Crime and deviance can be defined as illegal acts punishable by law and behavior that does not conform to social norms. Deviance is socially constructed and dependent on factors like culture, history, and location. Not all crime is deviant and not all deviance is illegal. Crime statistics come from official police records and victim/self-report surveys. Younger males from working-class backgrounds and certain ethnic groups are overrepresented in crime statistics, though sociological factors like biased policing may influence these disparities. The impacts of crime can be physical, financial, social, and psychological on individuals and communities.

1. CRIME AND DEVIANCE
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2. What is crime and deviance?
• Crime – an illegal act punishable by law which if discovered could lead to a
fine, suspended or custodial sentence.
• Deviance – behaviour that does not conform to the norms of society. If a
person behaved in this way and this behaviour is discovered it could lead
to negative sanctions.
• Deviance is socially constructed and is a product of society and culture, it
can change over time, place, history and across cultures
• Not all crime is deviant….not all deviance is crime!
• Legal deviance – deviant behaviour not punishable by law
• Illegal deviance – deviant behaviour punishable buy law

3. Social Control
• Agencies of social control – regulate behaviour in society
• Formal control – written rules and laws- enforced by formal
agencies of social control
• Parliament – makes laws
• Police – enforce laws
• Courts – deal with alleged offenders
• Informal control – operates through unwritten on “taken for
granted” rules. It is enforced through social pressure such as praise
or ignoring and agencies of informal control include the
family, peers, work colleagues and friends.

4. Why are crimes committed?
• There are some explanations which are based on biological and
psychological factors
• Biological
• born criminal, inherit it along with other physical characteristics –
Lombroso 19th century
• Psychological
• Based on personality traits
• Being impulsive has been linked to criminal behaviour
• Impulsive people act without thinking so they commit crime on the
spur of the moment and so not think about the consequences of
getting caught
• They so not think how their behaviour may affect other people

5. Sociological explanations
• Remember we are studying sociology so we look at social factors!!!
• Inadequate socialisation – negative influence of the home
environment and failure of some parents to socialize their children
to accept norms and values of society – approach favoured by the
NEW RIGHT
• Sub-cultural theories – values of a particular sub-culture and the
influence of the peer group. Albert Cohen argued that working-
class boys joined delinquent subcultures as a way of gaining status
within their peer group
• Relative deprivation – people compare themselves to others and
see themselves as “badly off” – this feeling of relative deprivation
may motivate them to commit crime as they could never afford the
same life style any other way

6. Sociological explanations
• Marxist explanations – links to social inequalities that are present in
a capitalist society. Not everyone has access to wealth to buy
consumer goods that other have and that are promoted in the
media. The legal system operates in favour of the rich - tax evasion
less likely to be convicted than benefit fraud.
• Labelling theory – how and why some people such as working class
boys become labelled as criminal or deviant. Cicourel argued that a
delinquent was a person who had been labelled that way as a
reaction from others rather than the actions of the person. This is
an interactionist view. Labelling some one as deviant may help to
create a self fulfilling prophecy by pushing someone further
towards deviance.

7. Crime Statistics
• Two main measured of crime
• Official crime statistics recorded by the police
• Surveys of the public such as victim surveys and self – support
studies.

8. Victim surveys
• Asks people about their experience of crime
• Example – British Crime Survey
• Large study of homes in England and Wales
• Main focus – have you been a victim of crime? Have you reported it
to the police?
• Victim surveys indicate that many victims of crime do not report
crimes to the police which helps to explain why official crime
statistics are often lower then estimates based on victim surveys.

9. Self –report studies
• Ask people to reveal offences they have committed
• Example – the Offending Crime and Justice Survey
• Focus - drug use, anti-social behaviour amongst 10-25 year olds
• Conducted by interview and most sensitive questions are not done
face to face but via a computer
• This reveals crime that may not come to the attention of the courts
or police

10. Official Statistics
• Crimes recorded by the police and published each year
• Can not be taken at face value as they exclude the HIDDEN FIGURE
of crime that goes unreported to the police
• Why are crimes not included in crime statistics?
• Not witnessed of discovered
• not considered serious enough to be reported by the victim
• Crime may be seen as too private or they think that the crime may
not be treated sensitively enough
• Employers might not report crime and deal with the crime “in –
house” to avoid negative publicity
• Sociologists argue that official statistics are socially constructed –
they are the outcome of the decisions and choices made by people
such as witnesses, victims and the police.

11. Impact of crime
• Studies show that crimes can have….
• Physical impact – being injured during an assault
• Financial impact – loss of property
• Social impact – affecting the victims relationships with friends and
family
• Psychological impact – stress, fear of the attack happening again
also studies show that having to engage in the criminal justice
process can be stressful such as giving evidence and coming face to
face with the accused.
• Affect a whole community – fear of violence, and creating tension
• Surveys (BCS) show that men are more likely to be a victim than
women and the young more than the old

12. White collar and corporate crime
• This can have a three way effect
• Financially – loss of funds to government though tax evasion
• Physical – health may be put at risk by corporate crime – failing to
safeguard employees though un-fit tools and equipment or
exposure to harmful chemicals such as asbestos
• Social – creates a atmosphere of mistrust in the work place
between employers and employees

13. Youth crime…a social problem?
• Criminal and deviant behaviour created media coverage and public
debate.
• The increase of items in the news such as knife crime, identity theft
and antisocial behaviour increases the anxiety of the general public
about law and order.
• Youth crime ….always in the news
• Drug taking
• Knife crime
• Binge drinking
• Vandalism
• Involvement in gangs
• This behaviour creates fear of young people amongst some
sections of the public

14. Youth crime
• Why is it a problem?
• Seen as damaging to community life
• Has a financial cost – vandalism, graffiti
• Loss of life – drug and knife crime
• Devastating impact on the families of victims
• Creates tension in communities and damages social cohesion
• Some researchers think that teenagers are cast as a folk devil – the
media’s portrayal of teenagers as folk devils can lead to a moral panic or
public outcry.
• Teenagers can become scapegoats and can be blamed for societies
problems
• Over sensationalist reporting in the media can lead to harsher policing,
this in turn leads to higher levels of arrests and sentencing.

15. Government action and youth crime
• Fining parents
• Close circuit TV in towns and cities
• Anti-social behaviour orders
• Critics ….have they become a status symbol or badge of honour?

16. Crime and social factors
• Yes…you’ve guessed it age, gender, ethnicity, class, location…..
• Age – young people, especially males are more likely to be involved
in crime – refer back to sub-cultural theory
• Gender – men more likely than women
• Gender socialization process
• Lack of opportunity to become involved in crime
• Chivalry effect
• But….number of females committing crime is on the increase.
• Changing social position of women
• Increased opportunity
• Shifts in attitudes…women no longer receive less harsh sentences
than men

17. Crime and social factors
• Ethnicity – some ethnic groups are over represented in the CJS -
black males in particular.
• Face value – these groups commit more crime?
• But…are the crime statistics exaggerated by the way that policing
is carried out and a bias within the CJS. Research shows that black
people are more likely to be stopped and searched, prosecuted and
convicted of crime than any other ethnic group.
• Class – WC are over-represented in CJS
• WC have fewer legal means to succeed – more likely to turn to
crime for financial gain
• WC sub-cultures stress deviant and criminal behaviour as a way of
achieving status amongst peers
• But…is CJS biased towards WC? Law more strictly enforced against
them than the middle classes committing tax evasion.