IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document provides information on different types of water wells. It discusses open wells and tube wells. Open wells are shallow and tap into unconfined aquifers, while tube wells can reach deeper confined aquifers. The document describes various types of open wells based on lining and construction method. It also covers different types of tube wells based on water entry method, construction technique, depth and aquifer type. The key factors in designing open wells are selecting the proper diameter based on yield calculations and ensuring flow velocity does not exceed critical levels.
This document discusses spillways and energy dissipators for dams. It defines spillways as structures used to safely release surplus water from reservoirs. The main types of spillways are main, auxiliary, and emergency spillways. Spillways can also be classified based on their prominent features, such as free overflow, overflow, side channel, open channel, tunnel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Energy dissipators, such as stilling basins and bucket types, are also discussed to reduce the energy of water flowing from spillways. Common energy dissipator types include horizontal and sloping apron stilling basins, and solid roller, slotted roller, and ski jump bucket dissipators.
This document provides an overview of spillways and energy dissipators. It discusses the functions of spillways and energy dissipators in diversion and storage projects. It describes the main types of spillways - free overfall, overflow, chute, side channel, shaft, tunnel, and siphon spillways. It also discusses the criteria for selecting different spillway types and the design of common energy dissipators like hydraulic jump and bucket dissipators. Protection measures for downstream areas are also covered.
This document discusses and defines different types of spillways used in dams. It describes controlled and uncontrolled spillways. Controlled spillways have gates to regulate water flow, while uncontrolled spillways release water once it reaches the spillway crest. The document then outlines and provides diagrams for several types of spillways including: straight drop, overflow, chute, side channel, shaft, siphon, labyrinth, and cascade spillways. Each type has distinct structural features and purposes in safely releasing water from reservoirs.
Spillways, Spillway capacity, flood routing through spillways, different type...Denish Jangid
The document discusses spillways, which are structures used to safely discharge water from reservoirs when the water level rises too high. Spillways typically have several key components, including an approach channel, control structure, discharge carrier, discharge channel, and energy dissipators. The control structure regulates water flow and prevents discharge below a fixed level. Energy dissipators, like bucket or baffle types, reduce the water's velocity and kinetic energy before it reaches downstream areas. Spillways must provide stability, safely pass flood waters, operate efficiently, and do so economically.
This is a presentation on various hydraulic structures and their uses and cross sections which will help a person to get acquainted with the most important hydraulic structures that are in use in this current world.
This chapter is based on the book Hydraulics of Spillways and Energy Dissipators By Rajnikant M. Khatsuria, This lecture slide describes the design of Overflow and Ogee spilways for Masters Students in Hydraulic Engineering
This document discusses the design of an overhead circular water tank with a flat base. It begins with introducing water tanks and the different types, including based on placement and shape. It then lists the objectives of studying the analysis and design of elevated water tanks according to design codes. Various support systems for rectangular and circular tanks are described, including using masonry shafts, reinforced concrete towers, or columns. The key components of an elevated water tank design are outlined as the cover slab, top ring beam, cylindrical wall, and base slab. Design of the staging and foundation are also considered.
This document provides information on different types of water wells. It discusses open wells and tube wells. Open wells are shallow and tap into unconfined aquifers, while tube wells can reach deeper confined aquifers. The document describes various types of open wells based on lining and construction method. It also covers different types of tube wells based on water entry method, construction technique, depth and aquifer type. The key factors in designing open wells are selecting the proper diameter based on yield calculations and ensuring flow velocity does not exceed critical levels.
This document discusses spillways and energy dissipators for dams. It defines spillways as structures used to safely release surplus water from reservoirs. The main types of spillways are main, auxiliary, and emergency spillways. Spillways can also be classified based on their prominent features, such as free overflow, overflow, side channel, open channel, tunnel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Energy dissipators, such as stilling basins and bucket types, are also discussed to reduce the energy of water flowing from spillways. Common energy dissipator types include horizontal and sloping apron stilling basins, and solid roller, slotted roller, and ski jump bucket dissipators.
This document provides an overview of spillways and energy dissipators. It discusses the functions of spillways and energy dissipators in diversion and storage projects. It describes the main types of spillways - free overfall, overflow, chute, side channel, shaft, tunnel, and siphon spillways. It also discusses the criteria for selecting different spillway types and the design of common energy dissipators like hydraulic jump and bucket dissipators. Protection measures for downstream areas are also covered.
This document discusses and defines different types of spillways used in dams. It describes controlled and uncontrolled spillways. Controlled spillways have gates to regulate water flow, while uncontrolled spillways release water once it reaches the spillway crest. The document then outlines and provides diagrams for several types of spillways including: straight drop, overflow, chute, side channel, shaft, siphon, labyrinth, and cascade spillways. Each type has distinct structural features and purposes in safely releasing water from reservoirs.
Spillways, Spillway capacity, flood routing through spillways, different type...Denish Jangid
The document discusses spillways, which are structures used to safely discharge water from reservoirs when the water level rises too high. Spillways typically have several key components, including an approach channel, control structure, discharge carrier, discharge channel, and energy dissipators. The control structure regulates water flow and prevents discharge below a fixed level. Energy dissipators, like bucket or baffle types, reduce the water's velocity and kinetic energy before it reaches downstream areas. Spillways must provide stability, safely pass flood waters, operate efficiently, and do so economically.
This is a presentation on various hydraulic structures and their uses and cross sections which will help a person to get acquainted with the most important hydraulic structures that are in use in this current world.
This chapter is based on the book Hydraulics of Spillways and Energy Dissipators By Rajnikant M. Khatsuria, This lecture slide describes the design of Overflow and Ogee spilways for Masters Students in Hydraulic Engineering
This document discusses the design of an overhead circular water tank with a flat base. It begins with introducing water tanks and the different types, including based on placement and shape. It then lists the objectives of studying the analysis and design of elevated water tanks according to design codes. Various support systems for rectangular and circular tanks are described, including using masonry shafts, reinforced concrete towers, or columns. The key components of an elevated water tank design are outlined as the cover slab, top ring beam, cylindrical wall, and base slab. Design of the staging and foundation are also considered.
This document summarizes different types of spillways and gates used in dams. It defines spillways as structures that safely release flood waters from dams. The main types of spillways discussed are chute, ogee, free fall, side channel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Ogee spillways are commonly used in gravity dams as they cause less downstream erosion. The document also describes various types of gates used to control water flow over spillways, including vertical lift gates, taintor/radial gates, Reynolds gates, and Visvesvaraya gates. Visvesvaraya gates were the first automatic spillway gates designed using counterweights to open and close the gates during floods and normal water levels.
This document is a project report submitted by five students from Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. The project involved designing spillways to specifications for a rectangular flume. The report includes an introduction to spillways and the different types of spillways. It also provides a literature review on topics related to spillway design such as hydrological considerations, stepped spillways, and ogee spillway design. Tables listing major dams in India and their spillway types are also included.
Seminar on spillway by Mr. Yash Upadhyayupadhyayyash
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on spillways and their types. It defines a spillway as a structured overflow for flood waters from a dam. The main purposes of spillways are to safely release excess water and prevent dam failure. The presentation describes various types of spillways including straight drop, ogee, open channel, side channel, shaft, syphon, and stepped spillways. It provides details on ogee and side channel spillways. Formulas for calculating discharge from an ogee spillway are also included. In conclusion, the document outlines the key points about spillways presented in the seminar.
This document provides an overview of spillways and flood control works for dams. It discusses the key components and design considerations for spillways, including approach channels, control structures, discharge carriers, terminal structures, and energy dissipaters. It describes different types of spillways like overflow, trough, siphon, and side channel spillways. Design aspects for spillway crest gates like radial and drum gates are covered. The document also discusses intake and outlet works for reservoirs, including their components and functions.
A spillway is a structure built at a dam to divert excess water from the reservoir. There are several types of spillways classified based on their arrangement and design, including straight drop, ogee, shaft, chute, side channel, siphon, and labyrinth spillways. Each type has a distinct design and mechanism to safely pass excess water from the reservoir to downstream.
Energy dissipaters are needed when water is released over a spillway to prevent scouring downstream. Various devices can be used, including baffle walls, deflectors, and staggered blocks, which reduce kinetic energy by converting it to turbulence and heat. Hydraulic jumps also dissipate energy by maintaining a high water level downstream. The type of dissipater used depends on the tailwater rating curve in relation to the jump height curve and the flow conditions. Stilling basins, sloping aprons, and roller buckets are suitable for different tailwater classifications.
Dams, weirs, barrages, and check dams are common hydraulic structures used to store or divert water. Dams are constructed across rivers to impound water and form reservoirs. The main types of dams include gravity dams, earth dams, rockfill dams, arch dams, and buttress dams. Weirs are barriers that alter river flows and can be used to divert water into canals. Barrages are low-head dams that consist of gates to control water levels for irrigation. Check dams are small temporary or permanent dams built across drainage ditches to settle sediments, pollutants, and recharge groundwater.
The document discusses the components and foundation treatment techniques of dams and reservoirs. It describes key parts of dams like abutments, galleries, spillways, and energy dissipation structures. It also explains the purpose of dams is to generate hydroelectric power, support irrigation, prevent flooding, and divert water. Foundation treatment techniques discussed include grouting methods like consolidation and curtain grouting to reduce seepage and stabilize the foundation.
050218 chapter 7 spillways and energy dissipatorsBinu Karki
The document discusses different types of spillways and energy dissipaters used in dams. It describes overflow or ogee spillways, chute spillways, and other spillway types. The main purposes of spillways are to safely release surplus water from the reservoir and regulate floods. Energy dissipaters, like stilling basins, are structures that reduce the high kinetic energy of water flowing from spillways to prevent erosion. Hydraulic jumps, baffle blocks, and deflector buckets are common dissipater types discussed in the document. Design considerations like discharge calculations, basin length, and tailwater conditions are also covered.
Spillways are structures used to release surplus flood waters from a reservoir in a controlled manner. The main types of spillways include ogee or overflow spillways, chute spillways, morning glory spillways, and siphon spillways. To determine spillway capacity, engineers study past flood data and rainfall records to calculate the maximum probable flood, then add a margin of safety like 25%. This establishes the required discharge capacity. Energy dissipators like stilling basins are also important to safely discharge flood waters downstream.
This document provides an overview of different types of spillways and diversion headworks. It discusses the key requirements and functions of spillways, as well as the various types including straight drop, overflow, chute, side channel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Specific details are given on design principles for ogee spillways and energy dissipation methods. The document also covers spillway gates such as dripping shutters, stop logs, radial/tainter gates, drum gates, and vertical lift gates.
The document discusses the design of hydraulic structures and spillways. It defines a spillway as a structure used to safely release water from a dam. The key components of a spillway are the approach facility, discharging conduit, and outlet structure. Seven common types of spillways are described: straight drop, ogee, shaft, chute, side channel, siphon, and labyrinth. Advantages include safely discharging large volumes of water to prevent dam overtopping. Energy dissipation methods at the spillway end such as steps, flip buckets, and stilling basins are also outlined to prevent erosion. Safety measures around spillway operation are mentioned.
Spillways are structures used to release water from reservoirs to prevent overflow of dams. There are two main types of spillways: controlled and uncontrolled. Controlled spillways have gates to regulate water flow, while uncontrolled spillways release water once the reservoir level rises above the spillway crest. Spillways can also be classified based on their shape, such as ogee, side channel, labyrinth, chute, conduit, and baffled chute spillways. Each type has distinct hydraulic characteristics that make it suitable for different dam designs and site conditions.
There are two main types of spillways: controlled and uncontrolled. Controlled spillways have gates to regulate water flow, while uncontrolled spillways release water once it reaches the spillway crest without gates. Spillways are further classified by their shape, including straight drop, side channel, ogee, labyrinth, chute, conduit/tunnel, and baffled chute spillways. Each type has distinct characteristics regarding how it structures and releases water from a reservoir.
The document discusses different types of spillways used at dam sites. Spillways are structures constructed to discharge water from upstream to downstream of a dam and act as a safety valve. There are several types of spillways including straight drop spillways, overflow spillways, chute spillways, side channel spillways, shaft spillways, and syphon spillways. Shaft spillways discharge excess water through a shaft near the dam crest when other spillway types cannot be constructed due to space limitations. Syphon spillways use a siphon pipe installed within the dam body to discharge water when the water level rises above the normal pool level.
Infrastructure for water resource development_ Sushil Kumar (NWA)_2011India Water Portal
Dams are classified based on their use, material, and size. The three main types are storage dams, diversion dams, and hydroelectric dams. Storage dams create reservoirs and are the most common type for water storage. Diversion dams raise water levels to divert water into conveyance systems. Infrastructure for water resources includes dams, barrages, weirs, canals, canal regulation works, and cross drainage works. Hydroelectric power plants have components like intake structures, penstocks, power houses with turbines, and tailraces.
seminar presentation report on spillwaymanjeet singh
This document discusses spillways, which are structures built into dams or near reservoirs to safely release water during periods of high inflow. It describes different types of spillways like overfall, chute, shaft, and side channel spillways. Requirements for spillways include providing stability to the dam, passing designed flood levels without raising reservoir levels, and being efficient and economical. The document discusses advantages like stability but also disadvantages like higher costs compared to some alternatives. In conclusion, spillways are critical flood control structures that serve as a "safety valve" to prevent overtopping of dams.
There are several types of spillways used in dam construction based on their prominent features. The most common types include overflow spillways, which guide water smoothly over an arched crest; side channel spillways, where flow passes over a weir and into a parallel channel; open channel spillways used when there is no space for others; tunnel spillways, where flow is conveyed around the dam within an enclosed channel; and shaft spillways, with a vertical drop shaft connecting an overflow weir to a downstream tunnel. Spillways provide a safe path to release excess reservoir water and prevent dam overtopping and failure.
Ce154 lecture 3 reservoirs, spillways, & energy dissipatorsSudhir Jagtap
This document provides an overview of reservoirs, spillways, and energy dissipators for dams. It discusses the purposes of dams and pertinent structures like dams, spillways, intakes and outlets. It describes the planning, design, construction, and operation process for dam projects. Key considerations for spillway design include inflow hydrographs, reservoir storage curves, discharge rating curves, and routing floods through the reservoir. Common types of spillways are discussed along with design procedures. Energy dissipation methods like hydraulic jump basins are also covered, including different basin types and design guidelines. An example problem demonstrates spillway and stilling basin design.
This document provides information on spillway and energy dissipator design. It begins with an introduction to spillways, their classification, and factors considered in design. It then focuses on the design of ogee or overflow spillways. It discusses spillway crest profiles, discharge characteristics including effects of approach depth, upstream slope, and submergence. It provides example designs for overflow spillways and calculations for determining spillway length. The key aspects covered are types of spillways, design considerations, standard crest profiles, discharge equations, and worked examples for spillway sizing.
This document summarizes different types of spillways and gates used in dams. It defines spillways as structures that safely release flood waters from dams. The main types of spillways discussed are chute, ogee, free fall, side channel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Ogee spillways are commonly used in gravity dams as they cause less downstream erosion. The document also describes various types of gates used to control water flow over spillways, including vertical lift gates, taintor/radial gates, Reynolds gates, and Visvesvaraya gates. Visvesvaraya gates were the first automatic spillway gates designed using counterweights to open and close the gates during floods and normal water levels.
This document is a project report submitted by five students from Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. The project involved designing spillways to specifications for a rectangular flume. The report includes an introduction to spillways and the different types of spillways. It also provides a literature review on topics related to spillway design such as hydrological considerations, stepped spillways, and ogee spillway design. Tables listing major dams in India and their spillway types are also included.
Seminar on spillway by Mr. Yash Upadhyayupadhyayyash
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on spillways and their types. It defines a spillway as a structured overflow for flood waters from a dam. The main purposes of spillways are to safely release excess water and prevent dam failure. The presentation describes various types of spillways including straight drop, ogee, open channel, side channel, shaft, syphon, and stepped spillways. It provides details on ogee and side channel spillways. Formulas for calculating discharge from an ogee spillway are also included. In conclusion, the document outlines the key points about spillways presented in the seminar.
This document provides an overview of spillways and flood control works for dams. It discusses the key components and design considerations for spillways, including approach channels, control structures, discharge carriers, terminal structures, and energy dissipaters. It describes different types of spillways like overflow, trough, siphon, and side channel spillways. Design aspects for spillway crest gates like radial and drum gates are covered. The document also discusses intake and outlet works for reservoirs, including their components and functions.
A spillway is a structure built at a dam to divert excess water from the reservoir. There are several types of spillways classified based on their arrangement and design, including straight drop, ogee, shaft, chute, side channel, siphon, and labyrinth spillways. Each type has a distinct design and mechanism to safely pass excess water from the reservoir to downstream.
Energy dissipaters are needed when water is released over a spillway to prevent scouring downstream. Various devices can be used, including baffle walls, deflectors, and staggered blocks, which reduce kinetic energy by converting it to turbulence and heat. Hydraulic jumps also dissipate energy by maintaining a high water level downstream. The type of dissipater used depends on the tailwater rating curve in relation to the jump height curve and the flow conditions. Stilling basins, sloping aprons, and roller buckets are suitable for different tailwater classifications.
Dams, weirs, barrages, and check dams are common hydraulic structures used to store or divert water. Dams are constructed across rivers to impound water and form reservoirs. The main types of dams include gravity dams, earth dams, rockfill dams, arch dams, and buttress dams. Weirs are barriers that alter river flows and can be used to divert water into canals. Barrages are low-head dams that consist of gates to control water levels for irrigation. Check dams are small temporary or permanent dams built across drainage ditches to settle sediments, pollutants, and recharge groundwater.
The document discusses the components and foundation treatment techniques of dams and reservoirs. It describes key parts of dams like abutments, galleries, spillways, and energy dissipation structures. It also explains the purpose of dams is to generate hydroelectric power, support irrigation, prevent flooding, and divert water. Foundation treatment techniques discussed include grouting methods like consolidation and curtain grouting to reduce seepage and stabilize the foundation.
050218 chapter 7 spillways and energy dissipatorsBinu Karki
The document discusses different types of spillways and energy dissipaters used in dams. It describes overflow or ogee spillways, chute spillways, and other spillway types. The main purposes of spillways are to safely release surplus water from the reservoir and regulate floods. Energy dissipaters, like stilling basins, are structures that reduce the high kinetic energy of water flowing from spillways to prevent erosion. Hydraulic jumps, baffle blocks, and deflector buckets are common dissipater types discussed in the document. Design considerations like discharge calculations, basin length, and tailwater conditions are also covered.
Spillways are structures used to release surplus flood waters from a reservoir in a controlled manner. The main types of spillways include ogee or overflow spillways, chute spillways, morning glory spillways, and siphon spillways. To determine spillway capacity, engineers study past flood data and rainfall records to calculate the maximum probable flood, then add a margin of safety like 25%. This establishes the required discharge capacity. Energy dissipators like stilling basins are also important to safely discharge flood waters downstream.
This document provides an overview of different types of spillways and diversion headworks. It discusses the key requirements and functions of spillways, as well as the various types including straight drop, overflow, chute, side channel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Specific details are given on design principles for ogee spillways and energy dissipation methods. The document also covers spillway gates such as dripping shutters, stop logs, radial/tainter gates, drum gates, and vertical lift gates.
The document discusses the design of hydraulic structures and spillways. It defines a spillway as a structure used to safely release water from a dam. The key components of a spillway are the approach facility, discharging conduit, and outlet structure. Seven common types of spillways are described: straight drop, ogee, shaft, chute, side channel, siphon, and labyrinth. Advantages include safely discharging large volumes of water to prevent dam overtopping. Energy dissipation methods at the spillway end such as steps, flip buckets, and stilling basins are also outlined to prevent erosion. Safety measures around spillway operation are mentioned.
Spillways are structures used to release water from reservoirs to prevent overflow of dams. There are two main types of spillways: controlled and uncontrolled. Controlled spillways have gates to regulate water flow, while uncontrolled spillways release water once the reservoir level rises above the spillway crest. Spillways can also be classified based on their shape, such as ogee, side channel, labyrinth, chute, conduit, and baffled chute spillways. Each type has distinct hydraulic characteristics that make it suitable for different dam designs and site conditions.
There are two main types of spillways: controlled and uncontrolled. Controlled spillways have gates to regulate water flow, while uncontrolled spillways release water once it reaches the spillway crest without gates. Spillways are further classified by their shape, including straight drop, side channel, ogee, labyrinth, chute, conduit/tunnel, and baffled chute spillways. Each type has distinct characteristics regarding how it structures and releases water from a reservoir.
The document discusses different types of spillways used at dam sites. Spillways are structures constructed to discharge water from upstream to downstream of a dam and act as a safety valve. There are several types of spillways including straight drop spillways, overflow spillways, chute spillways, side channel spillways, shaft spillways, and syphon spillways. Shaft spillways discharge excess water through a shaft near the dam crest when other spillway types cannot be constructed due to space limitations. Syphon spillways use a siphon pipe installed within the dam body to discharge water when the water level rises above the normal pool level.
Infrastructure for water resource development_ Sushil Kumar (NWA)_2011India Water Portal
Dams are classified based on their use, material, and size. The three main types are storage dams, diversion dams, and hydroelectric dams. Storage dams create reservoirs and are the most common type for water storage. Diversion dams raise water levels to divert water into conveyance systems. Infrastructure for water resources includes dams, barrages, weirs, canals, canal regulation works, and cross drainage works. Hydroelectric power plants have components like intake structures, penstocks, power houses with turbines, and tailraces.
seminar presentation report on spillwaymanjeet singh
This document discusses spillways, which are structures built into dams or near reservoirs to safely release water during periods of high inflow. It describes different types of spillways like overfall, chute, shaft, and side channel spillways. Requirements for spillways include providing stability to the dam, passing designed flood levels without raising reservoir levels, and being efficient and economical. The document discusses advantages like stability but also disadvantages like higher costs compared to some alternatives. In conclusion, spillways are critical flood control structures that serve as a "safety valve" to prevent overtopping of dams.
There are several types of spillways used in dam construction based on their prominent features. The most common types include overflow spillways, which guide water smoothly over an arched crest; side channel spillways, where flow passes over a weir and into a parallel channel; open channel spillways used when there is no space for others; tunnel spillways, where flow is conveyed around the dam within an enclosed channel; and shaft spillways, with a vertical drop shaft connecting an overflow weir to a downstream tunnel. Spillways provide a safe path to release excess reservoir water and prevent dam overtopping and failure.
Ce154 lecture 3 reservoirs, spillways, & energy dissipatorsSudhir Jagtap
This document provides an overview of reservoirs, spillways, and energy dissipators for dams. It discusses the purposes of dams and pertinent structures like dams, spillways, intakes and outlets. It describes the planning, design, construction, and operation process for dam projects. Key considerations for spillway design include inflow hydrographs, reservoir storage curves, discharge rating curves, and routing floods through the reservoir. Common types of spillways are discussed along with design procedures. Energy dissipation methods like hydraulic jump basins are also covered, including different basin types and design guidelines. An example problem demonstrates spillway and stilling basin design.
This document provides information on spillway and energy dissipator design. It begins with an introduction to spillways, their classification, and factors considered in design. It then focuses on the design of ogee or overflow spillways. It discusses spillway crest profiles, discharge characteristics including effects of approach depth, upstream slope, and submergence. It provides example designs for overflow spillways and calculations for determining spillway length. The key aspects covered are types of spillways, design considerations, standard crest profiles, discharge equations, and worked examples for spillway sizing.
Spillways are structures used to safely discharge water from a reservoir during periods of high inflow or flooding. They are designed to maintain structural stability of the dam and pass excess water without raising the reservoir level above its maximum. Different types of spillways include overflow, chute, shaft, saddle and side channel spillways. Energy dissipation methods are also important to safely convey water discharged from spillways downstream.
Hydraulic Design of Energy Dissipators for Culverts and Channels, 3rd Edition...Todd Lewis
This document provides guidance on designing energy dissipators for culvert outlets and open channels. It summarizes prediction methods for estimating local scour at culvert outlets based on factors like discharge, culvert geometry, soil type, flow duration, slope and tailwater depth. The guidance is intended to help determine if an energy dissipator is needed by estimating the potential scour hole size. Field reconnaissance and consideration of site-specific factors like soils, flows and maintenance history should also inform decisions. The document contains 12 chapters covering topics like outlet velocities, hydraulic jumps, and designs for various dissipator types.
PracticalProfileofSpillwaY
When the profile for the crest of the ogee spillway is plotted over the triangular profile the section of a gravity dam (non-overflow section) ,it is found that it goes beyond vie downstream face of the dam , thu requiring thickening of the section for the spillway .
However,this extra concrete can be saved by shifting the curve of the nappe in a backward direction until this curve becomes tangential to the downstream face of the dam .
Design of spillway
Design an ogee spillway for concrete gravity dam, for the following data :
(1) Average river bed level = 100.0 m
(2) R.L. of spillway crest =204.0 m
(3) Slope of d/s face of gravity dam = 0.7 H : 1 V
(4) Design discharge = 8000 cumecs
(5) Length of spillway = 6 spans with a clear width of 10 m each.
(6) Thickness of each pier = 2.5 m
If h/Hd is greater than 1.7 than high spillway so effect of velocity is neglected
The co-ordinates from x = 0 to x = 27.4 m are worked out in the table below :
Water flowing over a spillway acquires a lot of kinetic energy because of the conversio of the potential energy into kinetic energy.
If the water flowing with such a high velocity is discharged into the river it will scour the river bed.
If the scour is not properly controlled it may extend backward and may endanger the spillway and the dam.
ENERGY DISSIPATORS
stilling basin
A stilling basin is defined as a structure in which a hydraulic jump used for energy dissipation is confined either partly or entirely.
Certain auxiliary devices such as chute blocks, sills, baffle walls, etc. are usually provided in the stilling basins to reduce the length of the jump and thus to reduce the length and the cost of the stilling basin.
Moreover, these devices also improve the dissipation action of the basin and stabilize the jump.
Chute Blocks :
These are triangular blocks with their top surface horizontal. These are installed at the toe of the spillway just at upstream end of the stilling basin.
They act as a serrated device at the entrance to the stilling basin. They furrow the incoming jet and lift a portion of it ab0ve the floor.
These blocks stabilise the jump and thus improve its performance, these also decrease the length of the hydraulic jump.
Basin Blocks or Baffle Blocks or Baffle Piers :
These are installed on the stilling basin floor between chute blocks and the end sill. These blocks also stabilise the formation of the jump.
Moreover, they increase the turbulence and assist in the dissipation of energy.
They help in breaking the flow and dissipate energy mostly by impact. These baffle blocks are sometimes called friction blocks.
Sills and Dentated Sills :
Sill or more preferably dentated sill is generally provided at the end of the stilling basin.
The dentated sill diffuses the residual portion of the high velocity jet reaching the end of the basin. They, therefore, help in dissipating residual energy and to reduce the length of the jump or the basin.
particular location of these blocks mainly depends upon the initial Froude number (F1) and the velocityof the incoming flow. The stilling basins are usually rectangular in plan. These aremade up of concrete.
[A] U.S.B.R. Stilling basins :
[B] Indian Standards Basins :
1. Horizontal apron - Type-I
2. Horizontal apron - Type-II
3. Sloping apron - Type-Ill
4. Sloping apron - Type-IV
Type I basin (F1 between 2.5 to 4.5)
Provide chute blocks and end sill
Length of basin = 4.3 y2 to 6.0 y2
Width of chute block = y1
Spacing = 2.5 y1
Height of chute block = 2y1
Length of chutes = 2y1
U.S.B.R. Type-II basin for F1 greater than 4.5 and v1 less than 15 m/sec.:
U.S.B.R. Type-Ill basin for F, greater than 4.5 and V1 greater than 15 m/sec :
Chutes and dentated sills provided
Baffle is not provided because of –velocity is high and cavitation is possible.
[B] Indian Standards Basins :
1. Horizontal apron - Type-I
2. Horizontal apron - Type-II
3. Sloping apron - Type-Ill
4. Sloping apron - Type-IV
1. Horizontal apron - Type-I
2. Horizontal apron - Type-II
3. Sloping apron - Type-Ill
4. Sloping apron - Type-IV
1. Horizontal apron - Type-I
2. Horizontal apron - Type-II
3. Sloping apron - Type-Ill
4. Sloping apron - Type-IV
IS Type-Ill basin is usually provided with a sloping apron for the entire len
The document compares the security of grid computing and cloud computing. Grid computing is considered more mature and has tighter security than cloud computing. Some key differences are:
- Grid computing uses multiple IDs for authentication while cloud often uses a single ID and password.
- Grid security infrastructure (GSI) uses public key protocols for authentication, communication protection, and authorization. Cloud relies more on basic username and password.
- Grid computing enforces service level agreements (SLAs) and policies across sites using distributed enforcement points. Cloud SLA security is simpler.
- The document proposes a new two-factor authentication model for cloud computing that uses graphical passwords and pass point selection on images for added security.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document describes a study that measured the color of electroplated gold films on hull cell panels using CIELAB color scales. Control charts of color difference (ΔE*ab) were developed to establish color tolerances. The acceptable color match range was found to be 2.59 to 5.74 ΔE*ab. Average L*, a*, and b* values across a panel should be reported. Control charts indicated color variations between locations were within process limits.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Stability and surface free energy analysis of a liquid drop on a horizontal c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses a study on determining safety zones for wireless cellular towers. It presents a model developed to calculate the safe distance from a cellular tower's radiation based on received power, transmitted power, and transmitter gain. Field measurements were taken of power density at various distances from two cellular towers in Tanzania using a selective radiation meter. Equations were derived to calculate power density as a function of distance from a single tower and from multiple towers. Plots showed power density decreasing with distance and comparisons to international safety limits. The study aims to help ensure safety for those living near cellular towers.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A challenge for security and service level agreement in cloud computingeeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses security and service level agreements in cloud computing. It begins by defining cloud computing as storing user data virtually over the cloud without infrastructure. Users connect to cloud service providers through the internet based on service level agreements. There are challenges regarding traffic management, security, and privacy in cloud computing. The document then provides an overview of cloud architecture, including public, private and hybrid cloud models. It discusses how service level agreements establish protocols between users and providers. While cloud computing provides benefits, ensuring security remains a key challenge that service level agreements must address.
Design Principles that are involved in the Design of Flow over an Ogee Crest ...Venkataraju Badanapuri
The ogee-crested spillway’s ability to pass flows efficiently and safely, when properly designed and constructed, with
relatively good flow measuring capabilities, has enabled engineers to use it in a wide variety of situations as a water discharge structure
(USACE, 1988; USBR, 1973). The ogee-crested spillway’s performance attributes are due to its shape being derived from the lower surface of an aerated nappe flowing over a sharp-crested weir.
This study presents a laboratory experiments for evaluating the local scour depth
around S-shape solid non- submerged groynes using different number of these groynes
and also different distances between them as two countermeasures to reduce the
scour. The study was conducted in non- curved laboratory flume where uniform
cohesion-less sand of median size (d50) equal to (0.7 mm) was used as the bed
material. The physical hydraulic model of the groynes was made of polystyrene foam
with fixed dimensions to operate under steady subcritical flow and clear water
conditions. The studied parameters in this study were the number of groynes changed
three times (single, double, triple), the distances between them altered also three times
(1L, 1.5 L, 2L) and finally the hydraulic conditions (depth and velocity of the mean
flow) also changed four times for each parameter. A new empirical equation was
derived where its coefficient of determination indicates good agreement between the
predicted results and the observed ones experimentally.
Chapter 2 Canal Falls at Mnnit Allahabad .pptxButcher771
This document provides a syllabus for a Water Resources Engineering course. It outlines 6 units that will be covered: principles of canal masonry design, canal regulation and cross drainage works, canal head works, river training and dam/reservoir planning, types of dams and characteristics, and water power. Key concepts covered include types of falls, weirs, regulators, river training methods, dam site selection, reservoir capacity estimation, and hydroelectric power assessment. References for further reading on related topics are also provided.
Water control structures can be either temporary or permanent. Temporary structures are only recommended where inexpensive labor and materials are available, as mechanization has reduced their practicality. Permanent structures use hard materials to dissipate water energy and are required where high velocities must be controlled. Common permanent structure types include drop spillways, chutes, pipe spillways, and culverts. The design of permanent structures must ensure adequate capacity to pass design flows and dissipate water energy without erosion.
This document presents a case study on the construction of a 3-row hume pipe culvert in Raisen, Madhya Pradesh, India. A group of 5 civil engineering students from NRI Institute of Science and Technology conducted the study under the guidance of their professor. The report includes details of the culvert design, drawings, cost estimation, and conclusions from the project. The students analyzed the construction of a culvert using 3 rows of 1-meter diameter hume pipes to convey runoff between two locations.
IRJET- Design of Energy Dissipator for Khadakwasla Dam to Control the Vel...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design of a ski jump energy dissipator for Khadakwasla Dam in India to control the velocity of water flow and prevent downstream flooding. It provides background on the problem of flooding occurring in 2018 due to high water velocities. It then reviews literature on ski jump dissipators and design codes. The methodology section outlines the design process according to Indian codes, including determining the bucket shape, size, elevation, trajectory length, and scour estimation. Calculations are shown for the bucket parameters, velocity reduction, and training wall dimensions. The conclusions state that a ski jump dissipator is suitable to remove sediments and reduce velocities economically based on the short bucket dimensions and prevention of soil erosion.
This paper delves into the multifaceted role of spillways in hydraulic engineering and water management. It explores their vital functions in controlling water flow, mitigating flood risks, and managing reservoir levels. Additionally, design considerations, operational principles, and environmental impacts of spillways are examined to enhance understanding and optimize their effectiveness
hydraulic structures in civil engineeringBittuRajkumar
The document discusses various topics related to irrigation engineering including canal falls, canal escapes, and types of canal falls. It provides details on the purpose and necessity of canal falls when the natural ground slope is steeper than the designed canal slope. It describes different types of canal falls such as ogee falls, rapid falls, stepped falls, and vertical drop falls. The document also covers the purpose, types, and location of canal escapes which are structures used to discharge excess water from canals.
This document is Joseph Lawson's final year individual project report for his MEng in Civil Engineering at the University of Brighton. It investigates the use of converging ski-jump spillways and their effects on hydraulic jump characteristics and energy dissipation. The project tested both horizontal and vertical converging spillway designs experimentally. It analyzed the energy dissipation at different phases and compared results across a range of discharges. The majority of results showed larger energy dissipation before the stilling basin with converging designs, indicating potential for reduced scouring and stilling basin size. However, some higher dissipation models experienced cavitation.
The document discusses different types of canal regulation structures used to control water flow and levels in canals. It describes canal falls/drops, which regulate water supply levels when there is a change in canal bed elevation. Distributary head regulators control water supply to off-taking channels, while cross regulators control water levels and downstream discharge. Canal escapes dispose of excess water during heavy rains and canal outlets connect watercourses to distributary channels. Specific types of falls discussed include ogee, rapid, stepped, notch, and vertical drop falls. Design considerations for cross regulators and distributary head regulators include crest length, cutoff depths, and equations to calculate design discharge and head over the regulator.
This presentation summarizes key aspects of hydroelectric power plants. It introduces hydroelectricity as a renewable energy source that converts the kinetic energy of flowing water into electricity. It then discusses applications of hydroelectric power, providing examples of how hydroelectric plants can supply base load and peak load power. The document proceeds to describe the Kaptai hydroelectric power plant in Bangladesh as a case study, detailing its dam, reservoir, and power generation capacity. It concludes by outlining the essential components and schematic arrangement of typical hydroelectric power stations.
* Catchment area = 200 sq.km = 200,000,000 sq.m
* Average rainfall = 130 cm = 1.3 m
* Runoff = 70% of rainfall = 0.7 * 1.3 = 0.91 m
* Water available per year = Rainfall * Runoff * Catchment area
= 1.3 * 0.91 * 200,000,000 = 234,000,000 cubic meters
* Head available = 380 m
* Density of water = 1000 kg/cubic meter
* Gravity acceleration = 10 m/sec^2
* Power = Mass of water * Gravity height * Head / Time
= 234,000,000 * 1000 * 10 *
This document provides information about hydroelectric power plants. It discusses the key components of hydroelectric power plants including the catchment area, reservoir, dam, waterways consisting of tunnels and penstocks, power house containing turbines and generators, and tailrace. It also describes different types of dams, turbines, classifications of hydroelectric plants based on water availability and head, and factors to consider when selecting a site for a hydroelectric power plant such as water availability, storage, head of water, distance from load center, and access. In summary, the document outlines the essential components and characteristics of hydroelectric power generation systems as well as considerations for project planning and development.
This document provides information on various canal structures, including regulation works like canal falls, head regulators, cross regulators, canal escapes and outlets. It describes the purpose and design of a canal fall, including the different types of falls. It also discusses canal escapes, their purposes as safety valves and types including surplus escapes, tail escapes and scouring escapes. Finally, it summarizes the purpose and typical construction of head regulators and cross regulators.
1. Diversion headworks are structures constructed across rivers to divert water into canals. They raise the water level in the river and regulate the water supply to the canal.
2. The key components of diversion headworks include weirs or barrages, divide walls, fish ladders, approach channels, undersluices, silt excluders, and river training works. Common types of weirs are masonry weirs, rockfill weirs, and concrete weirs.
3. Weirs are designed to withstand seepage and subsurface flow, which can cause failures through piping, uplift pressure, or scouring. Design theories like Bligh's creep theory and Khos
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Flow over an Erodible Broad Crested WeirIJERA Editor
The overtopping flow of water over an earthen embankment causes erosion of soil from its surfaces and the eroded surface of the embankment acts as a Broad crest weir. But the longitudinal profile of the weir goes on changing with time of erosion. Hence crest height of the weir goes changing in accelerated flow condition. In this paper, the discharge equation for this type of flow situation is established for different types of soils used in the embankment. Then, the experiments have been carried out as the analogous rigid beds of the captured eroded profiles at any time of erosion of the broad crested weir to compare the discharge equation and to study the energy loss in dislodging the soil from the surface of the weir and transporting them down stream.
Similar to Critical review of stilling basin models for pipe outlet works (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
Wind damage to trees in the gitam university campus at visakhapatnam by cyclo...eSAT Publishing House
1) A cyclone with wind speeds of 175-200 kph caused massive damage to the green cover of Gitam University campus in Visakhapatnam, India. Thousands of trees were uprooted or damaged.
2) A study assessed different types of damage to trees from the cyclone, including defoliation, salt spray damage, damage to stems/branches, and uprooting. Certain tree species were more vulnerable than others.
3) The results of the study can help in selecting more wind-resistant tree species for future planting and reducing damage from future storms.
Wind damage to buildings, infrastrucuture and landscape elements along the be...eSAT Publishing House
1) A visual study was conducted to assess wind damage from Cyclone Hudhud along the 27km Visakha-Bheemli Beach road in Visakhapatnam, India.
2) Residential and commercial buildings suffered extensive roof damage, while glass facades on hotels and restaurants were shattered. Infrastructure like electricity poles and bus shelters were destroyed.
3) Landscape elements faced damage, including collapsed trees that damaged pavements, and debris in parks. The cyclone wiped out over half the city's green cover and caused beach erosion around protected areas.
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
Role of voluntary teams of professional engineers in dissater management – ex...eSAT Publishing House
1) A team of 17 professional engineers from various disciplines called the "Griha Seva" team volunteered after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake to provide technical assistance.
2) The team conducted site visits, assessments, testing and recommended retrofitting strategies for damaged structures in Bhuj and Ahmedabad. They were able to fully assess and retrofit 20 buildings in Ahmedabad.
3) Factors observed that exacerbated the earthquake's impacts included unplanned construction, non-engineered buildings, improper prior retrofitting, and defective materials and workmanship. The professional engineers' technical expertise was crucial for effective post-disaster management.
This document discusses risk analysis and environmental hazard management. It begins by defining risk, hazard, and toxicity. It then outlines the steps involved in hazard identification, including HAZID, HAZOP, and HAZAN. The document presents a case study of a hypothetical gas collecting station, identifying potential accidents and hazards. It discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches to risk analysis, including calculating a fire and explosion index. The document concludes by discussing hazard management strategies like preventative measures, control measures, fire protection, relief operations, and the importance of training personnel on safety.
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
Monitoring and assessment of air quality with reference to dust particles (pm...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on monitoring and assessing air quality with respect to dust particles (PM10 and PM2.5) in the urban environment of Visakhapatnam, India. Sampling was conducted in residential, commercial, and industrial areas from October 2013 to August 2014. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were within limits in residential areas but moderate to high in commercial and industrial areas. Exceedance factor levels indicated moderate pollution for residential areas and moderate to high pollution for commercial and industrial areas. There is a need for management measures like improved public transport and green spaces to combat particulate air pollution in the study areas.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
Coastal zones – seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an analysis of seismic vulnerability along the east coast of India. It discusses the geotectonic setting of the region as a passive continental margin and reports some moderate seismic activity from offshore in recent decades. While seismic stability cannot be assumed given events like the 2004 tsunami, no major earthquakes have been recorded along this coast historically. The document calls for further study of active faults, neotectonics, and implementation of improved seismic building codes to mitigate vulnerability.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
This document discusses the assessment of seismic susceptibility of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and the importance of vulnerability assessment in mitigating earthquake risks and losses. It then describes modeling the nonlinear behavior of RC building elements and performing pushover analysis to evaluate building performance. The document outlines modeling RC frames and developing moment-curvature relationships. It also summarizes the results of pushover analyses on sample 2D and 3D RC frames with and without shear walls. The conclusions emphasize that pushover analysis effectively assesses building properties but has limitations, and that capacity spectrum method provides appropriate results for evaluating building response and retrofitting impact.
A geophysical insight of earthquake occurred on 21 st may 2014 off paradip, b...eSAT Publishing House
1) A 6.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Paradip, Odisha in the Bay of Bengal on May 21, 2014 at a depth of around 40 km.
2) Analysis of magnetic and bathymetric data from the area revealed the presence of major lineaments in NW-SE and NE-SW directions that may be responsible for seismic activity through stress release.
3) Movements along growth faults at the margins of large Bengal channels, due to large sediment loads, could also contribute to seismic events by triggering movements along the faults.
Effect of hudhud cyclone on the development of visakhapatnam as smart and gre...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the effects of Cyclone Hudhud on the development of Visakhapatnam as a smart and green city through a case study and preliminary surveys. The surveys found that 31% of participants had experienced cyclones, 9% floods, and 59% landslides previously in Visakhapatnam. Awareness of disaster alarming systems increased from 14% before the 2004 tsunami to 85% during Cyclone Hudhud, while awareness of disaster management systems increased from 50% before the tsunami to 94% during Hudhud. The surveys indicate that initiatives after the tsunami improved awareness and preparedness. Developing Visakhapatnam as a smart, green city should consider governance
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
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Critical review of stilling basin models for pipe outlet works
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 407
CRITICAL REVIEW OF STILLING BASIN MODELS FOR PIPE
OUTLET WORKS
Bharat Kumar Gehlot1
, H.L.Tiwari2
1
PG Research Scholar, Civil Engg. Dept, MANIT Bhopal (M.P.), India
2
Faculty, Civil Engg, Dept, MANIT Bhopal (M.P.), India
Abstract
When water released from an outlet in reservoir whether from gate, valves or tunnels or conduits and over spillway, it attains
high velocity. This high velocity is generated by virtue of changing its potential head from the reservoir level to the level of the
river on the downstream. This higher velocity causes scouring downstream structure. To safe guard against such scouring,
suitable stilling basin are designed, in which energy of flowing water is reduced. In this paper, different types of stilling basin
models designed by past investigators are presented with their appurtenances and these models are compared on the basis of
stilling basin length.
Keywords: Gate, Tunnels, Spillway, Stilling Basin, outlet
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1. INTRODUCTION
Water flowing through a pipe outlet or over a spillway has a
very high kinetic energy because of the conversion of entire
potential energy into kinetic energy. If the water flowing
with such a high velocity discharged directly into the
downstream channel by pipe outlet or spillway, serious
scour of downstream stream may occur. If scour is not
properly controlled, it may extend backward to the hydraulic
structure and may be endanger to the dam and spillway.
Energy dissipator or stilling basin is a structure design to the
reducing the velocity of flow to the acceptable limit and
protect downstream areas from erosion. In a stilling basin,
kinetic energy is converted into turbulence energy and
ultimately into heat. Stilling basins are generally provided
with various appurtenances such as chute blocks, baffle
block, end sill and baffle wall, etc. These appurtenances can
help in reducing the energy of flowing water by offering
resistance of flow and may stabilise the flow in a shorter
length of the stilling basin.
Lot of works has been carried out related with the design of
stilling basin models with different appurtenances like baffle
blocks, intermediate sill, impact wall, end sill, etc. Bradly
and Peterka[1], Fiala and Albertson[5], Keim[12],
Flammer[6] et. al, Garde et al.[7], Goel and Verma[8],
Goel)[11], Tiwari & Tiwari[22], Tiwari [21] and Tiwari
et.al[15,16 & 20] investigated the hydraulic energy
dissipator with plain impacted wall, baffle block,
intermediated sill and end sill. This paper describes about
the different type of stilling basin models carried out by past
investigators.
2. HYDRAULIC JUMP TYPE STILLING BASIN
The hydraulic jump basin is generally used for energy
dissipation of pipe outlet and prevents scouring in
downstream side. The hydraulic jump type stilling basin
dissipates about 10 to 85 percent energy, which depend on
the Froude number of the incoming flow and available tail
water depth (Tiwari et al. 2010). In this type stilling basins,
the L/D ratio varies from 11 to 91, where L = length of the
stilling basin and D = diameter of pipe outlet. An
unconstrained (no obstacles in the flow on the basin)
hydraulic jump effectively dissipates energy, but the large
length required. For an economical perspective, as the entire
jump must be constrained within a concrete structure with
the help by various appurtenances like chute blocks, baffle
blocks and end sill. The purpose of these appurtenances is to
increase turbulence and help in stabilization of the jump,
which reduces the required length of the stilling basin and
provided safety against sweep out caused by inadequate tail
water depth. These appurtenances increase the efficiency of
the jump and decrease the required length of the stilling
basin to dissipate the energy.
3. USBR TYPE VI (IMPACT WALL) STILLING
BASIN
It is developed by Bradley & Peterka [1] for circular pipe
outlet. It is impact wall energy dissipater, contained in a
relatively small boxlike structure. In this case energy
dissipation is independent of tail water depth, but a moderate
depth of tail water will improving performance. An impact
basin provides a positive barrier within the flow area.
Energy dissipation is accomplished through the turbulence
created by the loss of momentum as flow entering the basin
impacts by a baffle wall, and the direction of the flow is
changed. Further dissipation is produced as water builds up
behind the baffle wall to form a highly turbulent backwater
zone. Then flow is passed through the baffle wall to the
open basin and out to the receiving channel. A sill at the
basin end reduces exit velocities by breaking up the flow
across the basin floor.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 408
4. HUMP TYPE STILLING BASIN
It has been designed by Elevatorski [3] in this stilling basin
placed below the level of downstream Chanel but is not
submerged by tail water. The hump is used to spread the jet
of water throughout the width of channel and help in
formation of force hydraulic jump. The crest level of hump
is kept the river bed level of the channel. The shape and size
of the hump is a significant contribution of energy
dissipation. The height of hump should be sufficient to
spread the water jet throughout the width of basin. If the
hump height should be kept high then jet would not spread
out completely to the full width of downstream channel and
height is low, the tail water for small flows discharge will
submerge the hydraulic jump.
5. MANIFOLD STILLING BASIN
Fiala and Albertson [5] designed Manifold stilling basin for
rectangular pipe outlet. This stilling basin worked on the
principle of diffusion of submerged jet. This type of energy
dissipater is not suitable for circular outlets and under
situations having chances of blockage of openings due to
floating debris. It required large length of stilling basin.
6. CONTRA COSTA STILLING BASIN
Contra costa stilling basin was developed by Keim [12] for
the culverts. It is suitable for the depth of flow is less than
half of the culvert diameter and velocity of water is high. It is
worked on the concept of energy loss by a combination of
impact action and hydraulic jump inside the stilling basin.
The water jet strike on barriers and and the direction of
water flow change in this mechanism consisted of the
production of large scale turbulence and eddies during
distribution of the jet.
7. HOOK BASIN
The hook basin developed by the University of California in
cooperation with the California Division of Highways and
the Bureau of Public Roads [4]. The basin was developed
for large arch culverts with low tail water or no tail water,
but it’s is used for both circular and rectangular conduits. In
this type energy dissipater hook type baffle blocks is used.
The energy in a hook basin is dissipated by the hooks
reversing and turning the momentum of flow upon the
surrounding flow to rapidly widen the flow and reducing the
overall velocity. The floor can be flared slightly outward in
the downstream direction. This basin is suitable for a small
drainage channel to prevent scour.
8. UTAH STATE VNIVERSITY STILLING
BASIN
Flammer et. al [6] developed Utah state university stilling
basin for a transition portion from pipe outlet section to open
channel section. In this type of stilling basin, energy is
dissipated by shear friction, pressure drag and diffusion
action of submerged water jet. Its designed depends on
discharge, pipe outlet diameter and available tail water depth
in downstream side. It is applicable merely for fully
submerged outlets and Wb/ D always kept more than 6. The
depth requirement of stilling basin is too much which may
not be provided physically in many situations and also
affected by debris being entrapped in the basin endangering
the safety of structure.
9. COUNTER CURRENT STILLING BASIN
Counter current stilling basin developed by Vollmer and
Khader [24] for circular pipe outlet. It is work on the
principle of the combination of impact action and breaking
of water jet. V shaped structure is dividing the water jet in
two parts by placed on the floor of the basin known as
splitter block. A gap of 0.2D is provided below the impact
wall of circular arc shape to pass low discharges (D =
diameter of the outlet). The length and the width of stilling
basin are kept 7.3D and 4D respectively. In this stilling
basin, appurtenances such as a diffuser of triangular wedge
shape, an impact wall of circular shape having bottom gap
equal to 0.2D and one rectangular end sill are recommended.
The drain holes to be provide the end sill would help in
removing the sediments at low discharges.
10. GARDE’S STILLING BASIN MODELS
The energy dissipator designed by Garde et al.[7] for
circular pipe outlet. This stilling basin is work on the
principle that the water jet is spread throught the width of
stilling basin by curved splitter which placed 1D distance
from pipe outlet where D is the diameter of the pipe. The
grid blocks and intermediate sill also used to improve the
performance of stilling basin. It is suitable for Froude
number ranging from 1.7 to 7.0. All the dimensions of the
stilling basins are in terms of diameter of the pipe outlet.
The stilling basin length is 12D which is large to make
uneconomical and construction of splitter block and grid of
blocks is not easy.
Pillai and Goel [13] used the wedge shaped splitter blocks
having a vertex angle of 150o
in the stilling basin for pipe
outlets. This splitter block found to be very effective in
spreading the jet of water over the width of the stilling basin
within a shorter length and has better energy dissipation.
They had also found that the performance of the stilling
basin improves by using rounded end sill instead of
rectangular or sloping one.
Goel and Verma [8] was development of an energy
dissipator for circular pipe outlets on Froude number
ranging 1.70 to 5.50. It was used wedge shaped splitter
block with vertex angle 1500
and the sloping end sill inside
the stiling basin. Wedge shaped block with vertex angle
1500
splitter block very effective in spreading the water. The
sloping end sill enhances the performance of stilling basin
by high velocity filaments were lifted up from the bottom
flow which resulted into lesser scour in downstream side of
stilling basin.
Goel and Verma [9] further reduced the length of the
stilling basin as suggested by Garde to 8 times and 6 times
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 409
of the pipe diameter by replacing the grid type of baffle wall
with solid one and a curved splitter with wedge shaped
splitter block. The performance of the stilling basin
improved significantly.
Goel and Verma [11] carried out study of stilling basins for
pipe outlets for the Froude Number range of 1.7-5.5. By
using different appurtenances such as splitter block, impact
wall, baffle blocks and end sill there is a reduction in stilling
basin length up to the extent of 25% of the original and at
the same time there is improvement in the performance of
the basin. In this study the basin floor is kept at the invert
level of the pipe.
Goel and verma [10] studied the Garde stilling basin. He
developed new stilling basin model for circular pipe outlet
which has better performance than Garde stilling basin in a
length of 6 d as compare to 12 d of Garde stilling basin.
Study carried out by Goel is for circular pipe outlet.
Tiwari et al. [16] developed new stilling basin for non
circular pipe outlet for the Froude number range 1.85 to
3.85. They developed new stilling basin by changing the
shape of the end sill and other configuration of stilling basin
is same as USBR VI stilling basin. Its gives a stilling basin
with plain impacted wall stilling basin whose location from
pipe outlet is fixed 3d (d=equivalent dia. of pipe) distance
from pipe outlet. This study also revealed that the sloping
vertical end sill (slope 1V:1H) dissipates more energy of
flow and found to perform better for all flow conditions as
compared to other end sills tested for rectangular pipe outlet
basin. It is concluded that the end sill of basin has a great
contribution in energy dissipation and also, it improved the
flow pattern and reduces the basin length.
Tiwari & Tiwari [19] developed the new stilling basin for
non circular pipe outlet on Froude numbers range 1.85 to
3.85. The intermediate rectangular sill of height 1d
(d=equivalent dia. of pipe) is placed 4d distance from pipe
outlet in a stilling basin. The intermediate sill is affects the
performance of stilling basin due to change in the flow
pattern in the basin. This stilling basin is more efficient as
compared to USBR VI stilling basin.
Tiwari [17] designed the new stilling basin for rectangular
pipe outlet with the varying of the location and size of
impact wall which affect the performance of stilling basin
due to change in the flow patterns. It gives a new impact
wall stilling basin model. The length of basin reduced to
seven times the diameter of pipe outlet. This stilling basin
dissipates more energy with the help by increasing the
surface area by which skin friction increase. In this model,
the basin length reduced to 29 % with better performance as
compared to USBR VI stilling basin model .
Tiwari et.al [20] developed the stilling basin model by
using square intermediate sill and it was reported that the
performance of developed model improve as compares
USBR VI stilling basin model.
11. COMPARISON OF DIFFEREN T TYPE OF
STILLING BASIN MODELA
After gone through literature review, different basin has
been compared in term of length as given in Table-1. Table-
1 clearly indicates that hydraulic jump type stilling basin
required longest length for dissipation of hydraulic energy.
The Contra costa stilling basin is used merely for culverts
when the depth of flow is equal or less than half the dia. of
culvert. Type USBR VI stilling basin is mostly used for pipe
outlet. Garde stilling basin model is efficient as compare to
stilling basin type USBR VI but more basin length required.
Goel and Verma reduce the basin length with the help of
splitter blocks for circular pipe work. In Tiwari stilling basin
model the length of basin is reducing from 8.4d to 7d for
rectangular pipe outlet by using proper design of impact
wall along with end sill.
12. CONCLUSIONS
This paper summarises several type of stilling basin for
circular and rectangular shape pipe outlet. The hydraulic
energy dissipator with plain impacted wall, baffle block,
intermediated sill and end sill are analyzed by past
researchers. But after brief literature review, it was found
that there is no direct design of energy dissipater for the
trapezoidal cut impact wall. As the jet of water comes out
from pipe outlet, it strikes the impact wall but only the
central portion of the impact wall is useful in the dissipation
of hydraulic energy and side portion of the impact wall is of
no use. Hence, to economise the material of the plain impact
wall it may be replace by trapezoidal cut impact wall. Hence
there is a need to design the stilling basin models with
trapezoidal cut impact wall.
Table-1: comparison of length of different stilling basins for pipe outlet
S. No Name of Stilling Basin Length Appurtenances Remarks
1. Hydraulic Jump Type 11d-91d --- Longest
2. USBR TYPE VI Stilling
basin Energy
8.4d Impact wall and End sill Generally used in pipe outlet
3. Manifold Stilling Basin --- --- Complicated
4. Garde’s Stilling Basin 12d Spillter block, impact wall and
End sill
Developed in India
5. Counter Current Type Energy
Dissipator
7.3d Spillter block and Impact wall Construction cost high
6. Contra Costa Energy 6d - 22d Intermediate sill Depends on dia., Fr and for
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 410
Dissipator culverts only.
7 Hook Basin --- Friction blocks Suitable for small drain channel
8. Goel and Verma 6d to 8d Impact wall, Spillter block and
End sill
For circular pipe outlet
9. Goel Stilling Basin 6 d to 12 d Impact wall, Splitter block,
Friction blocks and End sill
For circular pipe outlet
10. Tiwari Stilling Basin 8.4d 7d Impact wall and End sill More efficient as compare to
USBR type VI stilling basin for
nom circular pipe outlet
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