1) The Routine Activities Theory states that three elements are required for a crime: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and an absence of a capable guardian.
2) In 1982, Kennesaw, Georgia passed a law requiring heads of households to own a handgun in response to Morton Grove, Illinois banning handgun ownership.
3) Since passing this law, Kennesaw has seen its crime rates drop significantly while its population increased six-fold, providing evidence that legal gun ownership can act as a capable guardian under the Routine Activities Theory.
The war on drugs has taken a massive cost in human lives, making the US the world’s largest prison population, but drugs remain widely available and treatment resources are insufficient. The US government spent trillions of dollars incarcerating non-violent drug offenders that pose barriers to employment and stability.
The war on drugs has taken a massive cost in human lives, making the US the world’s largest prison population, but drugs remain widely available and treatment resources are insufficient. The US government spent trillions of dollars incarcerating non-violent drug offenders that pose barriers to employment and stability.
Get your quality homework help now and stand out.Our professional writers are committed to excellence. We have trained the best scholars in different fields of study.Contact us now at premiumessays.net and place your order at affordable price done within set deadlines.We always have someone online ready to answer all your queries and take your requests.
Why Lawfty Equals More Signed Cases, Every MonthJroberts731
An overview of Lawfty's business model, who we are, and how our innovative machine learning technology is revolutionizing attorney advertising for personal injury lawyers.
This is the keynote presentation made by Todd Landfried at the University of Texas Immigration Law Conference, held in Austin, TX on October 20-21, 2011.
A small group of mayors, all of them liberal Democrats, issued this letter asking state and federal officials to allow them the right to trample individual property rights guaranteed under the U.S. Constitution by banning fracking within their borders. The group is aligned with the anti fossil-fuel Big Green organization Environment America.
Get your quality homework help now and stand out.Our professional writers are committed to excellence. We have trained the best scholars in different fields of study.Contact us now at premiumessays.net and place your order at affordable price done within set deadlines.We always have someone online ready to answer all your queries and take your requests.
Why Lawfty Equals More Signed Cases, Every MonthJroberts731
An overview of Lawfty's business model, who we are, and how our innovative machine learning technology is revolutionizing attorney advertising for personal injury lawyers.
This is the keynote presentation made by Todd Landfried at the University of Texas Immigration Law Conference, held in Austin, TX on October 20-21, 2011.
A small group of mayors, all of them liberal Democrats, issued this letter asking state and federal officials to allow them the right to trample individual property rights guaranteed under the U.S. Constitution by banning fracking within their borders. The group is aligned with the anti fossil-fuel Big Green organization Environment America.
This article was downloaded by[Florida International Universi.docxhowardh5
This article was downloaded by:[Florida International University]
On: 22 July 2008
Access Details: [subscription number 788824511]
Publisher: Routledge
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954
Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Justice Quarterly
Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713722354
“Striking out” as crime reduction policy: The impact of
“three strikes” laws on crime rates in U.S. cities
Tomislav V. Kovandzic a; John J. Sloan III a; Lynne M. Vieraitis a
a University of Alabama at Birmingham,
Online Publication Date: 01 June 2004
To cite this Article: Kovandzic, Tomislav V., Sloan III, John J. and Vieraitis, Lynne
M. (2004) '“Striking out” as crime reduction policy: The impact of “three strikes”
laws on crime rates in U.S. cities', Justice Quarterly, 21:2, 207 — 239
To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/07418820400095791
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095791
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf
This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction,
re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly
forbidden.
The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be
complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be
independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings,
demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or
arising out of the use of this material.
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713722354
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095791
http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf
D
ow
nl
oa
de
d
B
y:
[F
lo
rid
a
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l U
ni
ve
rs
ity
] A
t:
00
:3
5
22
J
ul
y
20
08
A R T I C L E S
" S T R I K I N G OUT" A S C R I M E
R E D U C T I O N P O L I C Y :
T H E I M P A C T O F " T H R E E S T R I K E S "
I.AWS O N C R I M E R A T E S I N U . S . C I T I E S
TOMISLAV V. KOVANDZIC*
J O H N J. SLOAN, III**
L Y N N E M. VIERAITIS***
U n i v e r s i t y of Alabama at B i r m i n g h a m
During t h e 1990s, i n response to public dissatisfaction over w h a t were
perceived as ineffective crime reduction policies, 25 states and Congress
passed t h r e e strikes laws, designed to d e t e r criminal offenders by
m a n d a t i n g significant sentence e n h a n c e m e n t s for those w i t h prior
convictions. F e w large-scale e v a l u a t i o n s of t h e i m p a c t of t h e s .
Running head GUN CONTROL1GUN CONTROL16RESEARCH PR.docxcowinhelen
Running head: GUN CONTROL
1
GUN CONTROL
16
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Do Gun Control Laws Reduce Incidence of Murder and Other Violent Crimes?
Prepared and Submitted
by
.Robert Stevens, MPA
Class Name
INTRODUCTION
On June 26, 2008, the United States Supreme Court affirmed a Court of Appeals decision overturning the Washington D.C. ban on firearms. Over the last several decades, there have been numerous arguments to the effectiveness of gun control bans and gun regulations. The purpose of this study is to add to this debate. This study will conduct a quantitative analysis of murder and other violent crime statistics from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reporting Program and compare those crime rates for a sixty year period. By analyzing the data, the author seeks to identify the true effectiveness of the District of Columbia’s Firearms Control and Regulations Act of 1975.
There has been a long standing debate among citizens, politicians, special interest groups and law enforcement as to the need for and success of strict gun control legislation. There have been numerous studies conducted by various groups on the subject of gun control and/or strict regulation. The two highest profile groups in the debate are the National Rifle Association and the Brady Center and its affiliate, the Center to Prevent Handgun Violence. The Justice Department estimates that as many as 275 million guns are in the United States (Mears, 2010).
The NRA argues that the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees individuals the right to own and carry guns. They are concerned that federal regulations will continue to increase until owning a handgun will be difficult to achieve, infringing on their Constitutional rights. They also argue that if law-abiding citizens have guns, they are safer from criminals, bringing crime rates down. The Brady Center, on the other hand, argues that the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution does not guarantee individuals the right to own and carry guns. Further, they argue that when more people have guns, deaths and injuries from guns increase (Adams, 2010).
According to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), in 2005, 11,346 people were killed by firearms and 477,040 people were the victim of a firearms related crime. The NIJ also reported that in 2006, firearms were used in 68 percent of murders. Handguns are the primary firearm used in firearm related murders in the United States (National Institute of Justice, 2010). NIJ data shows that homicides committed with firearms peaked in 1993 at 17,075, and afterwards the figures steadily fell, leveling off in 1999 at 10,117 but since 2002 gun-related homicides have increased slightly each year (National Institute of Justice, 2010).
In January of 2009, the American Rifleman (an NRA publication) published an article FBI Crime Report is Bad News for Anti-Gunners. The publication cited FBI crime statistics for 2007, that showed the nation's violent ...
1. Routine Activities Theory
The Routine Activities Theory states that there are three
elements to a crime.
• A motivated offender
• Suitable target
• Absence of a capable guardian
The following slides will portray two totally different
towns in America with totally different perspectives on
guns and how guns contribute to crime and crime
control.
2. Morton Grove, Illinois
The story begins in 1980, when an applicant applied for a license to
open a gun store in the village of Morton Grove, Illinois. The matter
went before the Board of Trustees and in June 1981 the Board passed
an ordinance banning gun sales within the village. The Board also
approved a measure outlawing the possession of handguns. This
ordinance meant that all owners of handguns had to turn in their
handguns to the local police.
This ordinance was the first that completely banned ownership of a
handgun and was in direct conflict with the Second Amendment to the
Constitution of the United States. There was a lot of media attention
given to this story and the headlines went national. The law took effect
on February 1, 1982.
3. Kennesaw, Georgia
In 1982, Kennesaw, Georgia passed a law that
required all heads-of-households to possess a
handgun and ammunition. In 1982, Kennesaw had
“a rural population of Southern conservatives,
strong Second Amendment advocates," city
spokeswoman Pam Davis states.
The city enacted the ordinance in response to the
law passed in Morton Grove, Illinois, that
completely outlawed gun sales and ownership.
Davis says. "It was a symbolic gesture."
5. Crime Statistics, Morton Grove, IL
Prior to 2010 crime information was not provided to the FBI.
Year 2010 crime statistics
City Pop. Violent Murder Rape Robbery Aggr. Prop Burglary Larceny
crime assault crime theft
Morton
Grove 22,177 11 0 3 3 5 396 75 306
Year 2011 crime statistics
Morton
Grove 23,340 25 0 2 4 19 375 69 293
6. Kennesaw, Georgia
The crime rate in 1982, which was not that high to
begin with, plummeted after the law was enacted -
by 89%, compared with a 10% drop statewide,
according to published accounts.
Since the law was enacted in 1982 the population
of Kennesaw has increased to approximately 34,000
residents today states city spokeswoman Pam
Davis. This is a six fold increase from the 1982
count. Yet despite the enormous increase in
population the crime rates have continued to be
“significantly lower” than similar-sized Georgia
cities. Davis reports that there has never been a
reported violation of the law and believes the law
contributes significantly to the lower crime rate.
7. Morton Grove, Illinois
Morton Grove had a population of approximately
22,000 residents in 1982. The population has
increased minimally to approximately 23,270
according to the 2010 census. The crime rates in
Morton Grove have remained consistent
throughout the entire 30 years since their law was
passed, according to published reports. The law was
ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in
2008. Passing such an extreme law did absolutely
nothing to deter or affect crime rates in their city.
8. Conclusion
The Routine Activities Theory States that an
absence of a capable guardian is one of the
elements of crime. A capable guardian can also be
laws that affect the outcome of crime, such as guns
and residents that have been trained in their use.
Such a law was passed by the trustees of Kennesaw
Georgia. The knowledge that the homes in
Kennesaw are protected by guns has proven to
affect crime rates in that city and prove that
guardians are definitely an element of crime.