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Nail varnish is prepared by mixing pigments with nitrocellulose and plasticizers using a mill. The mixture is then combined with solvent in a heated kettle before being pumped into bottles. Nail polish remover contains solvents like acetone and conditioners. Hair dyes are made by weighing and mixing ingredients in tanks, then filling and packaging bottles. Lipsticks involve separately melting ingredients before mixing them with color pigments, molding the mixture into tubes, labeling, and packaging the final product.
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cosmetics
- 1. COSMETICS 22.7.1.Describe preparation andapplications of various cosmetics like nail varnish, nail polish remover, hair dyes and lipsticks. EHTISHAM UL HAQ
- 2. Preparation Of NailVarnish Mixing the pigment with nitrocellulose and plasticizer 1 The pigments are mixed with nitrocellulose and plasticizer using a "two-roll" differential speed mill. This mill grinds the pigment between a pair of rollers that are able to work with increasing speed as the pigment is ground down. The goal is to produce fine dispersion of the color. A variation of this mill is the Banbury Mixer (used also in the production of rubber for rubber bands). 2 When properly and fully milled, the mixture is removed from the mill in sheet form and then broken up into small chips for mixing with the solvent. The mixing is performed in stainless steel kettles that can hold anywhere from 5 to 2,000 gallons. Stainless steel must be used because the nitrocellulose is extremely reactive in the presence of iron. The kettles are jacketed so that the mixture can be cooled by circulating cold water or another liquid around the outside of the kettle. The temperature of the kettle, and the rate of cooling, are controlled by both computers and technicians. This step is performed in a special room or area designed to control the hazards of fire and explosion. Most modern factories perform this step in an area with walls that will close in if an alarm sounds and, in the event of explosion, with ceilings that will safely blow off without endangering the rest of the structure.
- 3. Adding otheringredients 3 Materials are mixed in computerized, closed kettles. At the end of the process, the mix is cooled slightly before the addition of such other materials as perfumes and moisturizers. 4 The mixture is then pumped into smaller, 55 gallon drums, and then trucked to a production line. The finished nail polish is pumped into explosion proof pumps, and then into smaller bottles suitable for the retail market. Preparation Of Nail Varnish
- 4. Preparation Of NailPolish Remover Nail polish remover is an organic solvent used to remove nail polish from the nails. Composition of ... Acetone (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) C3H6O Ethyl Acetate- colorless, flammable liquid Butyl Acetate- production of lacquers Aloe Vera- protects and conditions the nails Glycerin- helps nails and skin from drying out Cetyl Acetate- skin conditioning agent and emollient Petroleum- chemical compound with 5 membered lactam Phthalic Anhydride- made from crystalline
- 5. Preparation Of NailPolish Remover Nail polish remover is made up of acetone which is very powerful and effective when taking off nail polish. The formula of acetone is C3H6O. Acetone is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen combined. It is a chemical that is found naturally in the environment and is produced in factories all over. However some acetone is man-made. Petroleum-derived components is the next ingredient. Petroleum is the basic ingredient in many cosmetics todays as well as mineral oil. Petroleum is produced in oil making factories. It is made up of a refined oil. It is a fossil fuel and is made naturally from dead plants and animals. Nail polish remover can be made in home by using a liquid paint thinner bought from any store since acetone cannot be made in home.
- 6. Preparation Of HairDyes Checking ingredients 1 Before a batch of hair dye is made, the ingredients must be certified. That is, the chemicals must be tested to make sure they are what they are labeled, and that they are the proper potency. Certification may be done by the manufacturer in- house. In many cases, the ingredients arrive from a reputable distributor who has provided a Certificate of Analysis, and this satisfies the manufacturer's requirements. Weighing 2 Next a worker weighs out the ingredients for the batch. For some ingredients, only a small amount is necessary in the batch. But if a very large batch is being made, and several ingredients are needed in large amounts, these may be piped in from storage tanks.
- 7. Preparation Of HairDyes Mixing 4 The pre-mix is then added to a larger tank, containing the other ingredients of the hair dye. In a small batch, the tanks used may hold about 1,600 lbs (725 kg), and they are portable. A worker wheels the pre-mix tank to the second mix tank and pours the ingredients in. For a very large batch, the tanks may hold 10 times as much as the portable tanks, and in this case they are connected by pipes. In a formula in which no pre-mixing is required, after checking and weighing, the in gredients go directly to the mixing step. The ingredients are simply mixed in the tank until the proper consistency is reached. If a heated pre-mix is used, the second mix solution must be allowed to cool. The ingredients that follow the pre-mix may be additional solvents, surfactants, and alkalizers. If the formula includes alcohol, it is no added until the mix reaches 104°F(40°C), so that it does not evaporate. Fragrances too are often added at the end of the mix.
- 8. Preparation Of HairDyes Filling 5 The finished batch of hair dye is then piped or delivered to a tank in the filling area. A nozzle from this tank lets a measured amount of hair dye into bottles, moving beneath it on a belt. The filled bottles continue on the belt to machines, which affix labels and cap them. Packaging 6 From the filling area, the bottles are taken to the packaging line. At the packaging line, the hair dye bottle is put in a box, together with any other elements such as a bottle of developer or special finishing shampoo, instruction sheet, and gloves and cap, or any other tools provided for the consumer. After the package is complete, it is put in a shipping carton. The full cartons are then taken to the warehouse to await distribution.
- 9. Preparation Of lipsticks Melting and mixing First, the raw ingredients for the lipstick are melted and mixed separately because of the different types of ingredients used. One mixture contains the solvents, a second contains the oils, and a third contains the fats and waxy materials. These are heated in separate stainless steel or ceramic containers. The solvent solution and liquid oils are then mixed with the color pigments. The mixture passes through a roller mill, grinding the pigment to avoid a "grainy" feel to the lipstick. This process introduces air into the oil and pigment mixture, so mechanical working of the mixture is required. The mixture is stirred for several hours; at this point some producers use vacuum equipment to withdraw the air. After the pigment mass is ground and mixed, it is added to the hot wax mass until a uniform color and consistency is obtained. The fluid lipstick can then be strained and molded, or it may be poured into pans and stored for future molding. If the fluid lipstick is to be used immediately, the melt is maintained at temperature, with agitation, so that trapped air escapes. If the lipstick mass is stored, before it is used it must be reheated, checked for color consistency, and adjusted to specifications, then maintained at the melt temperature (with agitation) until it can be poured.
- 10. Preparation Of lipsticks As expected, lipsticks are always prepared in batches because of the different color pigments that can be used. The size of the batch, and the number of tubes of lipstick produced at one time, will depend on the popularity of the particular shade being produced. This will determine the manufacturing technique (automated or manual) that is used. Lipstick may be produced in highly automated processes, at rates of up to 2,400 tubes an hour, or in essentially manual operations, at rates around 150 tubes per hour. The steps in the process basically differ only in the volume produced. Molding Once the lipstick mass is mixed and free of air, it is ready to be poured into the tube. A variety of machine setups are used, depending on the equipment that the manufacturer has, but high volume batches are generally run through a melter that agitates the lipstick mass and maintains it as a liquid. For smaller, manually run batches, the mass is maintained at the desired mix temperature, with agitation, in a melter controlled by an operator. The melted mass is dispensed into a mold, which consists of the bottom portion of the metal or plastic tube and a shaping portion that fits snugly with the tube. Lipstick is poured "up-side down" so that the bottom of the tube is at the top of the mold. Any excess is scraped from the mold.
- 11. Preparation Of lipsticks Molding (cont.) The lipstick is cooled (automated molds are kept cold; manually produced molds are transferred to a refrigeration unit) and separated from the mold, and the bottom of the tube is sealed. The lipstick then passes through a flaming cabinet (or is flamed by hand) to seal pinholes and improve the finish. The lipstick is visually inspected for air holes, mold separation lines, or blemishes, and is reworked if necessary. For obvious reasons, rework of the lipstick must be limited, demonstrating the importance of the early steps in removing air from the lipstick mass. Lipstick is reworked by hand with a spatula. This can be done in-line, or the tube can be removed from the manufacturing process and reworked.
- 12. Preparation Of lipsticks Labeling and packaging After the lipstick is retracted and the tube is capped, the lipstick is ready for labeling and packaging. Labels identify the batch and are applied as part of the automated operation. While there is a great deal of emphasis on quality and appearance of the finished lipstick product, less emphasis is placed on the appearance of lip balms. Lip balms are always produced in an automated process (except for experimental or test batches). The heated liquid is poured into the tube in the retracted position; the tube is then capped by machine—a far less laborious process. The final step in the manufacturing process is the packaging of the lipstick tube. There are a variety of packaging options available, ranging from bulk packs to individual packs, and including packaging as a component in a makeup kit or special promotional offering. Lip balms are packaged in bulk, generally with minimum protection to prevent shipping damage. Packaging for lipsticks varies, depending on what will happen at the point of sale in the retail outlet. Packaging may or may not be highly automated, and the package used depends on the end use of the product rather than on the manufacturing process.
- 13. Applications of Various Cosmetics NAIL VARNISH: Women use nail polishes for decorating their nails. While rest of people use them to fix small tears in window screen, prevent rust, cover up car nicks, mark and label different things, slow the process of cracked windshield, protect sensitive skin by covering up skin irritating metals on cloths, prevent broken glasses, increase lifetime of glasses, waterproof matches and to seal envelops. NAIL POLISH RMOVER: For girls it’s just a nail polish remover. But for rest of homosapiens it’s a lot more than that. It’s used for cleaning things, restoring floor from little cracks, rejuvenating stained china, shining shoes, erasing superglue, reviving a watch from cuts and dings, making marker disappear, cleaning razors and eliminating bathtub ring (getting rid of soap and scum stains).
- 14. Applications of Various Cosmetics HAIR DYES: Hair dyes are used for changing the colour of the hair. LIPSTICKS: Lipsticks are used for colouring the lips by girls and women. They are also used as emergency firestarter, to write something (when u can’t find something else to write with), as lip or skin balm, for camouflaging, as grease or lubricant, for bartering things with girls :D and lipstick tubes can be used as containers.
Editor's Notes
- #2 Textured and layered background with title (Advanced) Tip: Some shape effects on this slide are created with the Combine Shapes commands. To access this command, you must add it to the Quick Access Toolbar, located above the File tab. To customize the Quick Access Toolbar, do the following: Click the arrow next to the Quick Access Toolbar, and then under Customize Quick Access Toolbar click More Commands. In the PowerPoint Options dialog box, in the Choose commands from list, select All Commands. In the list of commands, click Combine Shapes, and then click Add. To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 160°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 200, Green: 149, and Blue: 4. In the Transparency box, enter 79%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 29%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 124, Green: 93, and Blue: 30. In the Transparency box, enter 84%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 68%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 131, Green: 104, and Blue: 7. In the Transparency box, enter 74%. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 98, Green: 61, and Blue: 40. In the Transparency box, enter 51%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Glow and Soft Edges in the left pane, in the Glow and Soft Edges pane, under Soft Edges, in the Size box, enter 5 pt. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, enter 1.83” in the Height box and 10.33” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Center. To reproduce the clip art effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Clip Art. In the Clip Art pane, in the Search for box, enter 00437948, select the Include Office.com content check box, and then click Go. Select the clip art file in the pane to insert it into the slide. (Note: If you choose another clip art file, the clip art must be in the Windows Metafile format [.wmf].) Drag the clip art from the Clip Art pane to the slide. Select the clip art. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, enter 6.99” in the Height box and 7.5” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Ungroup. In the Microsoft Office PowerPoint dialog box, click Yes. On the slide, select the converted clip art. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select the top-level group. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Ungroup. Also in the Selection and Visibility pane, select the Autoshape object, and then press DELETE. Press and hold CTRL, and then select all the clip art shapes. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click Combine Shapes, and then click Shape Union. Position the new freeform shape in the bottom left corner of the slide so that it extends beyond the left and bottom edges of the slide. Select the freeform shape. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Solid fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 84, Green: 65, and Blue: 54. In the Transparency box, enter 99% Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Glow and Soft Edges in the left pane, in the Glow and Soft Edges pane, under Glow, do the following: Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 104, Green: 71, and Blue: 34. In the Size box, enter 7 pt. In the Transparency box, enter 90%. To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box. Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Garamond from the Font list, select 54 pt. from the Font Size list, and then click Bold. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the WordArt Styles group, click the Format Text Effects dialog box launcher. In the Format Text Effects dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane, in the Shadow pane, do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 70%. In the Blur box, enter 5 pt. In the Angle box, enter 315°. In the Distance box, enter 4 pt. Drag the text box inside the rectangle and on the right side of the slide. To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture, and then click Stationary (fourth row). Clear the Tile picture as texture check box. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, click No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click Copy. Press DELETE to delete the rectangle. Also on the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow below Paste, and select Paste Special. In the Paste Special dialog box, select Paste, and then under As, select Picture (PNG). Select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Adjust group, click Artistic Effects, and then click Artistic Effects Options. In the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, and then click Paint Brush (second row). Also in the Artistic Effects pane, do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 15%. In the Brush Size box, enter 2. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, do the following: Under Color Saturation, in the Saturation box, enter 200%. Under Color Tone, click the button next to Presets and then click Temperature: 5,300 K. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, do the following: Under Sharpen and Soften, in the box next to Sharpen, enter -70%. Under Brightness and Contrast, in the Contrast box, enter -10%. Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then click Send to Back. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the button next to Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 160°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 29%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 68%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 104, Green: 71, and Blue: 34. In the Transparency box, enter 68% Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 84, Green: 65, and Blue: 54. In the Transparency box, enter 37%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture, and then click Cork (fifth row). Clear the Tile picture as texture check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 84%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Paint Brush (second row), and then in the Brush Size box, enter 1. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 1% in the Brightness box and 26% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture, and then click Granite (third row). Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 90%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 94%. In the Detail box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, in the Contrast box, enter 35%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align Middle. Click Align Center.