This document discusses lasers used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It begins with an introduction to lasers and their properties. It then covers the history of lasers, the components of a laser unit including the active medium and resonator cavity. It classifies lasers based on their active medium and wavelength and discusses their indications for soft and hard tissue procedures. Examples of surgical uses include cleft surgery, TMJ surgery, intraoral lesions, and implantology. Precautions for safe use and the selection of appropriate lasers are also outlined.
Lasers and its role in endodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Lasers in oral & maxillofacial surgery/oral surgery courses by indian dental ...Indian dental academy
This document provides an overview of lasers used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It discusses the history of lasers, laser physics including population inversion and stimulated emission, laser design components, methods of laser light delivery including articulated arms and optical fibers, laser focusing modes, and different types of lasers including CO2, Nd:YAG, and argon lasers. The key properties and applications of each laser type are described.
This document provides an overview of lasers used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It discusses the historical background of lasers, laser physics, types of lasers, clinical applications including skin resurfacing, vascular and pigmented lesion treatment, hair removal and scar management. Safety considerations and recent advances in laser technology and applications are also covered.
This study evaluated the outcome of surgical treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) with the additional use of autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membranes. 15 patients underwent surgical resection of necrotic bone followed by placement of multiple PRF membrane layers over the bone. At follow-up between 7-20 months post-op, 14 of 15 patients (93%) showed complete mucosal healing with no symptoms or bone exposure, indicating the PRF membranes aided in wound healing. One patient had recurrence. The study concluded PRF membrane use provides multilayer closure and benefits patients with reduced complications and better healing.
This document reviews the soft tissue applications of lasers in dentistry. It discusses how lasers provide benefits like surface sterilization, a dry surgical field, and increased patient acceptance for soft tissue procedures. Specific conditions that can be effectively treated with lasers are mentioned, such as peripheral ossifying fibromas, denture-induced fibrous hyperplasia, mucoceles, hemangiomas, and lymphangiomas. Lasers are described as a useful tool for treating premalignant and malignant oral lesions as well.
This document provides an overview of lasers in dentistry. It discusses the history and development of lasers, how lasers are designed and how laser light interacts with tissues. It describes common dental lasers like CO2 and argon lasers, and their applications. CO2 lasers are well absorbed in oral tissues and useful for soft tissue procedures. Argon lasers are absorbed by hemoglobin and melanin, making them good for coagulation. The document outlines the benefits of lasers for various dental procedures.
Laser applications in oral medicine include photothermal, photochemical, photocoagulation, photovaporization, and photodynamic effects on biological tissues. Lasers have monochromatic, directional, bright, and coherent light that allows for precise tissue interactions. Delivery systems include direct application, articulated arms, fiber optics, waveguides, and scanners. Lasers can be used to stimulate, damage, or ablate tissue depending on the temperature achieved and exposure time.
Lasers and its role in endodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Lasers in oral & maxillofacial surgery/oral surgery courses by indian dental ...Indian dental academy
This document provides an overview of lasers used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It discusses the history of lasers, laser physics including population inversion and stimulated emission, laser design components, methods of laser light delivery including articulated arms and optical fibers, laser focusing modes, and different types of lasers including CO2, Nd:YAG, and argon lasers. The key properties and applications of each laser type are described.
This document provides an overview of lasers used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It discusses the historical background of lasers, laser physics, types of lasers, clinical applications including skin resurfacing, vascular and pigmented lesion treatment, hair removal and scar management. Safety considerations and recent advances in laser technology and applications are also covered.
This study evaluated the outcome of surgical treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) with the additional use of autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membranes. 15 patients underwent surgical resection of necrotic bone followed by placement of multiple PRF membrane layers over the bone. At follow-up between 7-20 months post-op, 14 of 15 patients (93%) showed complete mucosal healing with no symptoms or bone exposure, indicating the PRF membranes aided in wound healing. One patient had recurrence. The study concluded PRF membrane use provides multilayer closure and benefits patients with reduced complications and better healing.
This document reviews the soft tissue applications of lasers in dentistry. It discusses how lasers provide benefits like surface sterilization, a dry surgical field, and increased patient acceptance for soft tissue procedures. Specific conditions that can be effectively treated with lasers are mentioned, such as peripheral ossifying fibromas, denture-induced fibrous hyperplasia, mucoceles, hemangiomas, and lymphangiomas. Lasers are described as a useful tool for treating premalignant and malignant oral lesions as well.
This document provides an overview of lasers in dentistry. It discusses the history and development of lasers, how lasers are designed and how laser light interacts with tissues. It describes common dental lasers like CO2 and argon lasers, and their applications. CO2 lasers are well absorbed in oral tissues and useful for soft tissue procedures. Argon lasers are absorbed by hemoglobin and melanin, making them good for coagulation. The document outlines the benefits of lasers for various dental procedures.
Laser applications in oral medicine include photothermal, photochemical, photocoagulation, photovaporization, and photodynamic effects on biological tissues. Lasers have monochromatic, directional, bright, and coherent light that allows for precise tissue interactions. Delivery systems include direct application, articulated arms, fiber optics, waveguides, and scanners. Lasers can be used to stimulate, damage, or ablate tissue depending on the temperature achieved and exposure time.
This document provides an overview of lasers used in dentistry. It discusses the fundamentals of laser operation including different types of lasers and their properties. Common lasers used in dentistry include CO2, Nd:YAG, erbium, and diode lasers which are used for both soft and hard tissue applications. Lasers offer advantages over traditional methods like reduced pain and bleeding, faster healing, and more precise tissue interaction. Safety measures must be followed when using lasers to avoid injury to patients and operators.
The document summarizes different types of lasers used in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS). It discusses the historical background and components of lasers. The most commonly used lasers in dentistry are carbon dioxide lasers, erbium lasers, argon lasers, Nd:YAG lasers, KTP lasers, and diode lasers. Each laser type is characterized by its active medium and wavelength, which determine its absorption in different tissues and clinical applications.
This document discusses the use of lasers in periodontal treatment. It begins by introducing several types of lasers approved for soft tissue treatments in dentistry, including CO2, Nd:YAG, and diode lasers. The Er:YAG laser is also noted as being approved for hard tissue treatments. The document then lists advantages of laser surgery over conventional treatments. It provides examples of soft tissue applications like gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, and frenectomy. Hard tissue applications mentioned include scaling and root planing, bone procedures, whitening, and crown lengthening. Specific case examples are also included to illustrate laser procedures.
Local anesthesia in dentistry : RECENT ADVANCESPooja Jayan
This document provides an overview of local anesthesia. It begins with definitions of local anesthesia and discusses its history from the isolation of cocaine in 1859 to the development of modern local anesthetics like lidocaine. It describes the ideal properties, theories of action, classification, composition, maximum doses, armamentarium, techniques for maxillary and mandibular injections, and potential complications. The key information is that local anesthesia temporarily interrupts nerve conduction to produce loss of sensation in a circumscribed area, allowing for painless dental procedures.
This document discusses the use of lasers in prosthodontics. It describes how lasers are used for soft and hard tissue procedures like crown lengthening, gingival retraction, and implant uncovering. Lasers provide benefits like less pain, bleeding, and faster healing compared to traditional techniques. The document also outlines how lasers are used in areas like removable prosthetics, implantology, and maxillofacial prosthetics for procedures like torus reduction, peri-implantitis treatment, and prosthesis fabrication.
1. Lasers are used in oral and maxillofacial surgery for excising both benign and malignant lesions with advantages over conventional surgery like more tissue preservation, less blood loss, and optional for further treatment.
2. The CO2 laser is commonly used as its wavelength is absorbed by water, providing hemostasis while limiting thermal damage. It allows precise excision of soft tissue lesions.
3. Proper laser safety equipment and protocols must be followed to prevent injury to patients and operators from beam reflection and potential fires from surgical drapes and airway tubes near the operative site.
Cryotherapy and its implications in Oral surgeryShibani Sarangi
Cryosurgery involves applying low temperatures to living tissues in a controlled manner to induce irreversible damage. It has been used for over 100 years to treat skin lesions. The document discusses the history, indications, contraindications, cryogens, and mechanisms of cryosurgery. It describes open systems using liquid nitrogen spray and closed systems using cryoprobes. Cryosurgery can treat premalignant and benign oral lesions using 1-2 minute freeze/thaw cycles and is an effective minimally invasive treatment option in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
Arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular jointAhmed Adawy
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy, Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University. Arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint refers to lavage of the upper joint space, hydraulic pressure and manipulation to release adhesions of the “anchored disc phenomenon” and improve motion. The technique of arthrocentesis is discussed together with the indications and contraindications of the procedure. Further, the presentation includes modifications of the standard technique.
This document provides an overview of lasers used in dentistry, including their history, mechanisms of action, applications, and safety measures. It discusses how lasers were first developed in the 1960s and introduced to dentistry in the 1990s. The main types of lasers used include CO2, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and KTP lasers. Lasers can be used for both hard and soft tissue procedures, such as caries removal, gingivectomies, and lesion removal, with advantages like reduced pain, bleeding, and recovery time compared to traditional techniques. Safety precautions must be followed when using lasers to protect patients and operators.
This document discusses the various applications of lasers in endodontics. It outlines 10 main uses of lasers including analgesia, pulp diagnosis, pulpotomy, pulpectomy, root canal treatment, apical surgery, bleaching, dentinal hypersensitivity, sterilization of dental instruments, and treatment of incomplete tooth fractures. For each use, it provides details on the specific lasers used (such as Nd:YAG, Er:YAG), how they work, and their advantages over traditional methods. It also lists some contraindications and references several textbooks and studies on the topic.
This document discusses the use of lasers in oral medicine. It begins with definitions of lasers and a brief history of laser development. It describes the main types of lasers used in dentistry and their characteristics and applications. The document then discusses specific treatments using lasers for various oral conditions like aphthous ulcers, herpes labialis, pericoronitis, hemangiomas, fibromas, mucoceles, and leukoplakia. It concludes that lasers provide advantages like less bleeding, selective tissue removal, shorter procedures and reduced pain compared to conventional treatments.
This document describes the procedure for apicoectomy surgery. Apicoectomy involves surgically resecting the root tip and removing pathological periapical tissues after a failed root canal. Key steps include raising a flap to access the root tip, curettage to remove granulation tissue, resection of the root tip, preparation and filling of the root end, irrigation, and suturing the flap. The goal is to remove sources of ongoing infection and establish an adequate seal at the resected root tip.
This document summarizes the history and uses of lasers in dentistry. It discusses how lasers work through processes like stimulated emission and outlines the active mediums and components of different laser types. It describes common dental lasers like CO2, diode, Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers and their applications. These include soft tissue procedures, caries detection and removal, periodontal therapy, implant treatment, bleaching and more. Precautions, advantages and disadvantages of each laser are also summarized.
The document discusses laser interactions and effects on biological hard tissues and applications in orthopedic surgery. It provides details on the types of lasers used, their modes of action including photochemical, thermal, and mechanical effects, and how these effects can be utilized for applications like incision, coagulation, ablation, and osteotomy of hard tissues in orthopedic procedures. Advantages of laser surgery over traditional techniques are also summarized.
Lasers have various applications in prosthodontics including gingival retraction, crown lengthening, edentulous site preparation, osseous recontouring, soft tissue management, and removable prosthodontics. Different lasers such as diode, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and CO2 lasers can be used depending on whether hard or soft tissue is being treated, with Er lasers able to recontour bone. Lasers provide benefits like precision, hemostasis, and improved tissue healing compared to traditional methods.
This document provides an overview of lasers and their use in dentistry. It begins with the history and fundamentals of lasers, including how they work and their properties. Commonly used dental lasers such as Nd:YAG, CO2, and diode lasers are then described. The applications of lasers in dentistry are discussed, including procedures on hard and soft tissues. Some advantages of lasers are their precision and reduced pain compared to traditional methods. Protection measures for laser use are also outlined. The document concludes that lasers provide alternatives to conventional surgery and are an effective "new scalpel" in dentistry.
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy in Oral cancer managementTejaswini Pss
This document discusses the use of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the management of oral cancer. It provides details on different treatment modalities including external beam radiation therapy, intensity modulated radiation therapy, brachytherapy, and chemotherapy. It also covers topics like dental preparation before radiation treatment, acute and late side effects of radiation therapy including xerostomia, and approaches to manage radiation-associated complications.
LASERS IN CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS new.pptxCmenonMenon
This document provides an overview of lasers used in conservative dentistry and endodontics. It discusses the history and development of lasers, including important milestones. It also covers the fundamentals of how lasers work, including the active medium, pumping mechanism, optical resonators, and stimulated emission. Different laser delivery systems and emission modes are described. The effects of lasers on tissue include reflection, absorption, transmission and scattering.
This document provides an overview of lasers used in dentistry. It discusses the fundamentals of laser operation including different types of lasers and their properties. Common lasers used in dentistry include CO2, Nd:YAG, erbium, and diode lasers which are used for both soft and hard tissue applications. Lasers offer advantages over traditional methods like reduced pain and bleeding, faster healing, and more precise tissue interaction. Safety measures must be followed when using lasers to avoid injury to patients and operators.
The document summarizes different types of lasers used in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS). It discusses the historical background and components of lasers. The most commonly used lasers in dentistry are carbon dioxide lasers, erbium lasers, argon lasers, Nd:YAG lasers, KTP lasers, and diode lasers. Each laser type is characterized by its active medium and wavelength, which determine its absorption in different tissues and clinical applications.
This document discusses the use of lasers in periodontal treatment. It begins by introducing several types of lasers approved for soft tissue treatments in dentistry, including CO2, Nd:YAG, and diode lasers. The Er:YAG laser is also noted as being approved for hard tissue treatments. The document then lists advantages of laser surgery over conventional treatments. It provides examples of soft tissue applications like gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, and frenectomy. Hard tissue applications mentioned include scaling and root planing, bone procedures, whitening, and crown lengthening. Specific case examples are also included to illustrate laser procedures.
Local anesthesia in dentistry : RECENT ADVANCESPooja Jayan
This document provides an overview of local anesthesia. It begins with definitions of local anesthesia and discusses its history from the isolation of cocaine in 1859 to the development of modern local anesthetics like lidocaine. It describes the ideal properties, theories of action, classification, composition, maximum doses, armamentarium, techniques for maxillary and mandibular injections, and potential complications. The key information is that local anesthesia temporarily interrupts nerve conduction to produce loss of sensation in a circumscribed area, allowing for painless dental procedures.
This document discusses the use of lasers in prosthodontics. It describes how lasers are used for soft and hard tissue procedures like crown lengthening, gingival retraction, and implant uncovering. Lasers provide benefits like less pain, bleeding, and faster healing compared to traditional techniques. The document also outlines how lasers are used in areas like removable prosthetics, implantology, and maxillofacial prosthetics for procedures like torus reduction, peri-implantitis treatment, and prosthesis fabrication.
1. Lasers are used in oral and maxillofacial surgery for excising both benign and malignant lesions with advantages over conventional surgery like more tissue preservation, less blood loss, and optional for further treatment.
2. The CO2 laser is commonly used as its wavelength is absorbed by water, providing hemostasis while limiting thermal damage. It allows precise excision of soft tissue lesions.
3. Proper laser safety equipment and protocols must be followed to prevent injury to patients and operators from beam reflection and potential fires from surgical drapes and airway tubes near the operative site.
Cryotherapy and its implications in Oral surgeryShibani Sarangi
Cryosurgery involves applying low temperatures to living tissues in a controlled manner to induce irreversible damage. It has been used for over 100 years to treat skin lesions. The document discusses the history, indications, contraindications, cryogens, and mechanisms of cryosurgery. It describes open systems using liquid nitrogen spray and closed systems using cryoprobes. Cryosurgery can treat premalignant and benign oral lesions using 1-2 minute freeze/thaw cycles and is an effective minimally invasive treatment option in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
Arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular jointAhmed Adawy
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy, Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University. Arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint refers to lavage of the upper joint space, hydraulic pressure and manipulation to release adhesions of the “anchored disc phenomenon” and improve motion. The technique of arthrocentesis is discussed together with the indications and contraindications of the procedure. Further, the presentation includes modifications of the standard technique.
This document provides an overview of lasers used in dentistry, including their history, mechanisms of action, applications, and safety measures. It discusses how lasers were first developed in the 1960s and introduced to dentistry in the 1990s. The main types of lasers used include CO2, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and KTP lasers. Lasers can be used for both hard and soft tissue procedures, such as caries removal, gingivectomies, and lesion removal, with advantages like reduced pain, bleeding, and recovery time compared to traditional techniques. Safety precautions must be followed when using lasers to protect patients and operators.
This document discusses the various applications of lasers in endodontics. It outlines 10 main uses of lasers including analgesia, pulp diagnosis, pulpotomy, pulpectomy, root canal treatment, apical surgery, bleaching, dentinal hypersensitivity, sterilization of dental instruments, and treatment of incomplete tooth fractures. For each use, it provides details on the specific lasers used (such as Nd:YAG, Er:YAG), how they work, and their advantages over traditional methods. It also lists some contraindications and references several textbooks and studies on the topic.
This document discusses the use of lasers in oral medicine. It begins with definitions of lasers and a brief history of laser development. It describes the main types of lasers used in dentistry and their characteristics and applications. The document then discusses specific treatments using lasers for various oral conditions like aphthous ulcers, herpes labialis, pericoronitis, hemangiomas, fibromas, mucoceles, and leukoplakia. It concludes that lasers provide advantages like less bleeding, selective tissue removal, shorter procedures and reduced pain compared to conventional treatments.
This document describes the procedure for apicoectomy surgery. Apicoectomy involves surgically resecting the root tip and removing pathological periapical tissues after a failed root canal. Key steps include raising a flap to access the root tip, curettage to remove granulation tissue, resection of the root tip, preparation and filling of the root end, irrigation, and suturing the flap. The goal is to remove sources of ongoing infection and establish an adequate seal at the resected root tip.
This document summarizes the history and uses of lasers in dentistry. It discusses how lasers work through processes like stimulated emission and outlines the active mediums and components of different laser types. It describes common dental lasers like CO2, diode, Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers and their applications. These include soft tissue procedures, caries detection and removal, periodontal therapy, implant treatment, bleaching and more. Precautions, advantages and disadvantages of each laser are also summarized.
The document discusses laser interactions and effects on biological hard tissues and applications in orthopedic surgery. It provides details on the types of lasers used, their modes of action including photochemical, thermal, and mechanical effects, and how these effects can be utilized for applications like incision, coagulation, ablation, and osteotomy of hard tissues in orthopedic procedures. Advantages of laser surgery over traditional techniques are also summarized.
Lasers have various applications in prosthodontics including gingival retraction, crown lengthening, edentulous site preparation, osseous recontouring, soft tissue management, and removable prosthodontics. Different lasers such as diode, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and CO2 lasers can be used depending on whether hard or soft tissue is being treated, with Er lasers able to recontour bone. Lasers provide benefits like precision, hemostasis, and improved tissue healing compared to traditional methods.
This document provides an overview of lasers and their use in dentistry. It begins with the history and fundamentals of lasers, including how they work and their properties. Commonly used dental lasers such as Nd:YAG, CO2, and diode lasers are then described. The applications of lasers in dentistry are discussed, including procedures on hard and soft tissues. Some advantages of lasers are their precision and reduced pain compared to traditional methods. Protection measures for laser use are also outlined. The document concludes that lasers provide alternatives to conventional surgery and are an effective "new scalpel" in dentistry.
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy in Oral cancer managementTejaswini Pss
This document discusses the use of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the management of oral cancer. It provides details on different treatment modalities including external beam radiation therapy, intensity modulated radiation therapy, brachytherapy, and chemotherapy. It also covers topics like dental preparation before radiation treatment, acute and late side effects of radiation therapy including xerostomia, and approaches to manage radiation-associated complications.
LASERS IN CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS new.pptxCmenonMenon
This document provides an overview of lasers used in conservative dentistry and endodontics. It discusses the history and development of lasers, including important milestones. It also covers the fundamentals of how lasers work, including the active medium, pumping mechanism, optical resonators, and stimulated emission. Different laser delivery systems and emission modes are described. The effects of lasers on tissue include reflection, absorption, transmission and scattering.
The document provides an overview of lasers, including:
1. It defines what a laser is, describing the acronym LASER and how lasers emit a useful form of light energy.
2. It discusses the history and development of lasers, including milestones such as the first laser built in 1960 and early medical uses starting in 1963.
3. It describes the key principles and components of how lasers work, including stimulated emission, the pumping system, and optical cavity that contains the lasing medium.
1. Lasers were first theorized in 1917 and the first laser was demonstrated in 1960. Lasers work by stimulating emission of photons through excited atoms or molecules and optical amplification.
2. Lasers are used commonly in ENT for procedures like stapedotomy, myringotomy, tumor removal, nasal polyp reduction, and turbinate reduction. The most commonly used lasers are CO2, KTP, Nd:YAG, and argon lasers.
3. Laser light can be delivered via articulated arms, fiber optics, and other methods. Tissue interactions include vaporization, coagulation, and incision depending on the laser's wavelength and power parameters. Precise delivery allows for minim
This document discusses the use of lasers in oncosurgery. It begins with a brief history of lasers and their clinical applications. It then describes the components, properties, and classifications of laser devices. The mechanisms of laser tissue interactions like photothermal, photomechanical, and photodynamic effects are explained. Different types of lasers used in surgery like CO2, KTP-argon, and Nd:YAG lasers are outlined. Applications of lasers in oncology, gastrointestinal cancers, liver surgery, neurosurgery, and selective cancer therapy using gold nanorods are summarized.
- Lasers work by stimulating the emission of photons from atoms or molecules in an active medium, which are then amplified through stimulated emission to produce a coherent beam of light.
- Early lasers used ruby as the lasing medium, while modern lasers use a variety of solid, liquid, gas, and semiconductor media.
- In dermatology, lasers target chromophores like melanin, blood, and tattoo ink to selectively treat conditions while minimizing damage to surrounding tissue.
This document provides an overview of laser therapy basics. It discusses the principles of lasers, including how they work by stimulating emission of radiation. It describes the different types of lasers categorized by their lasing medium (solid, gas, liquid) and wavelengths commonly used (CO2, Nd:YAG, excimer). The document explains principles of selective photothermolysis and how parameters like wavelength, pulse duration, and skin cooling can be optimized for specific clinical indications and target chromophores in the skin.
This document provides information about lasers and their use in ophthalmology. It begins with definitions of laser and its acronym. It then discusses the history and development of lasers from 1917 to present. The key properties and mechanisms of laser light production are described. Common types of ophthalmic lasers and their applications are outlined, including Nd:YAG, excimer, and diode lasers used for conditions like glaucoma, refractive error correction, and retinal diseases. The laser-tissue interaction mechanisms of thermal, photochemical and ionizing effects are summarized. The document concludes with sections on laser instrumentation and delivery systems and specific laser procedures in ophthalmology.
This document provides an overview of lasers used in oral surgery. It discusses the introduction of lasers, the quantum theory of radiation, components of a laser system including the active medium, pumping mechanism, optical resonator, delivery system and control panel. It also covers the physical properties of lasers including monochromaticity, directionality, coherence and brightness. Different types of lasers are described along with their characteristics, interactions with oral tissues, indications and contraindications for use. Specific details about carbon dioxide lasers and their advantages are also mentioned.
Lasers have many uses in ophthalmology, both therapeutic and diagnostic. Therapeutically, lasers are used to treat retinal disorders like diabetic retinopathy, macular edema and retinal detachments. They are also used in procedures like laser iridotomy and trabeculoplasty to treat glaucoma. Diagnostically, lasers are used in optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy to image the retina. Different types of lasers like argon, Nd:YAG and excimer interact with tissue in various ways such as coagulation, vaporization or ablation, depending on the wavelength and power. While lasers are generally safe, potential complications include pain, elevated pressure, retinal damage and
This document discusses lasers used in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) applications. It begins with an overview of lasers, their history, components, and how they work. It then describes different types of lasers used in ENT, including CO2, Nd:YAG, and argon lasers. For each laser, it discusses their wavelength, tissue interactions, uses in ENT procedures, advantages, and more. The document provides a detailed summary of lasers and their applications in ENT surgery and procedures.
This document provides an overview of dental calculus and lasers. It discusses the history and development of lasers from Einstein's work in 1917 to current diode lasers. It describes laser physics including stimulated emission and classifications based on gain medium, tissue application, and mode of action. Safety hazards of lasers like ocular injury, tissue damage, fires, and respiratory issues are covered. In conclusion, lasers may become preferred for non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapy in the future.
Principles and uses of lasers in omfs /certified fixed orthodontic courses by...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document discusses the use of lasers in ophthalmology. It provides a history of laser development, starting with the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. It describes various types of lasers used in ophthalmology such as gas lasers, solid state lasers, and discusses their properties. It also summarizes laser tissue interactions including photothermal, photoablative, photodisruptive, and plasma mediated effects. Examples of laser use in corneal surgery including excimer laser refractive surgery and use of femtosecond lasers are provided.
Lasers in ophthalmology - Dr. Parag Apteparag apte
A full presentation of one hour of all types of lasers in ophthalmology for under graduates and post graduates after going through all the uploaded slides till today. This includes laser photocoagulation, laser iridotomy, and laser capsulotomy in detail
uses of lasers in conservative dentistry and endodonticssucheekiju1
This document discusses the use of lasers in conservative dentistry and endodontics. It provides an introduction to lasers and their classification based on wavelength. The key wavelengths used in dentistry include Nd:YAG, diode, CO2, Er:YAG, and argon lasers. Applications discussed include caries detection and removal, restoration removal, etching, photopolymerization, bleaching, and endodontic uses such as pulp capping, disinfection, and obturation. Lasers provide precision and bloodless operating fields and can improve outcomes for many dental procedures.
This document discusses the use of lasers in dentistry. It begins by explaining how lasers were first developed in the 1960s and are now used for many procedures like cavity preparation and surgery. Different types of lasers are described, including CO2, argon, Nd:YAG, KTP, and erbium lasers. The document discusses how lasers work by producing photons that are absorbed by chromophores in tissue, and the various biological effects this can cause like coagulation, ablation, and biostimulation. Safety considerations for using lasers in surgery are also mentioned.
This document discusses lasers, including:
1. How lasers work using stimulated emission to produce coherent, monochromatic beams of light.
2. The components of laser systems including the power source, lasing cavity, and waveguide.
3. Applications of various medical lasers including treating benign lesions, vascular lesions, pigmented lesions, and hair removal. Common lasers used are CO2, pulsed dye, argon, Nd:YAG, and intense pulsed light systems.
4. Properties of laser light that make it useful for dermatology such as being collimated, monochromatic, and coherent.
LASERS IN vitreoRETINAaaaaaaaaa2023.pptxMadhuri521470
Lasers are used to treat retinal disorders like diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusions. For diabetic retinopathy, focal laser photocoagulation is used for microaneurysms near the macula. Grid laser photocoagulation treats diffuse leakage, while panretinal photocoagulation treats proliferative retinopathy. Branch retinal vein occlusions are treated with grid laser for macular edema or scatter photocoagulation for neovascularization. The parameters and goals of treatment are tailored based on the specific condition and location of lesions.
Light is an integral part of our life. Advances in technology are increasing and changing the ways that the patient experience dental treatment. One of the milestones in technological advancements in dentistry is the use of lasers The early 20th century saw one of the greatest inventions in science & technology, in that LASERS which later went on to became a gift to health sciences. Albert Einstein is usually credited for the development of the laser theory. He was the first one to coin the term “Stimulated Emission” in his publication “Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung”, published in 1917 in the “Physikalische Zeitschrift”
Lasers are devices that produce beams of coherent and very high intensity light. The word LASER is an acronym for “Light Amplification by Stimulated\Emission of Radiation”. A crystal or gas is excited to emit light photons of a characteristic wavelength that are amplified and filtered to make a coherent light beam. The effect of the laser depends upon the power of the beam and the extent to which the beam absorbed. Several types of lasers are available based on the wavelengths. These range from long wavelengths (infrared), to visible wavelengths, to short wavelengths (ultraviolet), to special ultraviolet lasers called excimers. Lasers are used nowadays in many areas in the field of dentistry It is of the most captivating technologies in dental practice. Even though, introduced as an alternative to the traditional halogen curing light, laser now has become the instrument of choice, in many dental applications. Its advancements in the field of dentistry are playing a major role in patient care and well being.
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
1. LASERS IN ORAL &
MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
DR. JEFF ZACHARIA
POST GRADUATE STUDENT
AJ INSTITUTE OF DENTAL SCIENCES
2. CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. History
3. Properties of Laser
4. Laser unit
5. Classification of lasers
6. Indications of Lasers
7. Precautions before & during
irradiation
2
9. Selection of Lasers
10. Summary of types of Lasers
11. Complications
12. Safety concerns
13. Conclusion
3. INTRODUCTION
• LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification By Stimulated Emission Of Radiation.
• A laser beam is an electromagnetic beam of radiation which can fall anywhere in the
spectrum of visible or invisible light.
• The laser, as opposed to a regular light source, is composed of monochromatic, coherent
and collimated beams, which, when they strike a suitable target, create photoacoustic,
photochemical, photo-ablative, and photothermal effects
3
4. HISTORY
• 1917: Einstein introduced the idea of Laser based on
the theory of Stimulated emission
• 1960: Maiman built the first functioning Laser
• 1961: Johnson developed Laser generated from crystals
of Yttrium, Aluminum and Garnet treated with 1 – 3 %
Neodynum
• 1962: Bennet developed the Argon Laser
• 1964: Patel developed the CO2 Laser
5. PROPERTIES OF LASER
• Monochromatic
Refers to a single wavelength of light.
• Directional
The radiation is produced in a beam that is spatially narrow and
has low divergence
• Coherent
Waves of the light emitted have a constant relative phase.
• Collimated
Perfectly parallel beam of directional light
7. STIMULATED ABSORPTION
• Electrons are usually found in the low energy state/ground state.
• These electrons can be excited by an external source (photons)
• The photon can push the electron from a low energy state to a high energy state and absorb the
photon’s energy. 7
8. SPONTANEOUS EMISSION
• The excited electron in the higher energy state is
very unstable and falls back to the ground state
during which energy is released.
• The higher the fall, the higher the energy released.
8
9. STIMULATED EMISSION
• This occurs when a photon interacts with an electron in the
higher energy state.
• This forces the electron back into the lower energy state
thereby releasing energy (photons) from the ionized
electron.
• These photons tend to be identical and travel together in
the same direction.
9
11. LASER CAVITY
• It is composed of
• An active medium
• An excitation source
• An optical resonator
• The active medium is the chemical that undergoes stimulated emission.
• The photons of energy produced are collimated & amplified to produce a laser beam which is
then focused using a mirror to create a focal point.
11
12. DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Articulated arms
• Consists Hollow tubes and 45° mirrors at each joint
• Mirrors reflect the energy down the length of the tube
• A misalignment of the mirrors could cause a drop in the amount of
energy transmitted.
Hollow wave guide
• Consists of a semi rigid tube with reflective interior mirror finish
• Laser energy is reflected along this tube and exits through a handpiece
at the surgical end with the beam striking the tissue in a non contact
fashion
13. Optic fiber
• Fits into a handpeice
• Used in contact or non contact mode
• Focal point is near the tip which has the greatest energy
Hand held unit
• Low level lasers
• Induce photoreactions in cells through light stimulation which
is called photo-biostimulation. Power of these lasers is usually
under 250mW
• Can induce the stimulatory effects without thermal effects
14. MODES OF LASER BEAM
1. Pulsed mode
Allows tissue to cool before the next pulse of laser radiation is started.
The time between pulses can help avoid thermal effects on
surrounding tissues or excessive thermal effects on target tissues.
2. Continuous mode
Wave of laser must be stopped manually to allow tissues to cool.
Useful in ablative procedures or coagulation
14
15. VARIABLES THAT ARE CONTROLLED BY THE SURGEON
• The physician can control three variables:
– Spot size (measured in millimeters)
– Power (measured in watts)
– Exposure time (measured in seconds).
15
16. • Spot size
• It is the width of the laser beam on the target.
• At the focal point, maximum energy is focused to produce the smallest
spot size or the thinnest possible incision but to the greatest depth.
• Power
• May be kept constant with widely varying effects, depending on the
spot size & duration of exposure
• Exposure time
• The surgeon can vary the amount of energy delivered to the target
tissue by varying the exposure time.
16
17. LASER OPERATION PARAMETERS
• Laser beam hits tissue at its focal point (narrowest diameter)
• Cutting mode
• Beam moved away from its focal point.
• Wider area of tissue affected as beam diameter increases.
• Ablative mode.
FOCUSED BEAM
DE-FOCUSED BEAM
18. • There is direct contact between the tip and the target
tissue.
• The tissue absorbs the radiant energy and becomes hot
resulting in vaporization of the target cells
• Concentrated delivery of laser energy.
• Char tissue formation at tip.
• Tactile feedback is available
• Eg, Nd: YAG laser
NON-CONTACT LASER
CONTACT MODE
• There is no direct contact with the tissue. The
laser light transfers radiant energy to the
tissue resulting in vibration of the molecules
in the tissue
• Tip is kept 0.5 to 1 mm away from tissue.
• E.g, CO2 laser
LASER OPERATION PARAMETERS
22. ACCORDING ITS SPECTRUM OF LIGHT, MATERIAL USED AND HARDNESS
Soft tissue Lasers
1. Helium-neon (He-N) at 632.8 nm
2. Gallium- arsenide (Ga-As) at 830 nm
Hard tissue Lasers
1. Argon lasers (Ar) at 488 to 514 nm
2. Carbon-dioxide lasers (CO2) at 10.6 micro-meter
3. Neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet 1.064 micrometer.
4. Holmium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Ho:YAG) at 2:1.micro-meter.
5. Erbium, Chromium, Yttrium, Selenium - Gallium- Garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) at 2.78 micro-meter.
6. Neodymium Yttrium-Aluminum-Perovskite (Nd:YAP) at 1,340 nm.
22
23. TYPES OF LASERS
• On the basis of output of energy
• Low output, soft or therapeutic eg. Low-output diodes
• High output, hard, or surgical eg.CO2,Nd:YAG,Er:YAG
• On basis of state of gain medium
• Solid state- E.g. Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YAG
• Gas- E.g., Argon, CO2
• Excimer- E.g. ArF, KrCl
• Diode- E.g. GaAIAs
• On the basis of oscillation mode
• Continuous wave E.g. CO2, Diodes
• Pulsed wave E.g. Nd: YAG, Er: YAG
23
25. INDICATIONS OF LASERS
Surgical indications in children
• Congenital Vascular malformations such as hemangiomas or naevi
flammeus. Treated by Argon, Nd: YAG
• Cleft surgery: CO2 lasers can be used
TMJ laser assisted surgery
• Discectomy, Discoplasty, synovectomy, posterior attachment contraction &
eminectomy can be performed in Out patient basis using 2 incisions less
than 2 mm each. 25
26. Intramucosal surgery
• Common applications include
incisional/excisional biopsy
frenectomy
Ablation of premalignant lesions
Prosthetic procedures
Vestibuloplasty
Excision of epulis fissuratum
26
27. Cosmetic facial surgery
• Lasers can be used for skin resurfacing
The superficial layers of the epidermis and papillary dermis are removed leaving
the reticular layer of dermis.
This layer provides epithelial cells that are required for rapid re-epithelialization.
• In blepharoplasty
Lasers can be used to excise muscle or fat with excellent hemostasis, provides
great visualization and tissue control.
• In endoscopic brow lift
Lasers are passed through flexible fibreoptic cables or through small diameter
hollow waveguide extensions in order to be used for incisions made within the
optic cavity and is used to incise the periosteum and/or muscle attachments.
27
28. Laser osteotomy
• Intraoperative fluorescence-guided resection followed by PDT seem to be
highly promising in improving the radicality of tumor resection combined
with a conventional therapeutic approach.
Implantology
• Er:YAG has been used for uncovering a thin layer of bone in second stage
implant and initiating the implant osteotomy.
• Advantages include precision, atraumatic bone handling, bloodless field of
view and decontamination of sites.
28
29. Oral cancer & premalignant lesions
• Vaporization or ablation of tissues intraorally is usually performed on
premalignant lesions such as hyperkeratosis or mild epithelial dysplasias.
• More severe dysplasias are best excised using lasers to allow for margin control.
• Advantages: Remote application, precise cutting, hemostasis, low cicatrization,
reduced post-operative pain and swelling, can be combined with endoscopic,
microscopic and robotic surgery.
31. PRECAUTIONS
• Use glasses for eye protection (patient, operator, and assistants).
• Prevent inadvertent irradiation (action in non-contact mode).
• Protect the patient’s eyes, throat, and oral tissues outside the target site.
• Use wet gauze packs to avoid reflection from shiny metal surfaces.
• Ensure adequate high speed evacuation to capture the laser plume
31
33. CO2 LASER (PATEL IN 1964)
• Mixture of CO2, Nitrogen and Helium.
• Most commonly used laser in oral cavity
• Wavelength: 10,600 nm.
• Shallow depth of penetration 0.2mm
• Uses an articulated arm to deliver the beam
• Little scatter ,reflection, transmission 33
34. • Has an excellent affinity towards water
• The absorbed energy causes vaporization of the intracellular fluid causing tissue vaporization,
while lateral heat causes contraction of collagen & closure of blood vessels.
• Uses: For excision and ablation of superficiallesions
34
35. Leukoplakia
• A randomized clinical trial compared the pain and swelling after removal of oral leukoplakia with
CO2 laser and cold knife. They concluded that CO2 laser caused only minimal pain and swelling,
thus suggesting that it may be an alternative method to conventional surgery in treating patients
with oral leukoplakia.
• Yang et al. evaluated the associated factors of recurrence in patients who received laser surgery
for dysplastic oral leukoplakia. This study suggested that continuous smoking after surgical
treatment and widespread multiple-focus lesions are the prognostic indicators for recurrence
after laser surgery.
35
36. Lichen planus
• Agha-Hosseini et al (2012) compared low level laser & CO2 laser in the treatment of patients with
oral lichen planus. They showed that low-level laser displayed better results than CO2 lasers as an
alternative or additional therapy
• de Magalhaes et al presented a case report of a histologically diagnosed oral lichen planus
excised by CO2 laser. The patient was followed up over 1 year with no signs of lesion recurrence.
The use of the CO2 laser was found to be useful and effective to treat lichen planus
36
37. Gingival melanin pigmentation
• A clinical and histologic study compared surgical stripping between Er: YAG and CO2 laser techniques
for gingival depigmentation. They concluded that clinical re-pigmentation after gingival
depigmentation is an outcome of histologic changes in the melanocyte activity and density of the
melanin pigments. Surgical stripping for gingival depigmentation remains the gold standard.
However, Er: YAG laser and CO2 lasers can be effectively used
Mucocele
• Yague-Garcia et al compared oral mucocele resection with the scalpel versus the CO2 laser. Their
results showed that oral mucocele ablation with the CO2 laser offered more predictable results and
fewer complications and recurrences than conventional resection with the scalpel.
37
38. Ranula
• Lai et al presented a case series report on the use of carbon dioxide laser treatment for ranula
and reported that that carbon dioxide laser excision of ranula was safe with minimal or no
recurrence.
Lymphangioma
• In a case report, treatment of lymphangioma with CO2 laser was described. CO2 laser application
(focused CO2 laser beam, 10.600 nm) was performed at 3 watt (W), continuous wave (CW) with
90 degree angle tip under local anesthesia. They concluded that CO2 laser therapy can be used as
a primary alternative method in the treatment of lymphangiomas. It can be safely used and
recurrence may be less than conventional excision with scalpel.
38
39. ARGON LASER (BRIDGES 1964)
• Wavelength: 488-514 nm
• Delivered with fibre optic cable and hand piece
• Argon beam is highly absorbed by hemoglobin and malanin
• an excellent hemostatic laser.
• Used to excise gingival soft tissue lesions, pigmented lesions and in the treatment of vascular
hemangiomas.
• The poor absorption into enamel and dentin is advantageous when using this laser for cutting and
sculpting gingival tissues because there is minimal interaction and thus no damage to the tooth
surface during those procedures 39
40. ND:YAG (GUESIC 1964)
• Neodymium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet
• Wavelength of 1064 nm
• Used with specially designed sapphire or ceramic tips and used as contact
laser scalpel or ablation tool, with excellent hemostasis and cutting abilities.
Uses:
• Treatment of vascular lesions
• Intraoral and extraoral pigmented lesions
• Open TMJ arthroplasty
• Excision of malignant lesion
40
41. POTASSIUM TITANYL PHOSPHATE (KTP) LASER
• Modified version of Nd:YAG laser
• Wavelength : 532 nm
• Low wavelength prevents penetration into deeper vascular tissues.
• Used in treatment of vascular and pigmented lesions, tattoo
removal, blepharoplasty, endoscopic procedures.
41
• A clinical study described the application of the KTP Laser (532 nm), used with low power
parameter (1 Watt – CW) to evaluate the intra and postoperative pain. The authors proposed that
KTP laser with low parameters permits to perform oral surgery with good pain control and good
wound healing
42. HO:YAG LASER
• Holmium yttrium aluminum garnet
• Wavelength: 2140 nm.
• An aiming beam with fibre optic cable is used for delivery
• Used in both contact and noncontactmode.
• Well absorbed by synovium and joint surface.
• Extensively used in endoscopic orthopedic surgery
• Used in TMJ for lysis of adhesions and sculpting of
fibrocartilaginous disk tissue.
42
43. ER:YAG LASER
• Erbium : Yttrium Aluminum Garnet
• Wavelength :2940 nm
• Laser for facial resurfacing ,incision andablation of soft tissues.
• It allows re-organization of collagen with less energy.
• Advantage: Ability to remove superficial skin layers more
precisely than CO2 laser.
43
44. Mucocele
• Boj et al described the case of a 4-mm extravasation mucocele located on the lower lip with an
erbium laser. They showed the wound healed excellently and rapidly without sutures. No relapse
was observed a year after the surgery and reported that Lasers are useful for soft tissue surgery
in pediatric dentistry, as operations are rapid and wounds heal well without sutures.
44
45. DIODE LASER
• Lasing media: Aluminum Gallium and arsenide
• Wavelength 800-980 nm
• The power output utilized by the soft-tissue diode laser is
typically between 0.1 and 10 Watts
• Advantage: Smaller sized portable instrument
• Useful in soft tissue surgeries, ablative procedure &
periodontal treatment
45
46. Lichen planus
• Misra et al (2013) evaluated the efficacy of diode laser (940 nm) in the management of oral
lichen planus. Their results demonstrated that diode laser therapy seemed to be an effective
alternative treatment for relieving the symptoms of Oral lichen planus.
Gingival melanin pigmentation
• Simsek et al compared the use of diode and Er:YAG lasers in treating gingival melanin
pigmentation. Their results demonstrated the total length of treatment was significantly shorter
with the diode laser than with the Er:YAG laser.
46
47. Fordyce granules excision
• Baeder (2010) presented a case report on the use of high power diode laser in Fordyce granule
excision in a 19-year-old male and reported excellent esthetic results & effectiveness of both
high- and low-intensity laser therapies on the excision of Fordyce granules
Gingival Hyperplastic lesions
• Asnaashari et al applied 810 nm Diode laser to remove all of gingival hyperplastic lesions. Their
results demonstrated that a perfect shaping was obtained after removal of the whole lesion in
one session and no recurrence was observed in 6 months. 47
52. SAFETY CONCERNS WITH USE OF LASERS
• Personnel protection
• Any reflective surface can divert the beam away from the
intended area and potentially cause harm.
• Use of special protective wear can help avoid injury to the eyes of
the patient or personnel.
• Fire Hazard
• Lasers in O2 rich environment such as oral cavity of a patient with
an ET tube can pose a significant fire risk.
• Compressed air can be substituted for O2 to keep the inspired
conc. of O2 below 30%
52
53. • Laser Plume
• When laser is used for incision and or vaporization, the tissue
being handled will create a plume which consists of potentially
hazardous particulate debris which is considered infectious.
• High flow suction made of a non reflective material should be
used to remove the plume.
• Protective barriers such as masks and eye wear helps avoids
exposure
53
55. CONCLUSION
• Lasers have changed the Oral & Maxillofacial surgery practice significantly to a point that it is an
essential surgical tool.
• Use of lasers in hard tissue is somewhat limited in comparison to soft tissue applications.
• Development of lasers in the future may overcome current disadvantages and increase utility and safety.
• Further research and development could help improve this aspect of lasers.
55