibers and nanocrystals from cellulose sources and characterizing their properties. Examples are given of using nanocelluloses to produce reinforced composite materials, films, coatings, and medical prototypes. The document concludes that there is increasing interest in renewable nanomaterials and that biobased residues can be sources for nanocellulose with applications in various industries.
The Evolution of In Situ Genetic Technologyasclepiuspdfs
In situ genetic technology was historically developed and mainly focused on detection purpose, allowing specific nucleic acid sequences to be visualized in morphologically preserved tissue sections. With the synergy of genetics and immunohistochemistry, in situ detection can correlate microscopic topological information with gene activity at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels in specific tissues. Furthermore, its resolution allows spatial distribution of nucleic acid products to be revealed in a heterogeneous cell population. The newest member to the franchise of in situ genetic technology is a direct-on-specimen enrichment methodology specifically for cell-free DNA liquid biopsy. Contrary to in situ detection, this in-well in situ innovation tackles the very first sample preparation step to reduce material loss, thereby improving overall sensitivity. Genomic nucleic acids purified from specimens have been proven to be time consuming and suffered from damages and losses; the evolution of in situ genetic technology offers a powerful tool for precision functional genomics, enabling cross-check between in vitro and in vivo findings. It further opens the door to ultimate genetic engineering in situ.
application of nanoparticles in the early diagnosis and treatment of tumors: ...LucyPi1
Abstract
Objective: Malignant tumors pose a serious threat to human life and health. Despite recent developments in
modern medical techniques, the early diagnosis and treatment of tumors remain difficult due to their asymptomatic
nature in the early stages of disease and the limitations in current clinical diagnostic methods. Advancements in
nanotechnology, particularly in the area of multi-functional diagnostic nanomaterials, can help effectively resolve
present inadequacies via concurrently achieving early diagnosis, image-guided intervention, and real-time
monitoring and treatment of tumors. The development of nanomaterials and nanotechnology may also aid in the
area of anti-cancer drug development by improving the safety and side-effect profile, as well as by enhancing the
targeted specificity of the drugs, which are two of the long-standing challenges in Western medicine. The progress
in the field of nanomaterials has also uncovered novel approaches for the clinical application of traditional Chinese
medicine because the combination of traditional Chinese medicine components with nanoparticles overcomes
various drawbacks, including poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and short half-life, of the former. Moreover,
nanoparticles also enhance the biological effectiveness and targeted specificity of these medicines. In this review,
we discuss the application of nanoparticles in the early diagnosis and treatment of tumors, through modern and
traditional medicine.
Certis Oncology | Pre-Clinical Research OfferingsArthurHolmes2
Certis Oncology Solutions provides pre-clinical oncology research services using Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft (PDOX) mouse models. They have expanded their facilities and tumor bank. PDOX models more accurately reflect human cancer compared to traditional PDX models by implanting tumors in their original sites. Certis has affiliations with physicians to obtain tumors and drug response data. They have established over 300 PDOX models representing various cancer types. Certis offers drug screening and individualized treatment data to support cancer research and drug development. They have published several studies demonstrating the clinical relevance and predictive power of their PDOX models.
Effectiveness of gefitinib as additional radiosensitizer to conventional chem...Alexander Decker
This randomized controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of adding the tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib to conventional chemoradiation for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. 104 patients were randomized to receive either gefitinib plus cisplatin-based chemoradiation (experimental arm) or cisplatin-based chemoradiation alone (control arm). The study found a statistically significant difference in overall response rates favoring the gefitinib arm, as well as improved disease-free survival. However, the gefitinib arm also resulted in higher rates of manageable toxicities like dermatitis, mucositis, and diarrhea.
11.effectiveness of gefitinib as additional radiosensitizer to conventional c...Alexander Decker
This randomized controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of adding the tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib to concurrent chemoradiation for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Between 2008-2011, 104 patients were randomized to receive either cisplatin-based chemoradiation plus daily gefitinib (experimental arm) or cisplatin-based chemoradiation alone (control arm). The overall response rate was significantly higher in the gefitinib arm compared to the control arm. Disease-free survival also favored the gefitinib arm. However, the gefitinib arm resulted in more grade 2-3 dermatitis, mucositis and diarrhea. Adding gefitinib to chem
11.[42 53]effectiveness of gefitinib as additional radiosensitizer to convent...Alexander Decker
This randomized controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of adding the tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib to concurrent chemoradiation for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Between 2008-2011, 104 patients were randomized to receive either cisplatin-based chemoradiation plus daily gefitinib (experimental arm) or cisplatin-based chemoradiation alone (control arm). The study found that the experimental arm had a statistically significant higher overall response rate compared to the control arm. Disease-free survival also favored the experimental arm. However, the experimental arm resulted in more grade 2-3 dermatitis, mucositis and diarrhea. Adding gefitinib to chemoradiation improved outcomes
This study compared fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) for determining HER2/neu gene amplification status in 188 breast cancer samples using tissue microarray technology. The results showed a high concordance rate of 94.1% between FISH and CISH. Both methods identified HER2/neu amplification in around 24% of samples. The study concluded that CISH is a feasible and cost-effective alternative to FISH for assessing HER2/neu amplification in breast cancer.
Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles can be used for cardiovascular disease diagnosis and treatment. They provide contrast for MRI and ultrasound imaging, and can target sites of thrombosis and angiogenesis. In animal models, fibrin-targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles accurately detected thrombi, while integrin-targeted nanoparticles identified neovascularization in atherosclerotic plaques. The nanoparticles allowed simultaneous 19F imaging and 1H MRI, providing anatomical and molecular pathology information. Anti-angiogenic drug-loaded nanoparticles reduced plaque growth in hyperlipidemic rabbits with a single dose, demonstrating the potential of targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for cardiovascular disease applications.
Certis Oncology Solutions provides pre-clinical oncology research using Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft (PDOX) mouse models. They establish PDOX models through microsurgery from patient tumor samples and test various drug therapies simultaneously in mice to provide treatment data to oncologists. Their PDOX models metastasize reliably and have a high tumor establishment success rate, providing more accurate pre-clinical data than traditional PDX models. Certis is expanding their tumor bank and testing facilities while publishing numerous studies showing PDOX models closely match patient tumor responses to therapies.
Certis Oncology Solutions provides pre-clinical oncology research using Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft (PDOX) mouse models. They establish PDOX models through microsurgery from patient tumor samples and test various drug therapies simultaneously in mice to provide treatment data to oncologists. Their PDOX models metastasize reliably and have a high tumor establishment success rate, providing more accurate pre-clinical data than traditional PDX models. Certis is expanding their tumor bank and testing facilities while publishing numerous studies showing PDOX models closely match patient tumor responses to therapies.
The ameliorating effect of dantrolene on the morphology of urinary bladderMardelene Gomes
The document discusses a study that investigated the effects of the drug dantrolene on urinary bladder injury following spinal cord injury in rats. The study found that rats treated with dantrolene after spinal cord injury had less bladder hemorrhage and inflammatory infiltrate compared to rats treated with a placebo. Dantrolene treatment also protected against urinary bladder lesions and helped the impaired bladder morphology recover. The results suggest that dantrolene may have protective effects on spinal cord injury-induced urinary bladder damage.
This study evaluated patient controlled sedation (PCS) using propofol and alfentanil for dressing changes in 11 burn patients with over 10% total burn surface area. PCS was compared to sedation provided by an anesthesiologist. Patients preferred PCS due to greater control and less discomfort during recovery. No adverse respiratory or cardiovascular events occurred with PCS. Procedural pain was higher with PCS but lower after the procedure. The study concluded that PCS is an effective and safe alternative to anesthesiologist-provided sedation for burn dressing changes, but noted the small sample size limited the strength of this conclusion and further studies are warranted.
1) The document discusses the case of a 38-year-old Hindu male patient from Visakhapatnam presenting with a 2x1cm ulcer on the right lateral border of his tongue.
2) It describes his medical history including a history of ill-fitting dentures and dying during an MRI evaluation due to an allergic reaction to contrast.
3) The oncologist discusses potential treatment options with the patient including radiation therapy to preserve his tongue and avoid surgery, as well as interviews with ENT specialists and a dentist.
Mitochondria in biology and medicine artKathe Sanchez
1. The document summarizes key findings from the second annual conference of the Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine held in India in November 2012.
2. Presentations highlighted the regulatory role of mitochondria in various cellular processes and their involvement in diseases like cancer, neurodegeneration, aging, and inflammation.
3. Evidence was presented linking environmental toxins like cadmium to mitochondrial dysfunction and diseases like diabetes through disrupted signaling pathways and reactive oxygen species production.
Nanomedicine uses nano-sized tools ranging from 1-1000 nm for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease. It involves three main areas: diagnosis and imaging agents using nanoparticles, drug delivery vehicles called bioships, and polymer therapeutics. Some key nanomaterials explored for applications in nanomedicine include carbon nanotubes and graphene, gold nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymers, dendrimers, and various forms of liposomes. While nanomedicine shows promise, challenges remain regarding reproducibility, targeting efficiency, toxicity, and scaling up for clinical use.
Biomaterials & Tissue engineering - London - AgendaTony Couch
Designed for experts in academia and industry working in this exciting field, this conference will examine cutting-edge
research in several key areas across four dedicated tracks. Talks will look to cover the development of scaffold
technology for both soft and hard tissues, and the novel biomaterials used in their construction, new platforms for
Biofabrication, tissue culture techniques, advances in hydrogels in regenerative medicine, and recent developments in
stem cell research. There will also be a track dedicated to the exciting developing field of organ fabrication, reviewing
recent advances and challenges to be overcome.
Nanotechnology for Cancer therapy: Recent developmentsroshan telrandhe
Nanotechnology shows promise for targeted cancer treatment. It can deliver drugs, genes, and proteins specifically to tumor tissues to treat cancer without harming healthy tissues. Nanoparticles can be engineered for both diagnosis and therapy of cancer. Nanotechnology approaches help address challenges with conventional cancer treatments like toxicity. Nanoparticles allow targeted drug delivery to tumors via leaky blood vessels and can be functionalized for long circulation times and tissue recognition to maximize exposure of drugs to cancer sites. However, more research is still needed to overcome challenges like an immune response and optimize nanotechnology cancer platforms.
Applying nanotechnology in_medicine group bdelight457
Nanotechnology can be applied in medicine to more precisely deliver drugs to target cells, reducing harmful side effects. Nanorobots may also be used to constantly monitor health and protect the body from pathogens. Specifically, drugs can be encapsulated using liposomes or polymers to target delivery and functional drug carriers with controlled nanostructures can attract specific cells. This could allow treatment without hospitals and help cure more diseases using nano machines and robots that become smaller over time.
Biology, genetics, nanotechnology, neuroscience, materials science, biotech, ...Brian Russell
Over the past two years I've done a lot of interesting research which I've decided to aggregate. My research pertains to the following: Biology, Genetics, Nanotechnology, Neuroscience, Materials Science, Biotechnology, Chemical Engineering, All Things 3-D, Super Computing, Quantum Physics, Energy, Design, & Sustainability.
This document discusses natural nanomaterials derived from biomass, including nanocelluloses and nanocomposites. It outlines processes for separating nanofibers and nanocrystals from cellulose sources and characterizing their properties. Examples are given of using nanocelluloses to produce reinforced composite materials, films, coatings, and medical prototypes. The document concludes that there is increasing interest in renewable nanomaterials and that biobased residues can be sources for nanocellulose with applications in various industries.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale to create new materials and devices. At the nanoscale of 1-100 nanometers, materials exhibit novel optical, mechanical, and electrical properties. Nanomedicine uses nanotechnology for drug delivery, diagnostics, and tissue engineering. Some benefits of nanomedicine include more targeted drug delivery to reduce side effects, multifunctional nanoparticles that can deliver drugs, target cells, and enable imaging, and potential uses like artificial blood cells. Challenges include interactions with the immune system, tracking nanoparticles in the body, and developing safe and effective medical nanorobots.
Natural nanomaterials are materials found in nature that exhibit properties arising from their inherent nanostructures, without human modification. The document discusses several examples of natural nanomaterials inspired by nature, including the self-cleaning properties of lotus leaves due to wax crystals and bumps creating a superhydrophobic surface, the adhesive abilities of gecko feet enabled by setae and spatulae, and the structural coloration of butterfly wings arising from the interaction of light with the nanostructures of wing scales. These natural nanomaterials provide models for developing new biomimetic materials with applications in coatings, adhesives, and other technologies.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how nanotechnology for drug deliver is becoming economically feasible.
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology for cancer treatment. It begins with background on cancer and challenges with chemotherapy. It then introduces various nanoparticles being explored for cancer applications, such as quantum dots, iron oxide, and gold nanoparticles. The document discusses the enhanced permeability and retention effect that allows nanoparticles to passively target tumors. It provides the example of Doxil, an FDA-approved liposomal drug delivery system. Other nanomedicine examples discussed include Abraxane protein-bound paclitaxel nanoparticles. The document covers topics like tumor tissue targeting, overcoming drug resistance, vascular and cellular targets, and using heat-generating nanoparticles for thermal ablation of cancer cells.
Nanotechnology for cancer therapy recent developmentsroshan telrandhe
1. The document discusses recent developments in using nanotechnology for cancer therapy. It describes how nanoparticles can be used to target delivery of drugs specifically to tumor cells, reducing side effects on healthy cells.
2. Various nanotechnology platforms for drug delivery are reviewed, including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, and nucleic acid-based nanoparticles. The targeted delivery allows for higher drug doses to be used against cancer cells.
3. The review discusses both preventative and treatment applications of nanotechnology. Preventatively, nanoparticles could deliver sunscreen agents directly to skin cells. In treatment, nanoparticles are being used to more effectively deliver drugs like paclitaxel for prostate cancer therapy.
Radiotherapy for painful bone metastasesbigsky_2009
This document discusses radiotherapy treatment options for painful bone metastases. It summarizes that pain from bone metastases is commonly treated successfully with local external beam irradiation. There is controversy around whether single dose treatments requiring one visit or fractionated courses requiring multiple visits are more effective. While many radiotherapists still use fractionated regimens, the evidence shows that single fractions are as effective in relieving pain from bone metastases. For widespread bone metastases, hemibody irradiation should be considered to avoid repeated local treatments, though it is more toxic.
Certis OncologySolutions provides pre-clinical cancer research services using a technique called Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft (PDOX) mouse modeling. They have an expanding tumor bank with over 300 patient tumors and drug response data. Their facilities include a 7,000 square foot facility in San Diego with lab space. Their unique PDOX model implants patient tumor samples into mice in the same anatomical site as the original tumor to provide a more clinically relevant model for testing drug therapies. Recent studies have shown their PDOX models accurately mimic patient responses to therapies. They offer guidance on pre-clinical studies, execution of drug screening, and publishing assistance to support cancer research.
This document discusses various applications of nanotechnology in urology, including imaging and treatment of genitourinary cancers, prostate cancer screening, tissue engineering, and more. It describes how nanoparticles can improve detection of cancer through imaging modalities like MRI. Nanoparticles are also explored as drug delivery vehicles to selectively target cancer cells and overcome issues like drug resistance. The document outlines several preclinical and early clinical studies investigating nanoparticle formulations to treat cancers of the prostate, bladder, and kidneys with reduced toxicity compared to conventional therapies.
Objective: Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide.Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important element in this disease.The aim of this study is to prepare TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite (NC), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO)nanoparticles (NPs) to determine the anticancer activity on human CC cell line (HeLa) and healthy mouse fibroblast cell line (L-929). Materials&Methods: ZnO, TiO2 NPs and NC were prepared by a solution combustion synthesis method. The samples were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Stability analysis was performed with zeta potential. The synthesized NC and NPs were permormed to the HeLa and L-929 cell lines and anticancer activity of these NC and NPs were determined by using MTT method. The HeLa and L-929 cells were treated with different concentrations of these NC and NPs (0,5-100 μg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The spectrophotometric readings at 570 nm were recorded and analysed with Graphpad Prism7. Results: NC and NPs were successfully synthesized. The effects of these NC and NPs on the HeLa and L-929 cells were compared with the control group and IC50 values were determined for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Then we compared the effects of these molecules on the L-929 cell line with the HeLa cell line and founded more active is on HeLa cells. Conclusion:There are many drugs used in CC treatment. However, undesirable toxicity and drug resistance of these drugs negatively affect treatment.We have synthesized NC and NPs in order to formulate basis of a new drug in this study and have identified anti-cancer activity.As a result, we found that NC and NPs anti-cancer activity was higher in HeLa cells than in L-929.
This summary provides the key points about managing major burns from a surgical perspective:
1. Over 1,000 patients per year in the UK require hospitalization for burns, with over 300 deaths annually despite advances. Early resuscitation, critical care, and surgical techniques have improved survival rates but more can be done.
2. For burns over 25% TBSA, there is a profound inflammatory response causing organ dysfunction. Early surgical excision modifies these responses and is now commonly practiced.
3. Burn care requires a multidisciplinary approach across various facilities, from emergency departments to burn units and centers, to effectively treat the large number of burn patients each year in an organized system.
Thermal and non-thermal plasma technology shows potential for treating chronic non-healing wounds. Plasma generates thermal energy for coagulation and vaporization as well as kinetic energy for cutting and fluid dispersal in a precise and controllable manner. It allows for direct sterilization of wounds and stimulation of cell proliferation and wound healing through effects like increased nitric oxide production. Initial clinical evidence indicates plasma treatment may accelerate bacterial inactivation and promote faster wound healing with minimal side effects due to limited thermal spread.
Paper Biology 280 S Minireview Advances In Cancer Detection And TherapeuticsJoshua Mendoza-Elias
Abstract:
Nanotechnology is a field that has made significant advances in the engineering of technologies that allow earlier detection and treatment of disease – specifically cancer. In the modern era, these technologies define the emerging field of nanomedicine and seek to redefine detection and treatment with the promise of more effective, sensitive and cost effective high throughput systems. Compared to conventional treatment options, these next generation cancer therapeutics also seek to overcome the invasiveness of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and hormonal therapy. These technologies include nanoshells, quantum-dots, ultraoxide particles, DNA microarrays, liposomes, dendrimers, and fullerines. Highlighted in this paper, microwires and microcantilevers (“biofinger”) show promise in becoming multiplex platforms (“Labs on a chip”) that detect a variety of biological markers at low concentration in real time. In addition, DNA based diagnostic computer constructs (DNAdc) that release therapeutic nucleic acid sequences in a gene expression specific manner will be highlighted as well. The potential for a wide range of clinical applications to disease, including cancer, makes a basic understanding of the field of nanomedicine important to the biomedical sciences. In addition, nanomedicine will have a huge impact in developing a repertoire of nano-based therapeutics for other diseases.
Keywords: “Biofinger”-lab on a chip, DNA diagnostic computer construct (DNAdc), DNA microarrays, nanoshells, quantum-dots, ultraoxide particles, liposomes, dendrimers, fullerines, single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT).
A General Overview of Nano Medicine-Efficacy in Therapeutic Science and Curre...ceijjournals
Nanotechnology’s introduction has dramatically improved a number of scientific fields, one of which is
medicinal research. Nanomedicine is aimed to offer healthcare medications and chemicals a new
dimension. The small size of nanoparticles, permits them to circulate in the body without interrupting
oxygenation and escape filtration by both the renal and gastrointestinal networks. These are the few
properties that distinguish them apart from traditional therapeutic procedures. The increased permeability
and durability effect result in successful penetration inside the tumor tissues, providing cancer treatment a
new lease on life. Efficient transportation pathways, on the other hand, produce genotoxicity and
mutagenicity by interacting with genes that are essential for smooth functioning. As the specific
interactions of nanomedicines with biological systems are still unknown, comprehending nanomedicines'
toxicological effects is tough. The lack of regulatory direction in this field remains a research gap that we
would want to examine in this study.
A General Overview of Nano Medicine-Efficacy in Therapeutic Science and Curre...Berklin
Nanotechnology’s introduction has dramatically improved a number of scientific fields, one of which is medicinal research. Nanomedicine is aimed to offer healthcare medications and chemicals a new dimension. The small size of nanoparticles, permits them to circulate in the body without interrupting oxygenation and escape filtration by both the renal and gastrointestinal networks. These are the few properties that distinguish them apart from traditional therapeutic procedures. The increased permeability and durability effect result in successful penetration inside the tumor tissues, providing cancer treatment a new lease on life. Efficient transportation pathways, on the other hand, produce genotoxicity and mutagenicity by interacting with genes that are essential for smooth functioning. As the specific interactions of nanomedicines with biological systems are still unknown, comprehending nanomedicines' toxicological effects is tough. The lack of regulatory direction in this field remains a research gap that we would want to examine in this study.
The document discusses how technology has helped shed light on cancer through research using large facilities like synchrotron radiation and neutron laboratories. Over 100,000 protein structures have been determined using these techniques to better understand biochemical processes and design drugs. Countries are investing in new facilities to advance scientific development and tackle challenges like cancer. Nanotechnology and drug delivery systems combined with characterization techniques can improve cancer treatment methods.
NANOTECHNOLOGY(NANOTECHNOLOGY IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE)mohamedimath3
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical science and cancer therapy. It begins by defining nanotechnology as the manipulation of materials at the atomic or molecular scale, especially to build microscopic devices. It then discusses how nanotechnology improves cancer therapy by guiding drugs to selectively target cancer cells, reducing side effects. Researchers are developing novel nanoparticles that can encapsulate drugs and be functionalized for targeted delivery and combined therapeutic and diagnostic effects. Major applications of nanotechnology in oncology include targeted drug delivery, enhanced immunotherapy, and improved radiotherapy. Overall, nanotechnology offers new tools that have great potential to impact disease diagnosis and treatment.
This study examines the impact of temporary blood flow occlusion on direct and indirect liver injury caused by laser thermal ablation in mice. Thermal ablation was performed with and without temporary occlusion of the portal vein and hepatic artery. Tissue damage was assessed immediately after treatment and over subsequent days using histochemical staining techniques. The results showed that temporary blood flow occlusion decreased the extent of initial injury but did not alter the progression of tissue damage over time. The maximum diameter of necrosis was smaller with temporary occlusion at 48 hours. This suggests that while temporary blood flow occlusion may decrease the immediate size of the ablation zone, it does not enhance the overall volume of liver tissue destroyed by the thermal treatment.
Nanoparticles as a novel and promising antiviral platform in veterinary medicineAhmed Hasham
Traditional veterinary virus vaccines, such as inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines, have achieved tremendous success
in controlling many viral diseases of livestock and chickens worldwide. However, many recent viral outbreaks caused by
diferent emerging and re-emerging viruses continue to be reported annually worldwide. It is therefore necessary to develop
new control regimens. Nanoparticle research has received considerable attention in the last two decades as a promising
platform with signifcant success in veterinary medicine, replacing traditional viral vector vaccines. However, the feld of
nanoparticle applications is still in its initial phase of growth. Here, we discuss various preparation methods, characteristics,
physical properties, antiviral efects, and pharmacokinetics of well-developed nanoparticles and the potential of nanoparticles
or nano-vaccines as a promising antiviral platform for veterinary medicine.
1. Re-irradiation involves delivering a second course of radiation to patients who develop recurrent or new primary tumors in an area previously treated with radiation. It requires careful patient selection and consideration of normal tissue tolerance to minimize toxicity risks.
2. A multidisciplinary evaluation is necessary to determine if re-irradiation provides a survival or palliative benefit over other treatment options like chemotherapy or surgery. Factors like tumor type, initial treatment details, disease control, and patient performance status must be considered.
3. Advanced radiation techniques like IMRT can help spare nearby organs-at-risk and lower toxicity when used for re-irradiation. Close monitoring during treatment is still needed to watch for normal tissue complications.
Stem cells and nanotechnology in regenerative medicine and tissue engineeringDr. Sitansu Sekhar Nanda
Alexis Carrel, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 and the father of whole-organ transplant, was the first to develop a successful technique for end to end arteriovenous anastomosis in transplantation.
This document provides information about cryotherapy as a treatment for prostate cancer from the Department of Urology at Govt Royapettah Hospital and Kilpauk Medical College in Chennai, India. It discusses the mechanisms of cryotherapy, how it is performed, outcomes, and complications. Cryotherapy uses freezing to induce coagulative necrosis in prostate cancer by damaging cells through mechanisms like protein denaturation and rupture of cell membranes from expanding ice crystals. It can be used to treat localized prostate cancer as an alternative to radical treatments like surgery or radiation. Common side effects include erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence, and urethral sloughing.
This study evaluated a novel immunoisolating membrane system for transplanting rat pancreatic islets (xenografts) into diabetic minipigs without immunosuppressive therapy. Rat islets were encapsulated in alginate and placed in a macrochamber covered by a poly-membrane. The chamber had a gas system to supply oxygen to the islets. Diabetic minipigs received the transplants and were monitored for up to 90 days. The rat islets functioned persistently and restored normoglycemia in the minipigs without immunosuppressants, demonstrating the potential of this system for treating diabetes with xenogeneic islet transplantation without drug-based immunosuppression.
nanoscience ppt.ppt of biophysics and nanotechnologysweta178930
Central university of haryana presented opportunities and promises of nanobiotechnology. Nanobiotechnology involves integrating nanotechnology and biotechnology to create nanoscale devices and systems for medical purposes like diagnosis and treatment. It offers opportunities in areas like drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, tissue engineering, food science, and protein chips. In drug delivery, nanomaterials like liposomes can encapsulate drugs and release them in a controlled manner at target sites. Nanoparticles also act as contrast agents to improve imaging techniques. They are being used in tissue engineering to enhance tissue growth. In food science, nanotechnology increases shelf-life and provides targeted nutrient delivery. Protein chips use nanoscale patterns to study protein interactions. The future of nanobiotechnology is promising
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
2. 80 J.-F. Yan, J. Liu / Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine 4 (2008) 79–87
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of computational domain loaded with nanoparticles during cryosurgery (not to scale).
magnetic nanohyperthermia, which takes full advantage of Moreover, because the particulate suspension can be
electromagnetic heating effects and powerful thermo- locally injected and distributed into the region of interest as
osmosis, offers some attractive possibilities in tumor desired,21 it is available to provide accurate killing on the
therapy.7-12 Moreover, the ability to treat cancer by nanoscale by means of nanocryosurgery. As is well known,
targeted delivery through angiogenesis or some antineo- freezing affects biological systems at both nanoscale
plastic drug, especially using hyperthermia-introduced (molecular) and microscale (cellular) levels, which may
nanoparticles, has also been reported to show a good bring about changes in structure, composition, water and fat
treatment effect.13-15 Inspired by such curative trends in content, and salinity of tissues.3,22 High concentrations of
hyperthermia, we propose a new modality in cryosurgery, nanoparticles combined with freezing might enhance such
named nanocryosurgery, and offer our preliminary results harmful effects. Although a series of studies23-25 have been
in this article. published on the toxicological effect of nanoparticles, the
potential toxicity to normal tissues with targeted injection of
particles could be prevented through appropriate choice of
Methods particle type and careful control of injection time,
procedure, and dose of particulate suspension. Thus far, it
Basic principle of nanocryosurgery
is clear that some candidate particles like the iron oxide
This physical therapy is combined with advanced magnetite (Fe3O4) and gold (Au), have good biological
nanotechnologies. Its basic principle is to introduce a compatibility and have been widely used in clinics.
functional solution with nanoparticles into the target Meanwhile, using nanoparticles to deliver antineoplastic
tissues (Figure 1), which then serves to maximize freezing drugs or angiogenesis to damage target tumors has also
heat transfer, increase the probability of intracellular ice proved feasible for tumor treatment. For instance, Bischof
formation (PIF), and regulate iceball formation orientation. and colleagues15 proposed a novel method using Au
Nanoparticles with high thermal conductivity allow nanoparticle-assisted tumor necrosis factor-α delivery in
cryosurgery to take full advantage of the enhanced heat combination with hyperthermia, which significantly delayed
conduction effects and their ability to serve as nucleation tumor growth, reducing both tumor cell survival rate and
seeds. As was recently realized, liquids containing metallic tumor blood perfusion. All of these working media and
or nonmetallic solid nanoparticles show an increase in techniques can also be used in nanocryosurgery.
thermal conductivity compared with that of the base Furthermore, the iceball growth during cryosurgery can
liquid. 16,17 This can also be true when applied to be artificially controlled by asymmetrically injecting
nanocryosurgery, where addition of metal nanoparticles nanoparticle solution into the targeted tissues, thus making
into the wet biological environment will increase the tissue cryosurgery more flexible. It is often difficult to produce an
conductivity, which in turn results in significant freezing optimal cryolesion area using conventional cryosurgical
effects. Meanwhile, according to the theory of ice technique because of the irregular shape of the tumor.
nucleation, it will be seen that massive loading of However, when using injected nanoparticles the growth
nanoparticles in tumor cells is bound to induce more state of ice crystals can be efficiently modified as desired.
efficient heterogeneous nucleation as ice seeds, which to In nanocryosurgery one can regulate growth direction and
some extent guarantees a higher PIF, the main reason for orientation of an iceball, thus permitting good conformation
cell death in cryosurgery.18-20 of the cryosurgery to the tumor outline.
3. J.-F. Yan, J. Liu / Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine 4 (2008) 79–87 81
process based on three different conditions. Nano-silver was
added in a phantom gel as case 1, and carbon nanotubes as
case 2, whereas the original phantom gel was referred as the
reference sample. From the curve it can be seen that the
freezing rate at the target position where nanoparticle
solutions were locally injected was evidently increased.
Generally, if the freezing process does not endure long
enough, it could lead to a “dead region” representing
insufficient freezing between two cryoprobes (as indicated
by red dotted lines in Figure 2). Clearly, with the help of
nanoparticle-enhanced freezing, such dead regions could be
successfully prevented. In other words, the possibility of
insufficient freezing will be decreased substantially.
To evaluate the capacity for controlling the size, shape,
and direction of the iceball formation by injecting
nanoparticle solutions with specific thermal properties into
Figure 2. Transient temperature response of selected position with different
the target tissues, we had adopted a medical infrared
injection samples during same freezing process.
thermometer to map the temperature profile over the whole
surface above the freezing area.18 In a typical test, different
volumes of particulate solution were considered. As thermal
images indicated, different doses of injecting solution have
Finally, introduction of nanoparticles into target tissues resulted in varied magnitudes of iceball formation, which
could improve image contrast and offer a better image indicates that the appropriate particulate solution could
guidance for the cryosurgical operation.26 In this respect, effectively regulate the tumor-killing area via directional
some imaging magnetic nanoparticles27 such as Fe3O4, 20– freezing.
30 nm in diameter, have been found to increase the resolution
and contrast of several commonly used imaging techniques Bioheat transfer model
in minimally invasive therapy such as magnetomotive Nanoparticle-aided cryosurgery can produce a predictable
optical coherence tomography or magnetic resonance improvement of temperature response on the target tissue and
imaging. Fluorescent nanoparticles are also used as image cell. Because the present study focuses only on the freezing
probes to image and monitor thermal lesion of tissue during effect of a single tumor cell when different kinds of
thermal therapies so as to guarantee an accurate treatment.28 nanoparticles have already been injected in or outside the
Such characteristics of nanoparticles can increase the cell membranes, the computational domain can be simplified
curative tumor-killing effect and decrease local recurrence and depicted in Figure 1, which is divided into two parts:
rate as well. Therefore, when nanotechnology meets intracellular and extracellular areas. For simplicity, a
cryosurgery, the treatment efficiency of conventional spherical coordinate system in one dimension was used.
cryosurgery is expected to be significantly improved. Calculations of heat transfer are based on the widely accepted
Experimental findings for nanocryosurgery bioheat model proposed by Pennes,29 which is widely used in
the description of the tissue freezing process.
Several experiments already performed in our laboratory In the intracellular medium the bioheat equation is
have demonstrated the significant effect of nanoparticles in expressed as follows:
enhancing the process of freezing biological tissues.
According to the typical temperature response curves of AT 1 A2 ðrT Þ
C ¼ ki d d þ Qm : ð1Þ
pork tissue during the freezing process with one liquid At r Ar2
nitrogen–based cryoprobe,21 it has been shown that the
lowest temperature for injecting nanoparticles (30 mL 5% In the extracellular medium the effect of blood perfusion
w/w particulate suspension) can reach –115°C at a location should be included, and the bioheat equation reads as:
5 mm distant from the probe, which is much lower than its
AT 1 A2 ðrT Þ
counterpart case of no injection. The latter case achieves C ¼ ko d d þ xb Cb ðTa À T Þ þ Qm ð2Þ
At r Ar2
only a lowest temperature of –75°C at the same position and
under the same freezing conditions. This was a result of the where T is the temperature, Cb and ωb are the heat capacity
enhanced heat conduction due to the addition of metal and the blood perfusion of biological tissues, respectively; ki
nanoparticles into tissues. Presented in Figure 2 is a newly and ko are intracellular and extracellular thermal conductiv-
obtained transient temperature response of the selected ity, respectively; C is heat capacity of biomaterial including
position (at the midpoint between two liquid nitrogen the contribution of the loaded nanoparticles; Qm is the
cryoprobes spaced 2 cm apart) during the same freezing metabolic heat generation, and Ta is arterial temperature.
4. 82 J.-F. Yan, J. Liu / Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine 4 (2008) 79–87
Table 1 areas, the thermal conductivity for the treated object can be
Physical properties of biological tissues and nanoparticles30-32 depicted, respectively, as follows:
Items Units Values
kp þ 2kf t À 2gðkf t À kp Þ
Thermal conductivity of frozen tissue, kft W/m °C 2 kf ¼ kf t d : ð3Þ
kp þ 2kf t þ gðkf t À kp Þ
Thermal conductivity of unfrozen tissue, kut W/m °C 0.5
Thermal conductivity of Al2O3, kp W/m °C 39.7
Heat capacity of Al2O3, Cp J/m °C 2.82 × 106 kp þ 2kut À 2gðkut À kp Þ
ku ¼ kut d ð4Þ
Thermal conductivity of Fe3O4, kp W/m °C 7.1 kp þ 2kut þ gðkut À kp Þ
Heat capacity of Fe3O4, Cp J/m °C 3.2 × 106
As for thermal capacity, considering the energy equation
Thermal conductivity of Au, kp W/m °C 297.73
for a two-component (biology part and nanoparticle part)
Heat capacity of Au, Cp J/m3 °C 2.21 × 106 system of biomaterial, the volume fraction of particleused in
Thermal conductivity of PTFE, kp W/m °C 0.2 Equations (3) and (4) is introduced. Then the thermal
Heat capacity of PTFE, Cp J/m °C 2.13 × 106 capacity can be defined as follows:
Thermal conductivity of diamond, kp W/m °C 2000
Cf ¼ Cf t dð1 À gÞ þ Cp d g ð5Þ
Heat capacity of diamond, Cp J/m °C 1.4 × 106
Heat capacity of frozen tissue, Cft J/m °C 2 × 106
Heat capacity of blood, Cb J/m °C 3.6 × 106
Cu ¼ Cut dð1 À gÞ þ Cp d g ð6Þ
Heat capacity of unfrozen tissue, Cut J/m °C 3.6 × 106 here, subscripts f and u represent frozen and unfrozen
Latent heat, L J/m °C 250 × 106 mixture, respectively. Subscripts ft and ut mean frozen and
Temperature of lower phase change, Tl K 265.15 unfrozen tissues, respectively. Subscript p stands for the
loaded particles.
Temperature of upper phase change, Tu K 272.15
Based on Equations (1) and (2), a unified equation, which
Temperature of outside boundary, Tp K 77
can be applied to frozen, partially frozen, and unfrozen tissue
Arterial temperature, Ta K 310.15 regions, can be written by introducing effective heat capacity.
Because the phase change of real biological tissue does not
take place at a specific temperature but within a temperature
range, it is reasonable to substitute a large effective heat
The mathematical model used here is based on four capacity over a temperature range (Tml, Tmu) for the latent heat,
principal assumptions: (1) The effect of cell deformation due where Tml and Tmu are, respectively, the lower and upper phase
to freezing is neglected, and the transmembrane temperature transition temperatures of the tissue. For brevity, the derivation
difference is also omitted for simplicity. (2) Both the target and definition of effective thermal capacity, effective thermal
cell and its surrounding tumor area are regarded as an ideal conductivity, effective metabolic heat generation, and effective
sphere, and the media inside or outside the cell as blood perfusion are not repeated here. Readers are referred to
homogeneous and are treated as one-dimensional. (3) The Deng and Liu29 for more details.
thermal properties of nanoparticles are treated as tempera-
ture-independent. (4) The injected nanoparticles are all
treated as ideal spheres. Results
Because the Hamilton-Crosser (H-C) model is the
Simulation results
classical theory to predict thermal conductivity of nanofluids
that has been applied in the field of particles-tissue Considering the typical characteristic size of biological cells
interaction resulting from hyperthermia, in this study it is as between 5 and 20 μm, the radius of a tumor cell is taken here
also used for calculating the thermal conductivities of objects as 10 μm. It is assumed further that the distance between the
composed of biomaterials and nanoparticles. Another reason cell center and the boundary of the calculation domain is
to use the H-C model is that it can simply but effectively 30 μm. For simplification, only the first boundary condition
describe the macroscale thermal conductivity of nanoparti- was considered, namely to suppose that T = 77 K at the edge of
cle-tissue mixtures without considering the size effect of the calculation domain. For much more complicated situations
nanoparticles, which, according to our previous experimen- the present method is still applicable. In addition, the initial
tal results, does not play a distinct role in increasing the temperature in the calculation domain is set as T = 310.15 K.
macroscale thermal conductivity. The theoretical model was simulated using the finite
Considering phase change phenomena during cryosur- element method. Typical properties for biological tissue30,31
gery, the effective heat capacity method is adopted to as well as different kinds of particles32 are listed in Table 1 in
simultaneously solve the heat transfer in frozen and unfrozen the following simulations. Considering that the size effect of
areas. According to the H-C model, in frozen and unfrozen nanoparticles is neglected with the H-C model and has
5. J.-F. Yan, J. Liu / Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine 4 (2008) 79–87 83
Figure 3. Freezing temperature responses at the core of the studied cell for different nanoparticle loading situations where the volume fraction of particles is
distributed uniformly by η = 1%. within the cell interior and outside the cell by η = 2% (A), η = 10% (B), and η = 20% (C), respectively. (D) Temperature profile
along the radius direction at 0.5 ms with different concentrations of nano-Al2O3.
minimal influence on the macroscale thermal conductivity as exceeding that of gold by fivefold, it is noted that if its
mentioned, standard thermal property values for particles are volumetric loads are not high enough there is almost no
used instead. differential cooling effect with nanogold. Therefore, choos-
Presented in Figure 3, A–C are the temperature responses ing an optimal concentration with appropriate particles is
at the core of a cell during freezing for the situations loading crucial to maximize the effects of cryosurgery with minimum
with different kinds of nanoparticles when their volume cost. In addition, with the increase of volume fractions in
fractions are η = 1% in the cell and η = 2%, η = 10%, and tumor cells, the influence induced by particles becomes
η = 20% outside the cell, respectively. Figure 3, D shows the stronger and more apparent. Figure 3, D shows that the
temperature profile along the radius direction at 0.5 ms temperature of a tumor cell core with a 20% volume fraction
with different concentrations of nano-Al2O3. It can be seen of nano-Al2O3 could decrease to 82 K at 0.5 ms, whereas it
that different kinds and concentrations of nanoparticles have could only reach 107 K with 2% volumetric loads. However,
different influences on the freezing rate in the cell. A large it still can be observed that the freezing enhancement
volume fraction of nanoparticles with high thermal con- induced by a 2% volume fraction of nano-Al2O3 is evident in
ductivity could evidently increase the freezing rate of the comparison with the case without loading nanoparticles (6 K
cell. On the contrary, particles with low thermal conductivity temperature difference in core of cell at 0.5 ms). As can be
could decrease the freezing rate. As shown from Figure 3, seen in Figure 3, D, the calculated values are in good accord
A–C, at the same volume fraction, polytetrafluoroethylene with the currently available experimental data.21
(PTFE) and diamond play a much more significant role in To better quantify the freezing rate of a cell loaded with
affecting the freezing rate than other candidate particles. This nanoparticles, Figure 4, A–C, corresponding to the same
can be attributed to their lowest and highest thermal situations in Figure 3, A–C, presents the freezing rate
conductivity, respectively. However, from Figure 3, A–C it response at the core of the cell, with maximum freezing rates
was shown that at one volume fraction there would be a specifically marked on the curve. At the same time, an
limitation on the increase in freezing rate when using average temperature-decreasing rate at the core of the cell
Z
particles with larger thermal conductivity. That is, concen- 1 s AT
can be defined as PB ¼ dt, where τ is the freezing
trations correlate closely with thermal conductivities of s 0 At
particles in the contribution to freezing enhancement. For time. Here the total freezing time is calculated as 1 ms,
instance, although diamond has a thermal conductivity because the freezing procedure tends to be relatively stable
6. 84 J.-F. Yan, J. Liu / Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine 4 (2008) 79–87
Figure 4. Freezing-rate response at the core of the cell, where the maximum rate was marked. Here, A to C correspond to Figure 3, A–C, respectively. D, Average
temperature decreasing rate at the core of the cell with various particle loading fractions and particle types.
after that. The results are illustrated in Figure 4, D for various Au is used and η = 20% outside the cell compared with the
cases. An interesting result can be found in Figure 4, A–C no-particle case. Therefore, from the above discussion it is
that at the same concentration of particles, the time of clear that nanocryosurgery could produce stronger freezing
maximum freezing rate occurs in accordance with the order effects than that of conventional cryosurgery, especially with
of thermal conductivity. Diamond, with greatest thermal regard to the maximum freezing rate. Such influence is very
conductivity, results in the earliest maximum freezing rate, important in a large extent to enhance killing of tumor tissues
whereas PTFE results in the last one. However, it seems that the during cryosurgery.
actual value of the maximum freezing rate has no clear
Nucleation mechanism of nanocryosurgery
correlation with the kinds and volume fractions of particles. As
shown from Figure 4, A–C, the maximum freezing rate of Au From the above heat transfer simulation it can be seen that
could reach 3.37 × 106 K/s and 4.12 × 106 K/s when the the maximum freezing rate could be substantially improved
fraction volume outside the cell is 0.02 and 0.2, respectively, when nanoparticles are introduced. However, this is still not
whereas the maximum freezing rate will only reach 3.09 × the complete story, because the temperature decrease alone
106 K/s when its fraction volume is 0.1. Meanwhile, it can also does not necessarily represent that the tumor cell has become
be seen that when η = 20%, the best thermal conductivity necrotic. Besides their influence on freezing speed, nano-
particles (diamond) do not necessarily guarantee reaching a particles also play an important role in inducing ice
maximum freezing rate, as reflected by Figure 4, C. Therefore, nucleation, which is critical in determining the final cell
one can conclude that the maximum freezing rate not only damage. As will be illustrated in the following, using
depends on the thermal conductivities but also on the volume nanoparticles as seeds, the heterogeneous nucleation rate
fraction and other thermal properties such as density, heat could be significantly improved. Such an improvement
capacity, and latent heat. As for the average freezing rate in results in a higher PIF, leading to a lethal effect on tumor cells.
Figure 4, D, it demonstrates effectively that the better thermal In a classical homogeneous nucleation theory, the
conductivity and the larger volume fraction it has, the higher standard Gibbs free energy of formation (ΔGi) of a cluster
value of average freezing rate it could reach. It can be of phase β (ice) containing i molecules from its mother phase
found that the maximum average freezing rate reaches α is given by:33
about 2.33 × 105 K/s when diamond is used and η = 20%
outside the cell, and the increasing magnitude attains about DGi ¼ ivb DGi þ ð36pÞ1=3 i2=3 rab ðvb Þ2=3 ð7Þ
2.5% compared with the PTFE state. Likewise, the maximum where ΔGt is the Gibbs free-energy difference between α
magnitude of maximum freezing rate can reach 76% when and β phase per volume, vβ is the molecular volume of phase
7. J.-F. Yan, J. Liu / Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine 4 (2008) 79–87 85
Figure 5. The influence of particle size and volume fractions upon nucleation effectiveness at different temperatures.
β, and σαβ is the interfacial free energy per unit area. 8prab
Maximizing ΔGi with respect to i and assuming closely DGiT ¼ f ðg; xÞ ð12Þ
3ðDGt Þ2
packed water molecules, one can obtain the following
relationships for the critical cluster:
here, x is defined as x = Rn/r*, Rn is the radius of the particle.
3 η = cosθ, in which θ is the wrapping angle. Because it is
T 32p rab 2rab
i ¼À b ; or rT ¼ À ð8Þ assumed that particles in the cell are in the state of perfect
3v DGt DGt humidification, that is θ = 0 and η = 1. Therefore, f (η,x) can
and the following relationship for ΔGi*: be expressed as follows35:
16p ðrab Þ3
DGi* ¼ ð9Þ f ðn; xÞ ¼ 1
3 ðDGt Þ2 #
1Àx 3 3 xÀ1 xÀ1 3
þ þx 2À3 þ
where r* is the radius of the critical cluster. g g g
Considering both diffusion barrier ΔGi′ and nucleation
xÀ1
barrier ΔGi*, nucleation rate Jhom reads as34: þ 3x2 À1
g
nl kT DGi V DGi T ð13Þ
Jhom ¼ exp À exp À ð10Þ
h kT kT where, g = (1+x2-2x)1/2.
where h is Planck's constant, k the Boltzmann constant, and As is well known, the heterogeneous nucleation rate Jhet
n1 molecules per unit volume of mother phase. can be defined as:
When nanoparticles are introduced as seeds and uni-
formly distributed throughout the target tissue or cell, the n0 kT DGi V DGiT
Jhet ¼ 4pR2 exp À
n exp À ð14Þ
heterogeneous nucleation will play a leading role. According h kT kT
to heterogeneous nucleation theory, r * and ΔGi* are where n0 is number of water molecules contacting the
respectively given by: particle surface per unit area.
If homogeneous nucleation is the main process in the no-
2rab
rT ¼ À ð11Þ particle case, whereas heterogeneous nucleation is the main
DGt process in particle case, under the same temperature
8. 86 J.-F. Yan, J. Liu / Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine 4 (2008) 79–87
condition, the nucleation rate ratio that implies the influence biological compatibility. Particle sizes less than 10 μm are
of particles on ice nucleation can be obtained as follows: normally considered sufficiently small to permit effective
! delivery to the site of the tumor, either via encapsulation in a
n0d 4pR2 8prab ab 2
larger moiety or suspension in a carrier fluid. Introduction of
Jhet =Jhom ¼ n
exp 2ðr Þ À f ð1; xÞ :
n1 3kT ðDGt Þ2 nanoparticles into the target would effectively increase the
nucleation rate at a high temperature threshold. In this case, a
ð15Þ
cryoprobe with only a moderate freezing capability may
Because of the lack of experimental data, in this study we work well for treating the tumor.
assume that r* = 1 nm, σαβ = 2 mJ/m2 ,ΔGt = -1E103 T Although a complete understanding of nanocryosurgery
n0d 4pR2n is presently not yet available, this study offers a preliminary
(273.15-T), = 1-η, and Figure 5 quantitatively outline of the new therapy's promising future. Such a
n1
depicts the influence of particle size and volume fractions surgical protocol could overcome the limitations of conven-
upon nucleation effectiveness. From the calculation as given tional cryosurgery in many respects and offers a much higher
in Figure 5, A–D, it can be seen that once nanoparticles are maximum freezing rate as well as possibilities of ice
loaded into the cell, the heterogeneous nucleation rate would nucleation. It can also be helpful and flexible for an adaptive
be significantly high at the beginning of the freezing process tumor treatment as well as in vivo medical imaging. In an
in comparison with the no-particle case, which implies that ideal scenario, a minimally invasive and safe freezing
nanocryosurgery could result in cell death at a relatively high therapy could be guaranteed. Future efforts should be
temperature threshold. In addition, if particle size exceeds directed toward both the fundamental mechanisms as well
the radius of the critical cluster, its influence on ice as clinical issues of the new conceptual nanocryosurgery.
nucleation does not change. However, it is interesting to
note that particles with low volume fraction can increase the
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