This document discusses lifting safety and provides information on various types of lifting equipment. It defines lifting equipment as any work equipment used for lifting and lowering loads, including accessories. Examples of lifting equipment include overhead cranes, hoists, lifts, and slings. The document also discusses chain hoists in detail, outlining the main types (differential, lever ratchet, hand), components, inspection procedures, and safety factors. Annual inspections of lifting equipment are recommended to check for wear, damage, and safety.

1. Lifting Safety:
Lifting equipment is any work equipment for lifting and lowering loads, and includes any
accessories used in doing so (such as attachments to support, fix or anchor the
equipment).
There are three key terms used in reference to the Regulations: 'lifting equipment’; ‘lifting
operations'; and 'the load'.
Examples of lifting equipment include:
 overhead cranes and their supporting runways
 patient hoists
 motor vehicle lifts
 vehicle tail lifts and cranes fitted to vehicles
 a building cleaning cradle and its suspension equipment
 goods and passenger lifts
 telehandlers and fork lifts
 lifting accessories
Lifting accessories are pieces of equipment that are used to attach the load to lifting
equipment, providing a link between the two. Any lifting accessories used between lifting
equipment and the load may need to be taken into account in determining the overall
weight of the load.
Examples of lifting accessories include:
 fiber or rope slings
 chains (single or multiple leg)
 hooks
 eyebolts

2.  spreader beams
The load includes any material, people or animals (or any combination of these) that is
lifted by the lifting equipment. Loads are often provided with permanent or semi -
permanent fixed or attached points for lifting. In most cases, these are considered to be
part of the load.
Examples of loads include:
 loose bulk materials
 sacks, bags, pallets and stillage’s
 discrete items (such as a large concrete block)
 machinery and any permanently attached lifting eyes
 a skip and the lugs fixed to its side
Different types of lifting equipment’s and its sub class:
1) Chain hoist.
 Liver hoists / Pull lift
 Hand chain house(Chain block /block and jackals)
 Electrical chain hoist
 Compressed air hoist , pneumatic chain hoist
 Hydraulic chain hoist
2) Wire rope hoist
 Scaffold hoist
 Hand operated wire rope winches & hoist
 Electrical winches & hoist
 Overhead wire rope crane hoist
 Hydraulic wire rope winch/hoist
 vehicle mounted winches
 Cable pullers / Hoist
 Trace wire rope
3) General Lifting equipment

3.  Synthetic sling
 Shackles
 Eye bolts & eye nuts
 Chain slings
 Wire rope slings
 Lifting chain
 Lifting & pulling clamps
 Runway beam mono , mono rail crane trolley
 Lifting magnet, permanent, battery electric and manual.
 Equipment identification tags
4) Rigging Equipment
 Cross by lifting & rigging
 Material rigging & load suspension eyes
 Lifting & rigging hooks
 Unbuckles & rigging screws
 Wire rope accessories & fitting
 Snatch block, sheave block & crane pulley blocks.
 Load restraint equipment
 Lifting & rigging swivels.
5) Cranes & Gantry system
 Counter balance floor workshop cranes
 Portable garage
 Swing jib cranes
 Davit arm portable jib cranes
 Aluminum gantries
 Steel gantries
 Portable mobile swing jib cranes
 Overhead cranes system
6) Material Handling & Jacky equipment
 Machinery, Load moving skates & material skates
 Lifting jacks

4.  Hydraulic Lifting Cylinders & Pumps
 Lifting beam & spreader beams
 Hand operate paler trucks
 Stacker trucks
 Genie industrials materials handling equipment
 Scissor lift
 Gas cylinder handling equipment
 Drum Handling equipment
 Crane forks
 Platform trucks & trolley
7) Fork lift truck attachment
 Fork Mounted Man Riding Baskets
 Environment & Waste Handling Attachments
 Fork Lift Truck Mounted Drum Handling Attachments
 Fork Mounted Jib and Hook Attachments
 Fork Truck Scoop Attachments
 Snow Plough Fork Lift Truck Attachments
Chain Hoist:
There are three types of chain hoist. Differential, Lever Ratchet and Hand chain.
The most important thing to remember is that heavy items have mass and mass equal’s
energy. It may not be obvious but you know if you drop something heavy on your foot it
will hurt. But it may do more than hurt. An anvil, sewage block or milling vise dropped on
one's foot could break numerous bones, disable and cause considerable expense.
Differential Hoists
These use a continuous loop of chain and a double chain wheel at the top with different
number of pockets on the two sides. The lower "hook" wheel has grooves to ride on the
chain but no pockets. As the chain is pulled around the inner load loop gets smaller or
larger by the difference in the number of pockets on the chain wheel (the differential). As

5. the lifting loop gets shorter the hand loop gets longer and vice versa. This is a bit of an
inconvenience but the mechanism is as simple as they get.
Lever Ratchet Hoists
These are small portable units with capacities up to 5 tons but the common ones are
rated 1/2 or 1 ton. The ratchet handle operates simple gears that pull a short load chain.
The load is supported by a disk type friction brake similar to an automotive clutch disk
held by a paw and sprocket (ratchet). Lifting rotates the brake/clutch on the ratchet.
Lowering releases the pressure on the brake via a multi-lead screw similar to a brake
Bendy.
Hand Chain Hoists (standard chain hoists)
These operate like the ratchet hoists above except a chain wheel and loop of hand chain
turns the gearing. A brake holds the load and a ratchet prevents the brake from rotating
one direction. The chain wheel rides on a screw that loosens the brake when the chain is
pulled in the lowering direction. Most have planetary gearing on the brake wheel. Chain
hoists are made with straight pulls and compound pulls up to 10 tons or more. Chain hoist
are made in steel, portable aluminum housings, spark proof materials and corrosion
resistant materials.
Common Features and Problems
 High quality hoists have ball thrust bearings in the hook to allow rotating the load.
 Load hooks have openings parallel to the back. Properly rated load hooks that have
been overloaded will spring open and not be parallel.
 The brakes in industrial duty hoists are large and sufficient to support the load. A
two ton hoist has an 8" to 10" diameter brake. Small import 2 ton hoists have small
3 to 4 inch brakes that are patently dangerous. They will slip under partial load
without operation then due to heat rapidly slip more. These are dangerous junk that
have no place in a safe shop.
Hoist Maintenance and Inspection
Chain hoists are durable and long lasting. The only regular maintenance is inspection,
cleaning and lubricating. Chains should be kept clean and rust free. There are only a few
bearing points that require oiling but these often require dismantling the hoist. Depending
the use this should be done once a year or two. Since these devices have gears it is
important to keep them sand and grit free. To clean the gears requires dismantling.
Afterwards they should be greased with a tacky high pressure lube like Never Seize or
gear grease.
Hoists that slip should be tagged "out of order" and repaired if possible. If not they should
be scrapped. Chains that are worn, kinked or stretched should be replaced. Load chains
have gently curved sides that when overloaded become straight and sometimes stiff to
flex. Stretched, straightened chains should be scraped and replaced. Load chains on
hoists that have been stretched will not run smoothly on their blocks. Snapping or
popping chains are an indication of overloaded chains.
Annual Inspection:

6. The Annual inspection may be performed with the hoist in its normal location and do not
require the hoist to be dismantled. Covers and other items normally supplied to allow
inspection of components should be opened or removed for these inspections.
Inspection Items
1. Operating mechanisms checked for maladjustment and listened to for unusual sounds
that may indicate problems.
2. Tightness of bolts, nuts, and rivets.
3. Excessive wear, corrosion, cracks, or distorted parts in the following:
 load blocks
 suspension housings
 hand chain wheels
 chain attachments
 clevises
 yokes
 suspension bolts
 shafts
 gears
 bearings
 pins
 rollers
 locking and clamping devices
4. Damage or excessive wear on hook-retaining nuts or collars and pins and welds or
rivets used to secure the retaining members.
5. Excessive wear or damage on load sprockets, idler sprockets, hand chain wheel, and
drums or sheaves shall be checked for damage or excessive wear.
6. Hand chain-operated hoists checked for evidence of worn, glazed, or oil-contaminated
friction disks; worn pawls, cams, or ratchets; and corroded, stretched, or broken pawl
springs in braking mechanism.
7. Evidence of damage to supporting structure or trolley.
8. Presence of legible warning labels. 9. End connections load chains shall be checked
for evidence of wear, corrosion, cracks, damage, or distortion.
10. Welded link hoist chain.
11. Hooks
Safety Factors and Testing
Traditional European and North American load lifting equipment has always had
significant safety factors. Most steel crane and hoist parts are rated to be loaded to a

7. maximum of 10,000 PSI at 1.5 to 2 times the rated load. This allows almost all parts to be
safely made of mild steel. But then the parts are often made of steels that have five to
ten times the strength of mild steel thus having huge safety fac tors. These 15 to 20 to
one safety factors are what allows load lifting equipment to snag or catch a dropping load
and safely absorb the inertia of such over loading.
These safety factors should never be assumed or taken advantage of. The basic 1.5
rating is the amount of test load that is periodically put on industrial cranes to test them.
Private owners and small shops should also periodically inspect and test their equipment
to full or 1.5x capacity and record the test.
On our large 10 Ton crane a 30,000 pound test load was not often available but
occasionally we would have large assemblies that we normally did not lift. We would take
advantage of these occasions and carefully lift them a few inches, have folks in the shop
witness the lift then carefully put the load down. One thing we would have to be wary of
was that at test load conditions the crane bridge would deflect more than that 1/4" or less
and the trolley would try to roll to the center of the beam.
The above applies to real honest industrial duty equipment. There is a LOT of imported
junk on the market sold by the big discount tool houses. Many of these items have ZERO
safety factor and are based on ultimate failure values rather than conservative
engineering values. This means they break or fail without warning if overloaded. I've seen
popular "2 ton" Taiwanese hoists that had chains 1/5th the size of American hoists with
load brakes that could not support half the devices rated load. I've seen many hydraulic
presses with frames advertising 30 TON capacity sporting 20 ton jacks that were clearly
bent from overloading. I've also seen shop floor cranes with bent arms and faulty
hydraulic cylinder valves that were difficult or nearly impossible to gently lower a load.
None of these devices are built to conventional safety standards. They will not withstand
common load tests and should be avoided at all costs.
Hanging Hoists
Hoists can be hung statically using a loop of chain or shackle. Movable hoists are hung
on a trolley. In either case the support method should be rated for the capacity of the
hoist.
Trolleys should be hung on an appropriate beam. Crane or hoist beams are rated by
deflection. Deflection should be 1/4" or less at the middle of the beam when fully loaded.

8. This rule does two things. At 1/4" deflection trolleys do not roll downhill. At 1/4" deflection
the strain on most beams is well within a safe range.
Calculating deflection can be daunting if you do not know how. You start with the beam
specification (type, size, weight per unit length). Then look up the section modules and
plug it into the equations. Engineering handbooks have some of the data, the AISC Steel
Construction manual has data on almost all beams as well as deflection formulas. Some
engineering programs have the information as well.
One thing to remember about deflection is that it increases by the cube of the increase in
length. So the span of the beam makes a huge difference.
Hanging hoists from wood is difficult to rate. Hanging hoists from roof trusses can be
rated roughly by the roof rating but is NOT included in codes and this is NOT an
engineering recommendation. Use at your own risk!
Low load utility building roofs are rated as low as 10 to 20 pounds per square foot.
Standard structures are usually rated 30 to 40 pounds per square foot. Only in high snow
load areas are roofs rated 50 to 50 pounds or more. If you take the area supported by a
pair of trusses, say 20 by 4 feet, this is 80 square feet. Multiply by 20 and you have 1600
pounds. This is the total load those trusses may be expected to support including wind
and snow. Add a third truss and you have 2400 pounds, a forth and its 3200 pounds.
Your hoisting load should never be more than 50% of the rated load.
If you are hanging a shop monorail from wooden trusses the lower joist should be
doubled up for at least 50% of the span or more. Gluing, nailing and bolting is
recommended. A wooden beam in the trusses above the crane rail can help spread the
load and add strength to the whole. If you are hanging a short ste el beam a longer wood
beam will help spread the load across more trusses. A bridge truss perpendicular to the
roof trusses will increase the roof strength as well as spread the load.
The following are the different types of chain hoist
Ratchet lever hoists
Hand chain hoist
Electrical chain hoist

9. Compressed air hoist
Hydraulic chain hoist
Wire rope hoist:
Available wide choice of hoists which can either lift or pull a load by means of a wire
rope. There are two main differences with wire rope devices, some are designed to lift
and pull (hoists) and some are designed just to pull (winches). The main factor that
decides if a wire rope machine can be used to lift, pull or both is the factor of safety that
it required and the unit is built to; to lift a load there is a FOS (factor of safety)
requirement of 5:1, whereas to pull a load the requirement on only 3:1 FOS. Options are
available for manual, electric, pneumatic or hydraulic cable pulling and lifting devices. All
of which have their own unique features and specifications which can make one more
suitable than another.
Wire rope scaffold hoists:
Scaffolding wire rope hoists are simply wire rope hoists that are designed to be used on
construction sites for lifting building materials tools and equipment from the ground level
to the working area above. Lifting equipment like scaffold hoists are also referred to as
builders hoists; they as basically a wire rope lifting hoist that are
suitable for outdoor use and usually supplied with a bracket and claps for attachment to a
scaffolding or to a scaffold tower; the bracket will cantilever out from the sc affolding on a
pivot arm that rotates to allow the load once raised to swing above the working platform.
There are many different brackets and fixing methods including a counterweight gantry

10. system, this is totally free standing scaffold tower and requires no fixings or fasteners.
The lifting capacity for scaffold hoists varies from 100 – 500kg.
Scaffold / builders hoists tend to be fast lifting speeds in the region of 18 meter per
minute and long heights of lift up to 100 meter. When looking for a suitable scaffold hoist
the key features are HOL height of lift as you need to be able to reach your working
platform from the floor.
ALWAYS:
• Store and handle grip/pull machines correctly.
• Inspect the machine, rope and accessories before use and before placing into storage.
• Ensure mounting and suspension points are secure and suitable for the full loads that
will be imposed.
• Ensure the machine is free to align correctly with the rope and the rope is free of any
obstructions.
• Use only the correct rope supplied for the machine.
NEVER:
• Use kinked, damaged ropes or ropes with broken wires.
• Extend or force operating levers.
• Operate raising and lowering levers at the same time.
• Use grip/pull machines if the rope is twisted or trapped.
• Use grip/pull machines for man-riding applications unless they are specifically
designed/adapted for that purpose.
Storing and Handling Grip/pull Machines
Never return damaged grip/pull machines, ropes etc. to storage. They should be dry,
clean and protected from corrosion. Rope should be carefully coiled onto a suitable drum
or frame for storage, taking care to avoid any twists. Store machines and ropes on a
suitable rack, not on the floor where they may be damaged.
Using Grip/pull Machines Safely
Do not use defective grip/pull machines, ropes, pulleys etc.
Check the rigging arrangement, that anchorage and suspension points are secure and
adequate for the imposed loads. Ensure the correct rope is fitted and that it is not twisted
or kinked. The machine must be free to align with the rope. For lifting operations do not
exceed the marked SWL. The line pull must not exceed that stated for pulling
applications. Only use the operating lever provided with the machine and do not extend
this with tubes etc. Undue force will damage the machine or cause safety pins to shear.
Do not attempt to operate the raising and lowering levers at the same time. For man -
riding applications only use a machine which has been designed or specially adapted for

11. that purpose, following the supplier’s specific instructions. Additional safety equipment
will be necessary.
Hand Operated Wire Rope Winches and Hoists:
How do you intend to mount the hand operated winch, floor mounted, wall mounted or as
a portable wore rope hoist? When fitting, consider the handle position on the winch to
ensure that it will be operable in the area to be installed and not interfere. What
environment is it to be used in, do you need corrosion resistance or made from stainless
steel.
A wire rope hand operated hoist is designed to primarily lift a load though it is also safe
for a hoist to pull a load whereas a hand operated wire rope winch can only pull a load
and never be used to lift a load. The main reason being that the factor of safety (FOS) for
both types is different, for lifting the FOS is 5:1 whereas with pulling winches only 3:1
FOS is required.
Electric Winches and Hoists, AC (Mains Powered):
Motor - Typically the winch motor is powered by the vehicle’s battery. The motor provides
power to the gear mechanism, which turns the winch drum and winds the wire rope.
 Winch Drum - The winch drum is the cylinder onto which the wire rope feeds. The
drum is driven by the motor and drive train. Its direction can be changed using the
remote control.
 Wire Rope - The wire rope’s diameter and length are determined by the winch’s
load capacity and design. Wrapped around the winch drum and fed through the fair
lead, the wire rope is looped at the end to accept the hook’s clevis pin.
 Fair lead- When using the winch at an angle, the fair lead (or wire lead) acts to
guide the wire rope onto the spooling drum. It minimizes damage to the wire rope
while it goes through the winch mount or bumper.
 Gear Train - The reduction gear converts the winch motor power into a large
pulling force. The gear train design makes it possible for the winch to be lighter
and more compact.

12.  Braking System - The brake is automatically applied to the winch drum when the
winch motor is stopped and there is load on the wire rope. The brake prevents the
winch from paying out line, which in turn holds the vehicle in place.
 Clutch - The clutch allows the operator to manually disengage the spooling drum
from the gear train, enabling the drum to rotate freely (known as “free spooling”).
Engaging the clutch “locks” the winch drum back onto the gear train.
 Control Box - Using electrical power from the vehicle’s battery, the control box
solenoids switch power to the motor, enabling the operator to change the direction
of the winch drum rotation.
 Remote Control - The remote control plugs into the winch control box, allowing the
operator to control the winch direction, as well as stand well clear of the wire rope
while operating the winch.
GENERAL WINCH MAINTENANCE:
Inspect the wire rope before and after each winching operation. If the wire rope has
become kinked or frayed, the wire rope needs to be replaced. Be sure to also inspect the
winch hook and hook pin for signs of wear or damage. Replace if necessary.
 Keep winch, wire rope, and switch control free from contaminants. Use a clean rag
or towel to remove any dirt and debris. If necessary, unwind winch completely
(leaving a minimum of 5 wraps on spooling drum), wipe clean, and rewind properly
before storage. Using a light oil on the wire rope and winch hook can keep rust and
corrosion from forming.
 Operating your winch for a long period of time places an extra burden on your
vehicle’s battery. Be sure to check and maintain your battery and battery cables
according to manufacturer guidelines. Also inspect switch control and all electrical
connections to be certain they are clean and tight fitting.
 Inspect the remote control for damage, if so equipped. Be sure to cap the remote
socket to prevent dirt and debris from entering the connections. Store remote
control in a protected, clean, dry area.
 No lubrication is required for the life of the winch.
Overhead Wire Rope Crane Hoists:
Hoists can provide lifting and lowering motions in an overhead material handling system.
When a hoist is mounted to a trolley on a fixed monorail, two directions of load motion
are available: forward or reverse, up or down. When the hoist is mounted on a crane,
three directions of load motion are available: right or left, forward or reverse, up or down.
These systems can achieve straight-line moves, reduce material damage, reduce noise,
minimize energy cost, reduce floor-based traffic, improve worker ergonomics, and
accomplish other operational objectives.
In an overhead material handling system, hoists provide vertical movement of below -the-
hook load supporting and positioning devices.

13. In any material handling system, the hoist is used to accurately position a load.
Types of Overhead Hoists:
 Mounting Type – There are eight suspension/mounting methods for overhead
hoists: Hook Mounted, Clevis Mounted, Lug Mounted, Trolley Mounted, Deck
Mounted, Base Mounted, Wall Mounted, and Ceiling Mounted.
 Lifting Medium – Four types of lifting medium for overhead hoists: Welded Link
Chain, Roller Load Chain, and Wire Rope, synthetic web or rope material.
 Power Application – Three methods of applying power for overhead hoists:
Manually by Hand Chain, Electric Power, and Air Power.
Hydraulic Wire Rope Winches / Hoists (Lifting and Pulling):
The Hydraulic Winch Machine has a hydraulic driving unit and is driven by a turbo
charged diesel engine. The winch operates by deriving mechanical power from a turbo
charged diesel engine and this power is fed to a hydraulic pump, which in turn feeds the
pressurized hydraulic oil to a hydraulic motor and to the capstan unit via a planetary gear
box, thereby offering a step less speed regulation. The wire rope on the drum is also laid
evenly using a rope guide unit.
Application:
 Oil & Gas Industry
 Rigging & Recovery Process Industry
 Power Generation Plants
 Pipeline Fabrication Industry
 Construction Industry
 Heavy Manufacturing Industry
 Process & Pipeline Industry
Features:
 Easy maintenance owing to open type design facilitating case of maintenance.
 Step-less speed control.

14.  Powerful display that shows load, speed and pulling length.
 The machine featured auto cut off function when set to designated speed/load.
 Suitable for rough conditions owing to robust construction
 Loaded with mechanical anchors.
 The machine is operated on No other electrical power is required as the controls
are operating on 12 Volts DC drawn from the batter.
Wire rope hoist-scaffolding
Hand operated-W&H
Electrical Winch & hoist
Over Head W & H
Hydraulic wire rope W & H

15. Pneumatic wire W & H
General Lifting equipment's:
Synthetic lifting slings:
Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings are used primarily for temporary work, such as
construction and painting jobs, and in marine operations. Fiber rope slings are pliant, grip
loads well, and do not mar the surface of the load.
The most common constructions for fiber rope slings are 3-strand laid, 8-strand plaited,
and hollow braided nylon and polyester. Fiber rope slings have the following properties in
common:
 Strength,
 Safety,
 Convenience,
 Load protection,
 Long life,
 Economy,
 Shock absorbency, and
 Temperature resistance.
Identification:
New slings are marked by the manufacture to show:

16.  The rated load for the types of hitches, and the angle upon which they are based,
 The name or trademark of the manufacturer,
 The manufacturer's code or stock number, and
 The type of material and construction.
Inspections:
This qualified person also performs additional periodic inspections where service
conditions warrant, as determined on the basis of:
 Frequency of sling use,
 Severity of service conditions,
 Nature of lifts being made, and
 Experience gained during the service life of slings used in similar circumstances.
Lifting shackles -D shackles and bow:
A shackle has two main paths, the body and the pin. The body can have the anchor
shape (bow) or a chain shape (D type). Each body shape can be used, depending on the
specific application, with a screw pin or bolt-type pin.
 When selecting the right shackle, refer to manufacturers' tables for the safe
working loads of the shackles. The rated capacity should be imprinted on the
shackle and be visible.
 Shackles are sized according to the diameter of the bow section rather than the pin
size. Never use a shackle if the distance between the eyes is greater than listed in
the manufacturer's tables.
 Consult with the manufacturer if using shackles in extreme conditions (e.g.,
temperature higher than 204°C or lower than -40°C, or exposure to corrosive
fumes).
Inspect shackles:
 Inspect shackles regularly.
 Inspect the shackle eye and pin holes for stretching (elongation) and wear.
Elongation means the metal is being overloaded.
 Inspect the shackle body for bending. A bent shackle indicates excessive side -
loading.
 Inspect all shackle pins for distortion, surface blemishes, wear and fractures.
 All pins must be straight and all screw pins must be completely seated.
 Replace shackles that are bent, show excessive wear by more than 10% of the
original diameter, or have an elongated eye or shackle pin holes.
Lifting Eye bolts & Eye Nuts, Lifting and Lashing Points:
Eye bolts are marked with their thread size NOT with their rated capacities. Make sure
you select the correct eye bolt based on its type and capacity for the lift you are
conducting.

17.  Use plain or regular eye bolts (non-shoulder) or ring bolts for vertical loading only.
Angle loading on non-shoulder bolts will bend or break them.
 Use shoulder eye bolts for vertical or angle loading. Be aware that lifting eye bolts
at an angle reduces the safe load.
 Follow the manufacturer's recommended method for angle loading.
Use eye bolts safely:
 Orient the eye bolt in line with the slings. If the load is applied sideways, the eye
bolt may bend.
 Pack washers between the shoulder and the load surface to ensure that the eye
bolt firmly contacts the surface. Ensure that the nut is properly torqued.
 Engage at least 90% of threads in a receiving hole when using shims or washers.
 Attach only one sling leg to each eye bolt.
 Inspect and clean the eye bolt threads and the hole.
 Screw the eye bolt on all the way down and properly seat.
 Ensure the tapped hole for a screw eye bolt (body bolts) has a minimum depth of
one-and-a-half times the bolt diameter.
 Install the shoulder at right angles to the axis of the hole. The shoulder should be
in full contact with the surface of the objec t being lifted.
 Use a spreader bar with regular (non-shoulder) eye bolts to keep the lift angle at
90° to the horizontal.
 Use eye bolts at a horizontal angle greater than 45°. Sling strength at 45° is 71% of
vertical sling capacity. Eye bolt strength at 45° horizontal angle drops down to 30%
of vertical lifting capacity.
 Use a swivel hoist ring for angled lifts. The swivel hoist ring will adjust to any sling
angle by rotating around the bolt and the hoisting eye pivots 180°.

18. Chain Slings Assemblies & Components:
Alloy steel chains are often used because of their strength, durability, abrasion
resistance and ability to conform to the shape of the loads on which they are used. In
addition, these slings are able to lift hot materials.
Alloy steel chain slings are made from various grades of alloy, but the most common
grades in use are grades 80 and 100. These chains are manufactured and tested in
accordance with ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) guidelines. If other
grades of chain are used, use them in accordance with the manufacturer's
recommendations and guidance.
Identification:
New slings are marked by the manufacture to show:
 Size,
 Grade,
 The rated load, and
 Length (reach).
In addition, slings may be marked to show:
 Number of legs,
 Individual sling identification (i.e., serial number), and
 The name or trademark of the manufacturer.
Make periodic inspections of alloy steel chains slings at intervals no greater than 12
months. A good guide to follow includes:
 Yearly for normal service use,
 Monthly to quarterly for severe service use, and
 As recommended by a qualified person for special and infrequent service use.
Wire Rope Lifting Slings & Assemblies:

19. Wire rope is often used in slings because of its strength, durability, abrasion resistance
and ability to conform to the shape of the loads on which it is used. In addition, wire rope
slings are able to lift hot materials.
Wire rope used in slings can be made of ropes with either Independent Wire Rope Core
(IWRC) or a fiber-core. It should be noted that a sling manufactured with a fiber -core is
usually more flexible but is less resistant to environmental damage. Conversely, a core
that is made of a wire rope strand tends to have greater strength and is more resistant to
heat damage.
Wire rope may be manufactured using different rope lays. The lay of a wire rope
describes the direction the wires and strands are twisted during the construction of the
rope. Most wire rope is right lay, regular lay. This type of rope has the widest range of
applications. Wire rope slings may be made of other wire rope lays at the
recommendation of the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.
Wire rope slings are made from various grades of wire rope, but the most common grades
in use are Extra Improved Plow Steel (EIPS) and Extra Improved Plow Steel
(EEIPS). These wire ropes are manufactured and tested in accordance with ASTM
guidelines. If other grades of wire rope are used, use them in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendations and guidance.
When selecting a wire rope sling to give the best service, consider four characteristics:
strength, ability to bend without distortion, ability to withstand abrasive wear, and ability
to withstand abuse.
Lifting Clamps (Lifting & Pulling Applications):
Clamps in this category are designed for lifting application, for pulling equipment,
tensioning loads and for holding items in place. Basic design styles include cam locking,
screw lock clamps, scissor action lifting and suspension clamps. The main applica tion for
clamps is to handle steel plates and all types of steel profile and therefore he main lifting
clamp categories include, vertical & horizontal plate clamps and beam clamps (lifting and
suspension) though there are many other categories including of fered in the online
catalogue and these include: pulling clamps, non-marking clamps, drum handling clamps,
groundwork’s/construction clamps, coil handling, rail and drop test clamps.
Runway Beam Monorail Crane Trolleys, Push, Geared & Electric:
With a monorail system, the hoist and trolley run on a single stationary beam. Because of
their inherent speed and efficiency, monorail systems are an effective method of moving

20. and positioning loads to specific locations. They are available in capacities up to 150
tons.
Monorails are often used for repetitive production jobs, such as paint booths and water
treatment plants. Monorails are best used in applications where materials are to be
transported from one fixed point to another fixed location, or through a proces s; e.g.,
painting, blasting, delivering hot metal from the furnace to a fixed pouring location. The
monorail allows two axes of hook movement: up/down and forward/back along the
monorail beam. There is no lateral motion under the monorail beam.
Synthetic slings Lifting shackles Lifting Eye bolts Chain Slings
Wire Rope slings Lifting chain Lifting clamps Mono rail crane
Lifting magnets