The document covers crop production and management, detailing the types of crops, basic agricultural practices, and the importance of soil preparation. It discusses different crop categories, methods of irrigation, and the use of fertilizers and manure for enhancing soil fertility. Additionally, it addresses the significance of weeding, harvesting techniques, and the storage of grains to prevent pest damage.

1. Prepared By:
AMIT KUMAR PANDEY
(SOFTCARE SOLUTION)
CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

2. Module_1

3. Crop Production And
Management
• Introduction
• Agricultural Practices

4. Food is utilized by organisms for various functions like :
All organisms for .

5. Plants can prepare their own food by the process of .
While some organisms .
All animals including man

6. The human population is .
In order to provide ,
Regular production Proper management Distribution of food is necessary

7. When are at
, it is called a .
For example, crop of wheat means that
.

8. You already know that crops are of
DIFFERENT TYPES like
Bajra
CEREAL FOODS
Wheat Rice
Jowar
Ragi
Vegetables
Cluster
beans
(GAVAR)
Maize
Tomato
Colocasia
(ARWI)
Bitter
Gourd
(KARLE)
Brinjal
Chakwat
Snake
Gourd
(PADWAL)
Fenugreek
(METHI)

9. Fruits
Pomegranate
Guavas
Oranges
Banana
Mangoes
Jackfruit
You already know that crops are of
DIFFERENT TYPES like

10. Flowers
You already know that crops are of
DIFFERENT TYPES like

11. Medicinal Plants
You already know that crops are of
DIFFERENT TYPES like

12. You already know that crops are of
DIFFERENT TYPES like
Fibers

13. You already know that crops are of
DIFFERENT TYPES like
Fuels
RAANBHENDI PARROT TREE JATROPHA

14. These can be classified on the basis of the season in which they grow.

15. Rajasthan
Jammu & Kashmir
Simla
Haryana
Sikkim
Arunachal Pradesh
Punjab
India is a .
The climatic conditions like
vary from one region
to another.
Gujarat
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
West Bengal
Jharkhand
Odisha
Goa

16. Rajasthan
Gujarat
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Haryana
Punjab
Jammu & Kashmir
Simla
Arunachal Pradesh
Sikkim Accordingly, there is a
.
West Bengal
Jharkhand
Odisha

17. Despite this diversity, can
be identified.
(i) Kharif Crops : The crops which are sown in in
India is generally , like
etc., are kharif crops.
Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut, cotton,

18. Despite this diversity, can
be identified.
The crops grown in are called rabi crops.
Their time period is generally , like
wheat, gram, pea, mustard, and linseed.
(ii) Rabi Crops :

19. Despite this diversity, can
be identified.
Besides these, and are grown at many places.

20. Module_2

21. Crop Production And
Management
• Basic Practices of Crop Production
• Preparation of Soil

22. of crops involves
.
These activities or tasks are referred
to as .

23. Examples
of
Agricultural
activities
Preparation of soil
Sowing
Adding manure and
fertilizers Irrigation

24. Storage
Harvesting
Protecting from weeds
Examples
of
Agricultural
activities

25. The preparation of soil is the before growing a crop.
and it.

26. This allows the roots to
into the soil.

27. The loose soil allows the roots to even when they go deep into
the soil.

28. The loosened soil helps in the and present in the
soil.
These organisms are since they further turn and loosen
the soil and add humus to it.

29. The loose soil allows the roots to even when they go deep into
the soil.

30. Dead plants and animals get .
These nutrients are .
In this way, held in the dead organisms are

31. Thus, and is very important for cultivation of crops.

32. The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called or .
This is done by using a plough, that are made of or .

33. If the soil is very dry, it may need .
The ploughed field
may have big
called .

34. It is necessary to these
.
The field is levelled for .

35. The levelling of soil is done with the help of a .
Sometimes, as this helps in proper
mixing of manure with soil.

36. The soil is .

37. Module_3

38. Crop Production And
Management
• Agricultural Implements
• Sowing of Seeds

39. Before sowing seeds it is necessary break soil to size of grains
Various Tools Used
PLOUGH HOE CULTIVATOR
Beam
PLOUGH
Plough shaft
Plough share
Made up of wood and drawn by a pair of bulls.
Long log of wood
Strong triangular iron strip
Handle at end of shaft, Other end attached to beam which is placed on bull’s neck
Triangular
iron strip

40. Before sowing seeds it is necessary break soil to size of grains
Various Tools Used
PLOUGH CULTIVATOR
HOE
Long rod of wood or iron
beam
blade
Strong, broad and bent plate of iron works like blade

41. Before sowing seeds it is necessary break soil to size of grains
Various Tools Used
PLOUGH CULTIVATOR
HOE
CULTIVATOR
Saves time and labour

42. is the most important part of
crop production.
Farmers prefer to use
.

43. An is
important to avoid overcrowding of plants.

44. This allows plants to get and .

45. Sometimes a .

46. Traditional tool for Sowing
Funnel shaped tool Funnel
2-3 Pipes Having Sharp Ends
Place Seeds Into Soil

47. Seed drill
Nowadays the seed drill is used for sowing with the help of tractors.
This tool sows the seeds
uniformly at proper
distances and depths.
It ensures that seeds get
covered by the soil after
sowing.
This prevents damage
caused by birds.
Sowing by using a seed drill saves time and labour.

48. Lecture_2

49. Module_4

50. Crop Production And
Management
• Adding Manure and Fertilizers

51. The substances which are added to the soil in the form of nutrients for the
healthy growth of plants are called and .

52. Soil supplies to the crop.
These nutrients are for the of .

53. makes the soil .
Therefore, farmers have to to the fields.
This the soil with .
C
N
Ca
H
O
S
P
Mg
K
This process is called .
or
results in .

54. is an obtained from the of
or .
Farmers and in
at open places and allow it to .
MANURE

55. The is caused by .
The is used as .
MANURE

56. Fertilizers are which are in a .
Fertilizers are produced in .
Some examples of fertilizers are -
.
FERTILIZERS

57. The has helped farmers to get of crops such as
But of fertilizers has made the soil .
FERTILIZERS

58. Fertilizers have also become a .
FERTILIZERS

59. Therefore, in order to we have to :
(a) Substitute fertilisers by
(b) in between two crops
FERTILITY OF THE SOIL

60. The use of as well as its
It the soil with .
C
N
Ca
H
O
S
P
Mg
K
FERTILITY OF THE SOIL

61. Another method of replenishing the soil with nutrients is through .
This can be done by
FERTILITY OF THE SOIL

62. Earlier, farmers in northern India used to
and .
This helped in the of the soil with .
FERTILITY OF THE SOIL

63. are present in the
of .
Farmers are being to .
They .
FERTILITY OF THE SOIL

64. Module_5

65. Crop Production And
Management
• Differences between Fertiliser and
Manure
• Adavantages of Manure

66. ❖ A fertiliser is an inorganic salt. ❖ Manure is a natural substance
obtained by the decomposition of
cattle dung, human waste and
plant residues.

67. ❖ A fertiliser is prepared in
factories.
❖ Manure can be prepared in the
fields.

68. ❖ Fertilisers are very rich in
plant nutrients like nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium.
❖ Manure is relatively less rich in
plant nutrients.

69. It enhances the .
The is considered better than .
It makes the .
It increases the number of friendly .

70. Lecture_3

71. Module_6

72. Crop Production And
Management
• Irrigation

73. All living beings
to live.

74. Water is important for
and .

75. by the .

76. Along with
and
are also absorbed.
Water
Mineral nutrients
K
Mg
K
Mg
Ca
Ca
P P
Fertilisers
Nutrients dissolved in water get
of the plant.

77. Water is essential because germination of seeds

78. Water also from both .
To for healthy crop growth, fields have to be
.
The supply of water to crops at different intervals is called .

79. The varies from crop to crop, soil to soil and
season to season.
In summer, the due to the increased rate of
evaporation of water from the and the .
DEFINITE INTERVALS
Morning Evening

80. The sources of irrigation are

81. The various
traditional
ways are :
The water available in wells, lakes and canals is
in different regions, for taking it to the fields.
is used in these methods. So these methods are cheaper, but
.

82. Pumps are commonly used for .
and is used to run these pumps.

83. This system is more useful on the where sufficient water is not available.
The perpendicular pipes, having are joined to the main
pipeline at regular intervals.
When water is allowed to flow through the main pipe with the help
of a pump, it escapes from the rotating nozzles.
It gets on the crop as if it is .
Sprinkler is very useful for .

84. In this system, the water falls drop by drop just at the
position of the roots.
So it is called
.

85. It is the for and
The system provides water to
plants .
Water is at all.

86. It is a where availability of

87. Lecture_4

88. Module_7

89. Crop Production And
Management
• Protection From Weeds

90. In a field many other may grow naturally along with
the crop. These undesirable plants are called .

91. The removal of weeds is called .

92. Water
Nutrients
Space
Light
Weeding is necessary since weeds compete with the crop plants for

93. Thus, they the .

94. and may be .
Some

95. Farmers adopt many ways to .

96. Tilling before sowing of crops helps in uprooting and
killing of weeds, which may then dry up and get
mixed with the soil.

97. The best time for the
.
The manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by

98. A is also used to .
This is done with the help of a .

99. They .
Weeds are also controlled by using certain chemicals, called
, like , that are sprayed in the fields to kill the weeds.

100. The weedicides are diluted with water to the extent required
and .

101. Spraying of weedicides may .
So they should use these chemicals very carefully.

102. They should and with a
.

103. Module_8

104. Crop Production And
Management
• Harvesting
• Storage
• Food from Animals

105. is an important task.

106. It usually takes for a .
The cutting of crop after it is mature is called

107. Harvesting in our country is either done or by
.
Sickle
In the harvested crop, .

108. This process is called .
This is carried out with the help of a machine called which is in fact
a .

109. Farmers with small holdings of land do the separation of grain and chaff by
.
The period of and in .
Special festivals associated with the harvest season are .

110. is an important task.

111. The has .
If freshly harvested grains (seeds) are stored without drying, they
.
Hence, before storing them, to reduce the
moisture in them.
This by insect pests, bacteria and fungi.

112. Storage of grains is done in or .

113. storage of grains is done in and to
like rats and insects

114. are used for storing food grains at home.
For storing in
are required to protect them from pests and microorganisms.

115. Like plants, animals also provide us with

116. Many people living in the coastal areas consume fish as a major part of their diet.

117. Animals reared at home or in farms, have to be provided with proper
and

118. When this is done on a
LARGE SCALE ,
it is called