Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include:
* Classical Theory
* Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton)
* Marxist Theory
* Right realism
* Left realism
* Labelling (Interactionism)
* Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories)
* Eysenck's theory
* Family crime theories
* Neurophysiological (brain damage)
* Neurochemical
* Kohlberg's moral development
* Behaviourist theory
Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include:
* Classical Theory
* Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton)
* Marxist Theory
* Right realism
* Left realism
* Labelling (Interactionism)
* Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories)
* Eysenck's theory
* Family crime theories
* Neurophysiological (brain damage)
* Neurochemical
* Kohlberg's moral development
* Behaviourist theory
Credit card fraud is a growing problem that affects card holders around the world. Fraud detection has been an interesting topic in machine learning. Nevertheless, current state of the art credit card fraud detection algorithms miss to include the real costs of credit card fraud as a measure to evaluate algorithms. In this paper a new comparison measure that realistically represents the monetary gains and losses due to fraud detection is proposed. Moreover, using the proposed cost measure a cost sensitive method based on Bayes minimum risk is presented. This method is compared with state of the art algorithms and shows improvements up to 23% measured by cost. The results of this paper are based on real life transactional data provided by a large European card processing company.
10 ers. Although one can learn definitions favor- able to .docxchristiandean12115
10
ers. Although one can learn definitions favor-
able to crime from law-abiding individuals,
one is most likely to learn such definitions
fiom delinquent friends or criminal family
A Theory of sociation members. with These delinquent studies typically others find is the that best as-
Differential predictor of crime, and that these delinquent others partly influence crime by leading the
individual to adopt beliefs conducive to
Association crime (see Agnew, 2000; Akers, 1998; Akers and Sellers, 2004; Waw, 2001 for summaries
of such studies).
Sutherland 's theory has also inspired
Edwin H. Sutherland dnd much additional theorizing in criminology.
Theorists have attempted to better describe
Donald R. Cressey the nature ofthose definitions favorable to vi-
olation of the law (see the next selection in
Chapter 11 by Sykes and Matza). They have
Before Sutherland developed his theory, attempted to better describe the processes by
crime was usually explained in t e r n ofmul- which we learn criminal behavior from oth-
tiple factors-like social class, broken homes, ers (see the description o f social learning the-
age, race, urban or rural location, and mental ory by Akers in Chapter 12). And they have
disorder. Sutherland developed his theory of drawn on Sutherland in an effort to explain
differential association in an effort to explain group differences in crime rates (see the Wolf-
why these various factors were related to gang and Ferracuti and Anderson selections
crime. In doing so, he hoped to organize and in this part). Sutherland's theory o f differen-
integrate the research on crime u p to that tial association, then, is one of the enduring
point, as well as to guide future research. classics in criminology (for excellent discus-
Sutherlandk theory is stated in the f o m o f sions ofthe current state o f differential asso-
nine propositions. He argues that criminal ciation theory, see Matsueda, 1988, and Waw,
behavior is learned by interacting with oth- 2001).
ers, especially intimate others. Criminals
learn both the techniques of committing
crime and the definitions favorable to crime References
from these others. The s k t h proposition> Agnew Robe*. '2000. "Sources of Mminality:
which f o r n the heart of the theory, states Strain and Subcultural Theories." In Joseph F.
that 'h person becomes delinquent because of Sheley (ed.), Criminology: A Contemporary ,
an excess of definitions favorable to law vio- Handbook, 3rd edition, pp. 349-371. Belmont,
lation over definitions unfavorable to viola- CA: Wadsworth.
tion oflaw."According to Sutherland, factors Akers, Ronald L. 1998. Social Learning and So-
such as social class, race, and broken homes cia1 Structure: A General Theory of Crime and
influence crime because they affect the likeli- Deviance. Boston: Northeastern University
hood that individuals willdssociate with oth- Press.
ers who present definitions favorable to Akers, Ronal.
Sociological approaches suggest that crime is shaped by factors external to the individual: their experiences within the neighborhood, the peer group, and the family. are shaped by between people's everyday movements through space and time.
The theory assumes that people, at birth have neither a motivation to commit crime nor to conform.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
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Examines theories that attempt to explain the motivation for criminal behavior in order to help reduce recidivism and relapse among people with and without addictions in the criminal justice system
My topic ideas is North Korea with human rights, you need find 10 .docxgemaherd
My topic ideas is North Korea with human rights, you need find 10 sources, read introduce.
Bibliography
Word-processed double spaced.
Keep a backup computer copy and hard copy.
Employ a standard format. Recommend the Chicago/Turabian style.
See Gamer’s Bibliography. Check Miami University Library Online Reference Shelf for bibliographic citations, style manuals.
Your bibliography of 10 items should include items related to 1) issue, 2) the thematic element (geography, economic, politics, anthropology, or history) and 3) the country of your research. Info on the recipient of your policy is useful also. Use at least one foreign language source. Use international (non US) as well as US sources. At least one source from your country.
Provide one paragraph on how you will use all of these materials, include the databases you are using.
Include books, academic articles, newspaper, web materials. Check PAIS, Scopus, Academic Search Complete, Social Science Citation Index, Lexis/Nexis
Strive for quality (utility) and quantity (10).
CHICAGO/TURABIAN STYLE
Bibliographic entry for a book:
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations, 6th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016.
Bibliographic entry for a journal article:
Jackson, Richard. "Running down the Up-escalator: Regional Inequality in Papua New Guinea," Australian Geographer 14 (May 2015): 175-84.
Journal article (on the Internet):
Browning, Tonya. "Embedded Visuals: Student Design in Web Spaces." Kairos: A Journal for Teachers of Writing in Webbed Environments 3, no. 1 (2007); available from http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/2.1/features/browning/index.html; Internet; accessed 21 August 2010.
Website:
National Consumers League. Helping Seniors Targeted for Telemarketing Fraud. 2010; Retrieved February 2, 2015 from http://www. fraud.org/elderfraud/helpsen.htm.
WHITE COLLAR CRIME IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY 4TH ED.
CHAPTER 8
EXPLAINING WHITE COLLAR CRIME
THEORIES AND ACCOUNTS
Trusted Criminals
Designed by: Jordan Land, M.S.
IntroductionA Theory is a formal version of an explanation, although it is not necessarily a comprehensive explanation
It attempts to explain a class of events, whereas an explanation might simply attempt to make sense of a specific event
In the conventional view, a good theory can be tested and fits the evidence provided by research
Underlying Assumptions and Points of DepartureEvery attempt at explanation invokes certain metaphysical, ontological, and epistemological assumptions about the ultimate nature of reality and being, and how we come to know and understand our world
It is important to understand that almost anything we might say about white collar crime is rooted in our assumptions, whether explicit or implicit, concerning such questions
What Do We Want To Explain?The conventional answer is that we must explain criminality, or what makes individuals or organizations commit white collar crimesA second a.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Differential Association
In 1947 Edwin Sutherland proposed:
Crime is a learning process that could
affect any individual in any culture.
3. Differential Association Main
Principles
Criminal behavior is learned from intimate personal
groups.
The learning includes techniques for committing crimes,
motives, rationalizations and attitudes.
The specific direction of motives and drives is learned
from definitions of legal codes as favorable or
unfavorable.
A person becomes delinquent because of an access of
definitions favorable to breaking the law.
4. Principles
Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration,
priority and intensity.
The process of learning criminal behavior is the same as
in any other learning process.
Criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and
values, it is not explained by those needs and values
since noncriminal behavior is an expression of the same
needs and values.
9. Differential Association Critics
It does not explain a law abiding family having a child
who falls into a life of crime.
The theory lacks the ability to explain acts of deviance
that aren’t learned and/or are spontaneous.
The influence of drugs on an individual’s psychological
and physiological condition could contribute to an
individual’s deviant behavior (Burgess & Akers, 1968)
It ignores the role of personality or the role of biological
and psychological factors in crime (Paul Tappan, 1947).
10. Differential Association: The
complete answer?
Sutherland was one of the most astute critics of the
Differential Association Theory.
He conceded: Not everyone in contact with criminality
becomes a criminal.
He recognized his theory did not take into account
various personality factors.
11. Differential Association: A large piece
of the criminal puzzle
Differential Association is not the complete answer but it
does bring attention to:
The importance of social factors
The similarity between the process of learning criminal
behavior and that of learning lawful behavior
The fact that criminality cannot be explained entirely in
terms of personality maladjustments.
The answer lies in the choice of the people we associate
with and who we look up to as role models.
12. References:
Lilly, R., Cullen, T. & Ball, Richard. (2011) Criminological Theory:
Context and Consequences, Sage Publications, Inc.
Burgess, R. & Akers, R.(1966). A Differential Association-
Reinforcement Theory of Criminal Behavior. Social Problems, 14:
363-383.
Tappan, P., (1947). Short Notes on Differential Association Theory of
Crime, retrieved on line from
http://www.preservearticles.com/2012050131531/short-notes-on-
differential-association-theory-of-crime.html
