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201.08 Deviance.ppt
1.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 1 Deviance Crime, Deviance And Social Control
2.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 2 What Do we want to Know • How is deviance defined and who defines it – Is it the person or the action? • How is deviance distributed in society and how do we know • What causes deviance • How is deviance controlled
3.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 3 Social Control • Social control: techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society • Sanctions: penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm • Society partly defined by people’s willingness to accept shared beliefs and practices – Society can limit individual freedom and advance interests of some at expense of others
4.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 4 Conformity and Obedience • Conformity: the act of going along with peers— individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior • Obedience: compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure
5.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 5 Informal and Formal Social Control • Informal social control: used casually to enforce norms • Formal social control: carried out by authorized agents • Interplay between formal and informal social control can be complicated because we have to balance one source of control against another
6.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 6 Law and Society • Some norms are so important to a society that they are formalized into laws • Law: governmental social control • Control theory: our connection to other members of society leads us to systematically conform to society’s norms
7.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 7 Defining Deviance • Deviance is the violation of Norms, especially widely held norms • Crime is an action declared illegal by some government or agency – Usually, by a legislative body – Sometimes by administrative actions • Is all deviance criminal ? – Pushing children into fashion shows, sports ? – Subcultures and deviance
8.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 8 Defining Deviance • Not all crimes are deviant – PETA – Bullying – Speeding – Gambling – White Collar crime • Non Criminal Deviance – Music preferences – Body piercing – Marrying someone • Your parents disapprove of • Your parents want you to – Being a Geek or a Nerd • Where do “rolling Stops” and other trivial driving violations go?
9.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 9 Distribution of Deviance • Crime Rates vs Crime Statistics – Variance in Reporting Issues • To Police • To FBI – By Type of Crime • By nature of offender and victim • Blaming the Victim • Location • Organized Crime • White Collar Crime • Non Criminal Deviance… What do we Know – Not much
10.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 10 Explanations of Deviance • Historical non Social-scientific explanations – Patterns of Bumps on head – The Devil made me do it – Mental issues – Bad Seed • Sociological Explanations – Functionalist: • Deviance provides an example of what must be avoided because it is wrong • Some deviance can lead to positive social change
11.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 11 Controlling Deviance • Is all deviance controlled? – What choices does society have in controlling deviance? • Internal • External • Who controls Deviance – Under what circumstances some forms of deviance not controlled – What is required to control deviant behavior? • How about deviant thoughts? – Presidential Candidate who admitted “Lusting in his thoughts” • How does the nature of society impact the nature, extent and control of deviance?
12.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 12 Explanations of Deviance • Anomie The norms are weak or are in conflict. This is the basis for Strain theory – Social structure limits the abilities of certain groups to satisfy culturally dictated goals and aspirations and means to achieve them. • Cultural goals which are acceptable in our society – Wealth – Power – Status – Material Goods • Acceptable means to achieve them – Education – Jobs – Some talents
13.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 13 Explanations of Deviance • Conflict or Strain between goals and means produce "anomie” and possibly a high level of maladaptive behavior due to cultural imbalance between goals and means. • Social structure explains differences in upper and lower class crime rates. – Distribution of legitimate opportunities to achieve wealth through legitimate means. • Since goals are not always achieved, means become valuable in themselves. – Often times, means are placed under severe stress. – Little reward in means alone. • Strain falls on a wide variety of people: – mostly concentrated in lower-classes. – because of differential emphasis placed on ability to attain goals. – Goals "open to all."
14.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 14 • Anomie created by disjunction of goals and means causes great discomfort. To overcome sense of anomie, different modes of adaptation are used: Source http://www.indiana.edu/~theory/Kip/Strain.htm#Strain
15.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 15 Symbolic Interactionist Theories • Social control or Social Bonding – Doesn’t ask why people are deviant, but why they aren’t. • http:faculty.ccc.eduabergerIt's Not A Crime If I Can't be Caught .pdf – Strong Interpersonal ties often lead to strong commitment to the norms • Cultural Transmission, Differential association and subcultures – Who you associate with – Learned behaviors – Interaction with other groups with other norms
16.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 16 White-Collar Crime • White-collar crime: illegal acts committed in the course of business activities, often by affluent, “respectable” people – Corporate crime: any act by a corporation that is punishable by the government – Computer crime: use of high technology to carry out embezzlement or electronic fraud
17.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 17 Victimless Crimes • Victimless crime: willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services – Supporters of decriminalization are troubled by attempts to legislate moral code for adults – Critics object to notion that these crimes are “victimless”
18.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 18 Social Order, Deviance, and Crime • Durkheim’s Theory of Deviance – Nothing inherently deviant or criminal in any act – Society identifies criminals for the sake of social order – When societies experience anomie, social integration is weak and people are free to pursue deviant paths
19.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 19 Social Order, Deviance, and Crime • Merton’s Theory of Deviance – Anomie theory of deviance: five basic forms of adaptation to cultural expectations • Conformist • Innovator • Ritualist • Retreatist • Rebel
20.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 20 Interpersonal Interaction and Local Context • Cultural transmission: individuals learn criminal behavior by interacting with others • Differential association: process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules
21.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 21 Interpersonal Interaction and Local Context • Social disorganization theory: attributes increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions • Labeling theory: attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not – Also known as the societal-reaction approach
22.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 22 Power and Inequality • Criminal justice system serves the interests of the powerful; protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their own needs • Race and Class – Suspects are treated differently based on their race, ethnicity, and social class – Differential justice: differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups
23.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 23 Power and Inequality • Gender – Existing approaches to deviance developed with only men in mind – Society tends to treat women in stereotypical fashion – Cultural views and attitudes toward women influence how they are perceived and labeled – As women take on more active and powerful roles both in the household and in business, gender differences in deviance and crime have narrowed
24.
© Copyright 2010
Alan S. Berger 24 The Criminal Justice System • Based on Adversarial system, Conflict • Only available for crimes, not for non criminal deviance – Religious laws deal with some of the non criminal deviance • Made up of – Courts – Police – Corrections • How else is deviance sanctioned? – Hiring practices – Public Opinion – ?
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