Crepitus
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PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS) UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
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5 Ischemia Infarction & Gangrene in pathology.pptx
Dry gangrene is caused by arterial occlusion alone, resulting in slow putrefaction and spread. It can cause natural amputation. Wet gangrene involves both arterial and venous occlusion, leading to rapid putrefaction and spread. No line of demarcation forms and toxemia is often fatal. Gas gangrene occurs when deep wounds are contaminated by Clostridium bacteria, causing muscle necrosis, gas formation and severe toxemia.
Day 3
Cartilage is a connective tissue found in joints between bones. It is made up of cells called chondrocytes that produce collagen, proteoglycans, and elastin. There are no blood vessels in cartilage, so it repairs and grows slowly. Tendons connect muscle to bone and are made of collagen, while ligaments connect bones to other bones. Joints are points where bones connect, allowing movement, and can be classified by the tissue present and degree of movement. Common joint disorders include dislocations, sprains, bursitis, and various forms of arthritis.
Amputations of extremity
AMPUTATION: Cutting of the extremity or part of the extremity through the bone
While ………..
DISARTICULATION: Cutting of the extremity or part of the extremity through the joint
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Suffocation is a general term used to indicate death due to lack of oxygen from either lack of oxygen in the breathable environment or obstruction of external air passages. Asphyxia is caused by lack of oxygen in respired air leading to hypoxaemia and hypercapnia. Smothering causes asphyxia through mechanical obstruction of the external airways (nose and mouth). Suicidal smothering often involves placing a plastic bag over the head in an attempt to cut off oxygen. Classic signs of asphyxia include petechial hemorrhages, cyanosis, congestion, and soft tissue swelling due to increased venous pressure and fluid leakage from blood vessels.
Road & railway injury (suicidal)
Road accidents typically cause gross musculoskeletal or organ damage, severe haemorrhaging, airway blockage from blood, or traumatic asphyxiation from chest crushing. Railway suicides often result in decapitation or extensive body disintegration from being struck by a fast-moving train. Toxicology screens should be performed to check for alcohol or drugs which may have contributed to suicidal behavior. Electrical injuries may also complicate cases where high-voltage train systems are involved.
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Strangulation, hanging, suffocation, road/railway injuries, and electrocution are common methods of suicidal death. Strangulation causes asphyxia by compressing the neck and blocking blood flow and air passage to the brain. Hanging causes cerebral hypoxia by compressing the neck and jugular veins. Suffocation involves blocking external airways. Road/railway injuries typically cause severe trauma, hemorrhage or organ damage. Electrocution usually causes cardiac arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation leading to cardiac arrest. Autopsies look for neck furrows, petechiae, internal injuries or electrical marks depending on the method.
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- External signs include an areola of blanched skin at the contact points and possible "crocodile skin" lesions from sparking over several centimeters if voltages were in the kilovolt range. Internal autopsy findings are often absent or non-specific since the most common mode of death is cardiac arrhythmia.
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Crepitus
- 1. 1 CrepitusPROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS) UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
- 2. What is crepitus? • term to describe the grating, crackling or popping sounds and sensations experienced under the skin and joints • a crackling sensation due to the presence of air in the subcutaneous tissue.
- 3. Types of crepitus Bone Crepitus Joint Crepitus Crepitus of bursitis Crepitus of tenosynovitis the inflammation of one or more bursae (small sacs) of synovial fluid in the body two fragments of a fracture are moved against each other the affected joint is passively moved with one hand, while the other hand is placed on the joint to feel the crepitus. the inflammation of the fluid-filled sheath (called the synovium) that surrounds a tendon.
- 4. Causes?? • The sound can be created when two rough surfaces in an organism's body come into contact • when the cartilage around joints has eroded away and the surfaces in the joint start to grind against one another, or when the fracture surfaces of two broken bones rub together • Eg. - osteoarthritis - rheumatoid arthritis • Crepitus is a common sign of bone fracture.
- 5. Crepitus can easily be introduced by exerting a small amount of force on a joint, thus 'cracking it'.
- 6. Why this is happening? • This is caused by bubbles of nitrogen forming in the synovial fluid bursting. • Almost every joint in the body can be 'cracked' in this way, but the joints which require the least amount of effort include the hallux, knuckles and neck joints
- 7. Other clinical significance • In soft tissues, crepitus can be produced when gas is introduced into an area where it normally is not present. • sounds produced by lung conditions such as interstitial lung disease—these are also referred to as "rales". • Crepitus is often loud enough to be heard by the human ear, although a stethoscope may be needed to detect instances caused by respiratory diseases
- 8. Cont. • post-surgical complications involved anaerobic infection by Clostridium perfringens strains, which can cause gas gangrene in tissues, also giving rise to crepitus. • Subcutaneous crepitus (or surgical emphysema) is a crackling sound resulting from subcutaneous emphysema, or air trapped in the subcutaneous tissues.