This document provides guidance on crane safety for lifting operations. It discusses categories of lifting such as ordinary and critical lifts and outlines planning requirements. Key topics covered include load description, crane selection, ground conditions, rigging study, lifting hazards, and safe work practices like inspections and hand signals. An appendix includes inspection forms and checklists. The overall aim is to define work practices and inspections to help ensure operator safety during crane operations.
This presentation provides general information about the requirements of the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER):
What employers need to do to protect your employees
Also useful to employees and their representatives
More information : http://worlifts.co.uk/
This presentation provides general information about the requirements of the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER):
What employers need to do to protect your employees
Also useful to employees and their representatives
More information : http://worlifts.co.uk/
Definition
Type of scaffolding system
To familiarize with UAE Legal requirements with respect to Scaffolds
To enhance the skill of scaffold erection and inspection.
Safe Procedure for erection & dismantling
Practical on Scaffold Erection & dismantling
Procedure for Scaffold inspection
Overhead crane, crane safety, lifting operation, EHS, Safety, Testing of Crane, Commissioning of Cranes,
for soft copy please email me at dawoodibrar@hotmail.com
The following will be covered in this preparation;
Working at height regulation 2005
Working at height — Main accidents that occur:
What is working at height?
What dose work height mean?
Working at height – Preparation
How to reduce or control working at height accidents?
Do’s and don’ts of working at height and ground
One of the main accidents that occur when working at height
Fatal fall injuries to workers, top three industries, 2001/02 to 2013/14p
Definition
Type of scaffolding system
To familiarize with UAE Legal requirements with respect to Scaffolds
To enhance the skill of scaffold erection and inspection.
Safe Procedure for erection & dismantling
Practical on Scaffold Erection & dismantling
Procedure for Scaffold inspection
Overhead crane, crane safety, lifting operation, EHS, Safety, Testing of Crane, Commissioning of Cranes,
for soft copy please email me at dawoodibrar@hotmail.com
The following will be covered in this preparation;
Working at height regulation 2005
Working at height — Main accidents that occur:
What is working at height?
What dose work height mean?
Working at height – Preparation
How to reduce or control working at height accidents?
Do’s and don’ts of working at height and ground
One of the main accidents that occur when working at height
Fatal fall injuries to workers, top three industries, 2001/02 to 2013/14p
PowerLogistics Asia 2014 - Lifting & Hoisting - Best Practices – P V N Chandr...PowerLift Events
www.powerlogisticsasia.com is an annual project logistics event which is taking place in Singapore. The event brings together the heavy transport and lifting industry that is catering to the oil, gas, heavy engineering, power, mining and other related industries. It offers a great opportunity for participants to hold up the flag in the South East Asian project cargo market. It comprises of educational workshops, conferences, seminars and an exhibition.
www.powerlogisticsasia.com
9 Lifting Operations with Tower crane Risk Assessment Templates
Access of Tower crane sections to work areas
Tower crane foundations
Siting, setting up and testing of Tower crane
Lifting of equipment and material
(Tower crane Operator)
Tower Crane supervision
Jumping and dismantling of Tower Crane
Project Name: xxx
RA Ref No.: xxx
RA compilation Date: Review date:
Date:
Compiled by:
Reviewed by:
Approved by:
Overall Task Details
Lifting operations using Tower crane within site boundary Relevant Applicable MAS:
• 01412 – Lifting Operations;
• 00941 – Lifting equipment Additional Training required:
Riggers / Slingers NOC’s Required for task:
As applicable
RISK SCORE CALCULATOR
Use the Risk Score Calculator to Determine the Level of Risk of each Hazard
What would be the
CONSEQUENCE
of an occurrence be? What is the LIKELIHOOD of an occurrence? Hierarchy of Controls
Frequent/Almost certain (5)
Continuous or will happen frequently Often (4)
6 to 12 times a year Likely (3)
1 to 5 times a year Possible (2)
Once every 5 years Rarely (1)
Less than once every 5 years Can the hazard be Eliminated or removed from the work place?
Catastrophic (5)
Multiple Fatalities High 25 High 20 High 15 Medium 10 Medium 5 Can the product or process be substituted for a less hazardous alternative?
Serious (4)
Class 1 single fatality High 20 High 16 High 12 Medium 8 Low 4 Can the hazard be engineered away with guards or barriers?
Moderate (3)
Class2 (AWI or LTI) or Class 1 Permanently disabling effects High 15 High 12 Medium 9 Medium 6 Low 3 Can Administration Controls be adopted
I.e. procedures, job rotation etc.
Minor (2)
Medical attention needed, no work restrictions. MTI Medium10 Medium 8 Medium 6 Low 4 Low 2 Can Personal Protective Equipment & Clothing be worn to safe guard against hazards?
Insignificant (1)
FAI Medium10 Medium 4 Low 3 Low 2 Low 1
No Specific Task Step
(In sequence of works) Hazard Details Consequence/Risk Initial Risk Rating Control Measures Residual Risks Additional Control Measures RR
P S RR
1 Access of Tower crane sections to work areas
• Plant and workers in same working area as delivery truck; • Collision with plant or vehicles and live traffic;
• Workers struck by plant, very high risk of fatality;
• Uncontrolled crane reversing; 3 4 12 High i. Worker pedestrian routes to be designed and implemented with clear signage to provide segregation;
ii. Instruction to workers at induction on use of access routes around the project;
iii. Flagmen to be used to control crane movements;
iv. The Logistics plan shall clearly illustrate crane access and egress points; Workers not complying with flagmen Regular topic in TBT’s Low
2 Tower crane foundations • Excavations;
• Use of plant – excavators etc.;
• Use of concrete;
• Temporary Works; • See Risk Assessment 010 – Excavations;
• See Risk Assessment 014 – use of Mobile Concrete pump;
• Failure due to incorrect design; 4 5 20 High i. Crane foundations to be designed by approved persons, to clear design criteria;
ii. Foundations given adequate curing time before crane erection;
iii. Temporary Works Coordinator to control excavations and concrete pours; Low
3 Siting, setting up and testing of Tower crane • Works at Height;
• Working in proximity to existing struct
Use these tips, adapted from an article by Safety Management Group, to help ensure safer crane operation on your worksites. Includes images and links to additional resources.
8 Lifting Operations with mobile crane Risk Assessment Templates.docxDwarika Bhushan Sharma
Project Name: xxx
RA Ref No.: xxx
RA compilation Date: Review date:
Date:
Compiled by:
Reviewed by:
Approved by:
Overall Task Details
Lifting operations using mobile crane within site boundary Relevant Applicable MAS:
• 01412 – Lifting Operations;
• 00941 – Lifting equipment Additional Training required:
Riggers / Slingers NOC’s Required for task:
RISK SCORE CALCULATOR
Use the Risk Score Calculator to Determine the Level of Risk of each Hazard
What would be the
CONSEQUENCE
of an occurrence be? What is the LIKELIHOOD of an occurrence? Hierarchy of Controls
Frequent/Almost certain (5)
Continuous or will happen frequently Often (4)
6 to 12 times a year Likely (3)
1 to 5 times a year Possible (2)
Once every 5 years Rarely (1)
Less than once every 5 years Can the hazard be Eliminated or removed from the work place?
Catastrophic (5)
Multiple Fatalities High 25 High 20 High 15 Medium 10 Medium 5 Can the product or process be substituted for a less hazardous alternative?
Serious (4)
Class 1 single fatality High 20 High 16 High 12 Medium 8 Low 4 Can the hazard be engineered away with guards or barriers?
Moderate (3)
Class2 (AWI or LTI) or Class 1 Permanently disabling effects High 15 High 12 Medium 9 Medium 6 Low 3 Can Administration Controls be adopted
I.e. procedures, job rotation etc.
Minor (2)
Medical attention needed, no work restrictions. MTI Medium10 Medium 8 Medium 6 Low 4 Low 2 Can Personal Protective Equipment & Clothing be worn to safe guard against hazards?
Insignificant (1)
FAI Medium10 Medium 4 Low 3 Low 2 Low 1
No Specific Task Step
(In sequence of works) Hazard Details Consequence/Risk Initial Risk Rating Control Measures Residual Risks Additional Control Measures RR
P S RR
1 Crane checks on arrival to site
PRIOR TO USE • Use of mobile crane • Unauthorized operation of the mobile crane resulting in incident;
• Failure due to use of un-certificated crane;
3 4 12
HIGH i. All cranes to be Third Party Certificated by a DM approved inspector, documentation available on arrival to site;
ii. Operators to have in-date Third Party certificate by approved body, available for review on arrival to site;
iii. Crane load indicator to be installed and functioning correctly;
iv. Visual inspection of crane undertaken by competent person; Documentation unavailable for review Crane quarantined until evidence provided Low
2 Access of crane to work areas
• Plant and workers in same working area; • Collision with plant or vehicles and live traffic;
• Workers struck by plant, very high risk of fatality;
• Uncontrolled crane reversing; i. Worker pedestrian routes to be designed and implemented with clear signage to provide segregation;
ii. Instruction to workers at induction on use of access routes around the project;
iii. Flagmen to be used to control crane movements;
iv. The Logistics plan shall clearly illustrate crane access and egress points; Workers not complying with flagmen Regular topic in TBT’s Low
3 Siti
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
2. CRANE SAFETY HANDBOOK
Toma Construction & Co. Ltd Page | i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................1
2 CATEGORIES OF LIFTING ............................................................................................1
2.1 Ordinary Lifts ......................................................................................................... 1
2.2 Critical Lifts ............................................................................................................ 1
2.3 Flow Chart for Identification of Lifting Activity......................................................... 2
2.4 Planning and Execution of Lifts.............................................................................. 3
3 DESCRIPTION OF LOAD TO BE LIFTED.......................................................................4
3.1 Detail of Load to be Lifted ...................................................................................... 4
4 CRANE SELECTION ......................................................................................................4
4.1 Operation Points .................................................................................................... 4
5 GROUND AND SURROUNDING CONDITION ...............................................................5
5.1 Ground Bearing Capacity....................................................................................... 5
5.2 Access & Lifting Location....................................................................................... 6
5.3 Excavations ........................................................................................................... 6
5.4 Overhead Structure................................................................................................ 6
6 CRANE SITTING & LIFTING STUDY..............................................................................6
6.1 Boom Clearance .................................................................................................... 6
6.2 Boom Height and Angle ......................................................................................... 6
6.3 Pick Up and Place Down Radius............................................................................ 6
7 RIGGING STUDY............................................................................................................6
7.1 Centre of Gravity of the Lift .................................................................................... 7
7.2 Type of Rigging...................................................................................................... 8
7.3 Sling Angles........................................................................................................... 8
8 LIFTING HAZARDS ........................................................................................................9
9 SAFE WORK PRACTICES .............................................................................................9
9.1 Pre-Operational Safety Inspection.........................................................................11
9.2 Proper Use of Hand Signal ...................................................................................13
9.2.1 Stop Signals......................................................................................................13
9.2.2 Boom Signals....................................................................................................14
9.2.3 Load Signals .....................................................................................................14
9.2.4 Speed Signals...................................................................................................15
9.3 Radio Control........................................................................................................15
9.4 Crane Components for Safe Operation.................................................................15
10 APPENDIX....................................................................................................................17
10.1 DAILY INSPECTION TAG ....................................................................................17
10.2 CRANE PRE-OPERATIONAL CHECK LIST.........................................................18
3. CRANE SAFETY HANDBOOK
Toma Construction & Co. Ltd Page | 1
1 INTRODUCTION
A crane is a machine for lifting and lowering a load and moving it horizontally, with the hoisting mechanism an integral part of
the machine. Cranes can be driven manually or by power.
Cranes are widely used in the construction industry to move materials, in the transportation to load/unload cargos, in the
manufacturing industry to assemble heavy equipment, etc. When installed and properly used, cranes make operations easier
and safer.
Guidelines stated henceforth define the work practices and inspection procedures to help ensure that the operators of the
cranes are protected from potential hazards associated with the movement of equipment and material.
2 CATEGORIES OF LIFTING
2.1 Ordinary Lifts
Ordinary lifting operations may be executed under a basic lift plan. These plans must clearly define the limitations on the loads,
lifting methods and areas of operation. A Risk Assessment will be required in each case, and authorized prior to
commencement. Ordinary lifts shall conform to the following factors,
Within the normal operating parameters of the crane
Lifting over non-sensitive areas
Suitable environmental conditions
Load has known and evaluated weight, shape and center of gravity
Standard rigging arrangements
Routine repetitive lifting operations using the same equipment
Load has pre-determined weight, shape and center of gravity
Single function or series of functions repeated manually or automatically
Order of function repeated
Same equipment
Same competent Crane Operators
Load under 75% of rated load of the load chart
Equipment specifically installed by a competent operator/ installer
Load has known and evaluated weight
Centre of gravity below the lifting hook
Use of a certified lifting point
Ample headroom
Not within sensitive, difficult or restricted areas
Single lifting machine
Unlikely to be affected by changing environmental conditions
Standard rigging arrangements
Suitable lay-down area available
2.2 Critical Lifts
Critical lifting operations will require a more detailed Lifting Plan containing all of the elements as described within these
guidelines. The plan will have to be approved by a Responsible Person prior to commencement of any Lifting Operation and
any deviation requirement identified from the plan, must also get the approval of the Responsible Person prior to
commencement of the lifting operation. Critical lifts shall conform to the following factors,
4. CRANE SAFETY HANDBOOK
Toma Construction & Co. Ltd Page | 2
Use of two or more Lifting Appliances, including tallying pipe using winch and crane (tandem lift)
With sensitive, difficult or restricted areas
Lifts from one offshore vessel to another
Continuation of a lifting operation with different people
Lifting of machinery without lifting points
In environmental conditions likely to affect equipment performance
Load with unknown / difficult to estimate weight and/or center of gravity
Non-standard rigging arrangements
Load lowered into or lifted from a confined space
Weight of load in excess of 75% rated load of the load chart
2.3 Flow Chart for Identification of Lifting Activity
Lifting more than 50.00 tonne
Requires Tandem Lift or Special
Crane Configuration (Fly Jib etc.)
Operating over or near other
building, sensitive, difficult or
restricted areas.
Use of Special Equipment, Man
Basket etc.
Lifting of machinery without
known lifting points.
Lifting more than 75% of rated
load chart.
Irregular shape / difficult to
estimate weight and centre of
gravity.
Ordinary Lift
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Critical Lift
5. CRANE SAFETY HANDBOOK
Toma Construction & Co. Ltd Page | 3
2.4 Planning and Execution of Lifts
Identify need for lifting operation
Responsible person / lifting
supervisor to plan lift with
technical / specialist support as
required
Carry out risk assessment;
Ensure all risks are eliminated or
reduced.
Establish lifting plan by
Responsible Person
Review and update if required /
approved by Responsible
Person
Carry out risk assessment;
Ensure all risks are eliminated or
reduced.
Establish lifting plan by
Responsible Person
Lifting Plan (New or Modified)
Engineered Lifts (Project
specific) and Lifting Plan
Technical review by Competent Person
and approved by Responsible Person
Ordinary Lift Critical Lift
Appoint team appropriate
for the lift
Tool box talk; Review risk assessment &
Lift Plan; Emergency response and
contingency plan; Include all personnel
involved in the lift; permit to work in place
Execute lifting operation
with appropriate supervision
Debrief and note learning
points after lifting operation
If a problem is detected
STOP WORK
Revert to earlier position and review Risk
Assessment – Carry out management of
change if required.
6. CRANE SAFETY HANDBOOK
Toma Construction & Co. Ltd Page | 4
3 DESCRIPTION OF LOAD TO BE LIFTED
Sufficient information must be provided to give a clear, but brief, description that will clearly identify the lift(s) to be undertaken.
A separate risk assessment form will need to be completed for every time the crane is moved to a new position, unless the
risk assessment has taken into account the hazards associated with all positions.
3.1 Detail of Load to be Lifted
No load must be lifted without the following crucial information:
the load weight
the overall dimensions (length, width and depth).
indication of the position of center of gravity.
the lifting/slinging points
the pickup radius
the final location radius
the height to which the load has to be lifted.
the overall weight (load + all lifting accessories)
4 CRANE SELECTION
Using the previously gathered information in conjunction with crane manufactures duty charts it will allow the selection of a
crane that is suitable with sufficient capacity to safely execute the lifting operation.
Details of the preferred crane(s) to be used must be recorded within the Method Statement and must include:
the make and model;
capacity;
jib length;
outrigger/track spread;
outrigger/track load;
maximum ground bearing capacity;
counterweight/super-lift counterweight required;
weight of the crane.
4.1 Operation Points
The crane shall only be operated on a firm, level ground
that adequately supports the weight of the crane and
loads.
The weight of the load shall not exceed the Safe Working
Load (SWL).
Never abruptly swing or stop the crane.
Loads shall not be dragged on the ground.
Move the load at a safe speed, use low speeds within
several meters of the load's destination.
Adjust the boom length to ensure the crane is operating
within the extent of the safe operation radius.
When moving uphill or downhill, the boom angle shall be
adjusted to the safe working condition.
7. CRANE SAFETY HANDBOOK
Toma Construction & Co. Ltd Page | 5
a) Level ground
Correct operation radius.
b) Uphill position
The load moves toward the crane and reduces
the operation radius that may cause the crane to
tip over backwards.
c) Downhill position
The load moves away from the crane and this
may overload the crane and cause the crane to
tip over forwards.
5 GROUND AND SURROUNDING CONDITION
When lifting on outriggers the outrigger beams and jacks must be extended in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
for the crane. The Competent Person must ensure that there is sufficient space at the crane siting location for this to be
achieved. The crane rated capacity indicator must be set in accordance with the manufacturer’s operating instructions. It is
important to realize that ground that has been backfilled without any means of compaction will present a danger and must not
be used to support a crane. Sufficient load spreading materials, of adequate size and strength, must be used under each
outrigger. Ensure that the crane lifting area has been checked for voids and underground services.
All normal routine & non-routine lifting operations with hydraulic mobile cranes must have outriggers fully blocked out using
appropriate load bearing mats.
Crawler Cranes are designed to walk but careful and particular attention must be given to the ground conditions. At the time
of the survey ground conditions should be established. In many cases it will be necessary to lay down large wooden or steel
mats for the crawlers to move around a site
5.1 Ground Bearing Capacity
This must be the permissible load bearing capability of the ground at every position where the crane is to be stood, as provided
by an appropriate authority with knowledge of the site. The Competent Person will need to determine the area of the outrigger
supports/crawler tracks/wheels etc. required to ensure that the maximum given ground pressure is not exceeded. Details of
the required supports must be recorded in the Method Statement. Where the crane is supported by its outriggers during a
lifting operation the maximum outrigger load for the specific configuration, whilst lifting the load, will also need to be entered
within the Method Statement. These loadings can be obtained from the manufacturer’s outrigger load tables.
8. CRANE SAFETY HANDBOOK
Toma Construction & Co. Ltd Page | 6
5.2 Access & Lifting Location
The Competent Person during his survey should take particular note and record the site ground surface conditions on at least
2 occasions, the first relates to access for the crane and transport vehicles (boom/ballast/counterweight carriers) to the site
location and the second being the actual location where the crane will be located when lifting the load/s. It is important to
discuss with the user the route to be used, as it is their responsibility to ensure that the ground can support the loads that will
be applied. The Competent Person must be satisfied with the space provided and the access route to be used, also the nature
of the surface (e.g. blacktop, hard-core, concrete). For clarity, the route can be shown on the site plan.
5.3 Excavations
Excavations can be a real hazard to lifting operations. During any survey all excavations in close vicinity to a where a lifting
operation will take place must be noted. Also, on the day of a lifting operation the area should be re-checked, many times on
construction sites excavations get dug without any communication to the lifting team.
Where the ground is compact and non-crumbling, the distance of any part of the crane support timbers from the
excavation should be at least equal to the depth of the excavation.
Where the ground is loose or crumbling, the distance of any part of the crane support timbers from the excavation
should be at least twice the depth of the excavation.
5.4 Overhead Structure
Many serious injuries and fatalities within the Lifting Industry are as a result of crane booms coming in contact with overhead
structure such as building, trees etc. All overhead structures must be noted during the initial survey and provisions made to
avoid them during the lifting operation.
6 CRANE SITTING & LIFTING STUDY
The sitting plan can be in the form of a hand drawn sketch for the simple operations, with a detailed engineered drawing for
the more difficult and complex operations. In each case the idea of having a sitting plan is to ensure that the crane or lifting
machine is positioned on the correct location to safely complete the intended operation.
6.1 Boom Clearance
It is always necessary to know that there is sufficient boom clearance during any lifting operation, particularly when working
in restricted and confined areas. This should be determined during the planning stage and recorded within the lifting plan.
Equally the tail swing should be determined.
6.2 Boom Height and Angle
Boom angle and height are pieces of important information that must be recorded within the Lifting Plan. Not only do they help
in the correct selection of a suitable crane, they also allow calculation of clearances of buildings and other possible
obstructions.
6.3 Pick Up and Place Down Radius
Radius, like all other pieces of information is extremely important and fundamental to safe lifting practices. When measuring
radius, which again is part of requirements in the selection of a suitable crane type, ensure that both the “Pick Up and Lay
Down” measurements are taken and recorded within the plan.
7 RIGGING STUDY
Essentially the Rigging study, particularly when planning non-routine and complex lifts, is a detailed drawing showing the
rigging configuration of all lifting points on the load and details of all slings, beams, shackles, ropes, blocks etc. by size and
Safe Working Load. It is designed to show all the connection points, the forces applied to each and how it will be slung together.
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7.1 Centre of Gravity of the Lift
When preparing the lift and attaching the rigging it is important to follow the Rigging Study and ensure that the CG is directly
under the hook block of the lifting crane.
When a load is lifted by a crane the CG always hangs vertically beneath the hook. If the CG is not under the hook when it is
first lifted, then the load will tilt until it is. (see Figure below).
This can be a useful way of locating the CG of a load in the field. We know that the CG is located somewhere along the vertical
line through the hook. (See Figure below again.)
Figure: Center of Gravity beneath the Hook
When the CG is not equally spaced between the rigging points, the slings and fittings will not carry an equal share of the load.
The sling connected closest to the center of gravity will carry the greatest share of the load.
Sample Calculation:
Sling 2 is connected closer to the CG, therefore it will carry the greater share of the load:
Tension in/Load carried by Sling 2 = 5 x 2.43 / 3.04 = 4.0 tons
Tension in/Load carried by Sling 1 = 5 x 0.61 / 3.04 = 1.0 tons
Similarly, for two legged slings joined to the hook,
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Sample Calculation:
Tension in/Load carried by Sling 1 = 5 x 0.61 x 3.44 / (2.43(2.43+0.61)) = 1.42 tons
Tension in/Load carried by Sling 2 = 5 x 2.43 x 2.5 / (2.43(2.43+0.61)) = 4.11 tons
7.2 Type of Rigging
Lifting gears or slings generally carry their loads in one of three primary sling hitches. Most slings can be used in all three sling
hitches, but some slings are designed for use in only one hitch. Slings have the largest Work Load Limit when used in a basket
hitch. The vertical hitch Work Load Limit is 50% of the basket hitch (i.e. WLL of basket hitch = 2 x SWL). The synthetic choker
hitch Work Load Limit is a maximum of 80% (typically 70-75%) of the vertical hitch Work Load Limit. Slings must be securely
attached to the load and rigged in a manner to provide for load control to prevent slipping, sliding and/or loss of the load. A
trained, qualified and knowledgeable user must determine the most appropriate method of rigging to help ensure load control
and a safe lift. The manual or the tag on the sling should be referred to for more information on the actual ratings for each
hitch type.
Figure: Type of Rigging
7.3 Sling Angles
In any lifting operation the rigging equipment will be selected based on the weight of the load to be lifted. However, there are
times when the angle of the slings gets overlooked and what appears as the SWL on the tag or certificate is not sufficient to
do the job. Every rigging study where slings are part of the lifting gear must be checked to ensure that angles do not reduce
the lifting capacity below that of the weight of the load. A simple calculation can be done as follows:
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Example:
W = weight of load = 5 tons
Share of load on each leg = 2.5 tons
L = Length of sling = 4m
H = Height between hook and load = 3m
T = Tension in each sling = 4/3 x 2.5 = 1.333 x 2.5 = 3.33 tons
The total tension in the slings adds up to 6.66 tons which is much more than the actual weight
of load at 5 tons.
8 LIFTING HAZARDS
There are multiple hazards that can arise during cranes’ operations. The major causes of crane related accidents are,
Contact with power lines
Overturns
Falls
Mechanical failures
These causes of accidents could determine the following main causes of fatality for workers,
Electrocution
Struck by crane load
Crane collapse
Struck by falling boom
9 SAFE WORK PRACTICES
A personal protective equipment (PPE) hazard assessment must be performed for the task. PPE considerations
should include a hardhat, safety glasses and safety shoes.
Rated load capacities, recommended operating speeds, special hazard warnings and/or instructions shall be
conspicuously posted on all equipment. Instructions or warnings shall be visible to operators while they are at their
control stations.
Do not exceed the rated load capacity of the crane, hoist, slings, or other components.
Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly wheels, chains, or other reciprocating, rotating, or other
moving parts or equipment shall be guarded if such parts are exposed to contact, or otherwise create a hazard.
No modifications or additions which affect the capacity or safe operation of the equipment shall be made without the
manufacturer's written approval. If such modifications or changes are made, the capacity, operation, and
maintenance instruction plates, tags, or decals, shall be changed accordingly. In no case shall the original safety
factor of the equipment be reduced.
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Never operate a crane that in your opinion is UNSAFE TO OPERATE.
If a lift requires removal of any section of protective barriers, then appropriate steps must be taken to protect the
operator.
Engaging the Load
The sling or other device shall be properly seated and secured in the base of the hook.
The load shall not be applied to the point of the hook or the hook latch.
Before moving the load, the operator shall be sure chains and wire rope are not kinked or twisted, and that multiple
part chains or ropes are not twisted about each other.
The rope or chain must be properly seated on the drum, sheaves, or sprockets before the lift takes place.
Remove slack from the sling, chain, or cable before lifting a load.
The operator shall not pick up a load in excess of the rated load of the crane.
Specific attention should be given to balancing of the load to prevent slipping.
Moving the load
The operator shall not engage in any activity that will divert his/her attention from the task.
The operator shall respond to signals from a designated person only. However, the operator shall obey a stop signal
at all times, no matter who gives it.
The operator shall make sure the load and hoist will clear all obstacles before moving or rotating the load.
A person shall be designated to observe clearance of the equipment and give timely warning for all operations where
it is difficult for the operator to maintain the desired clearance by visual means.
The operator shall inch powered hoists and cranes slowly in engagement with a load, but should avoid unnecessary
inching and quick reversals of direction.
A load shall not be lifted more than a few inches until it is well balanced in the sling or lifting device.
When lifting loads at or near capacity, brake action shall be tested by lifting the load a few inches off the surface to
verify that the brakes are holding.
Loads shall not be suspended over personnel. Under no circumstances may anyone ride the hook.
Directional movement should be made smoothly and deliberately to avoid swing.
Placing the Load
Never leave the controls unattended while a load is suspended. If it becomes necessary to leave the controls, lower
the load to the floor.
Slings
Slings shall not be shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices.
Sling legs shall not be loaded in excess of their rated capacities.
Slings used in a basket hitch shall have the loads balanced to prevent slippage.
Slings shall be securely attached to their loads.
Slings shall be padded or protected from sharp edges of their loads.
Suspended loads shall be kept clear of all obstructions.
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Hands and fingers shall not be placed between the sling and its load while the sling is being tightened around the
load.
Shock loading is prohibited (abrupt starting or stopping of the load).
A sling shall not be pulled from under a load when the load is resting on the sling.
Slings shall be properly stored when not in use so that they are not subject to mechanical damage, moisture,
corrosives, extreme temperature or kinking.
Care shall be exercised when removing a sling from under a landed and blocked load.
9.1 Pre-Operational Safety Inspection
At the start of each shift a crane/hoist operator should inspect his or her equipment to help ensure that it is in safe and proper
working order. This inspection should be routinely conducted every day at the beginning of each shift worked and should
consist of the following inspection points as a minimum.
If the equipment fails any of the inspection point’s No. 1 – 12, the employee’s supervisor should be notified and the equipment
tagged as “out of service” unless the situation is immediately corrected. If inspection point No.13 does not pass, the employee
should notify his or her supervisor to have the situation corrected.
1) Tagged crane or hoist
Check that crane is not tagged with an out-of-order sign. If the equipment is tagged, do not use and report the
situation to your supervisor.
2) Control Devices
Test that all motions (hoist, trolley, bridge) agree with the control device markings.
3) Brakes
Check that all motions do not have excessive drift and that stopping distance is normal when the motion is powered
off.
4) Hook
Check for damage, cracks, nicks, gouges, deformations of the throat opening, wear on saddle or load bearing point,
and twist. Refer to the manual furnished by the original equipment manufacturer for acceptable tolerances.
Figure: Hook Orientation
5) Hook Latch
If a hook latch is required, check for proper operation.
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6) Shackle
During lifting, shackles shall not lean to one side. Ensure the pin is totally locked. Washers may be used to centre
the shackle.
Figure: Shackle Orientation
7) Wire Rope
Check for broken wires, broken strands, kinks and any deformation or damage to the rope structure.
Figure: Damaged Wire
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8) Cable Clip
The wire rope sling is equipped with thimble. There shall be a minimum of 3 cable clips. The direction of
installation shall be correct. The distance between the cable clips shall be the same.
Figure: Connecting the Wire Rope Slings
9) Reeving on Wire Rope
Check that the wire rope is properly reeved and that rope parts are not twisted about each other.
10) Oil Leakage
Check for any sign of oil leakage on the crane and on the floor beneath the crane.
11) Unusual Sounds
Check for any unusual sounds from the crane or hoist mechanism while operating the crane or hoist.
12) Warning and Safety Labels
Check that warning and other safety labels are not missing and are legible.
13) Housekeeping and Lighting
Check area for accumulation of material to prevent tripping or slipping. Also check area for poor lighting.
9.2 Proper Use of Hand Signal
9.2.1 Stop Signals
Stop signals are one the most important hand signals used on a construction site. When stop signals are used operation of
the equipment must be halted.
Emergency stop – A signal person will communicate an emergency stop by extending both arms horizontal of the body with
palms faced down, from this position they will swing their arms back and forth.
Stop – In order to pause or stop an action, the signal person will extend a single arm and face their palm down; they will then
begin to swing the extended arm back and forth.
Dog everything – This signal will stop all activity and is performed by clasping hands together and placing them at waist level.
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9.2.2 Boom Signals
Boom signals will inform the crane operator of which maneuver they should perform with the boom.
Raise boom – To raise the boom, a signal person will extend an arm horizontally to the side of their body and signal thumbs
up, with a closed fist.
Lower boom – In order to lower the boom, the signal person will extend an arm horizontally and signal thumbs down, with a
closed fist.
Swing boom – To swing the boom, the signal person will extend an arm out horizontally, using their index finger to point in
the direction the boom is to swing.
Extend boom – To lengthen the boom, the signal person will place their hands at the front of their waist and point thumbs
outwards with remaining fingers in a fist.
9.2.3 Load Signals
Load signals will dictate what the operator should do with a load once it has been lifted by the crane.
Hoist load – In order to lift the load upwards the signal person will extend their arm vertically towards the ceiling/sky, point
with their index finger and make small circles with their hand and index finger.
Lower load – To lower the load downward, the signal person will extend their arm horizontally, pointing their index finger
towards the ground, once in this position they will make a circle motion with their finger.
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9.2.4 Speed Signals
The signal person can also control the pace of any movement using speed signals.
Move slowly – In order to slow the rate of an action, the signal person will a place their hand above the hand which is giving
the action signal.
9.3 Radio Control
VISIBILITY – With the operator at a better location away from the load and not tethered to the crane, the-
Operator should be able to see a load shift and to determine whether the load is properly rigged before continuing.
Operator’s view of the load’s path should not be obstructed by operation from a fixed position above/behind the load.
Operator should be better able to see and adjust to any obstructions or changes in the path as the move is completed.
MOBILITY – With the operator not tethered to the crane the-
Operator would be free to move at his/her own pace rather than the pace of the crane, making the operator better able
to avoid tripping hazards and pinch points.
Operator would not be limited by a rang-reducing tether and would be better able to avoid tripping hazards and pinch
points.
Operator could more easily change location to gain better vantage points.
Radio control could allow the operator to relocate to better locations such as applications where a cab could be
positioned in hot areas or over hazardous locations such as radiation areas, soaking pits or tilting ladles.
Operation could be off‐board, eliminating potential concerns over egress in the event of travel‐motion failure.
9.4 Crane Components for Safe Operation
Horns
Audible warning devices — recommended for congested areas where the standard strobe light may not be visible to all
personnel. This can provide an additional warning to employees while moving loads.
Warning Lights
Visible lights warn personnel of moving loads.
Crane Lights
Provides floor lighting underneath overhead cranes for greater visibility. They are typically found on large cranes that block
out ceiling lights.
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Collision Avoidance
Protects the cranes by not allowing the cranes collide with one another, with the end-stops or other obstructions.
Slow Down and Stop Limits
Prevents the crane from running into end-stops at full speed. Useful to help make operators aware of where they are
approaching a stopping point or an obstacle.
Overloads with Read-outs
Informs the operator of the actual load being lifted. Provides a base point for maintenance to start trouble shooting.
Variable Speed for Smooth Acceleration and Deceleration
Reduces mechanical wear on components. Removes impact loads on all drive trains. May extend the life of the equipment.
Prevents load from swinging excessively from a hard start or jerky stop.
Brake Slip Detections
Informs maintenance personnel when brake adjustment is needed.
Working Period Monitoring
Monitors the remaining time between recommended maintenance overhaul of the hoist. Provides a predictable preventative
maintenance schedule which could reduce downtime. Can improve the safe use of the equipment by indicating when the
useful life of the equipment has been reached and an overhaul is due.